Between 2020 and 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic severely strained health systems across countries, leaving millions without access to essential healthcare services. Immunization programs experienced a 'double burden' of challenges: initial pandemic-related lockdowns disrupted access to routine immunization services, while subsequent COVID-19 vaccination efforts shifted often limited resources away from routine services. The latest World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates suggest that 25 million children did not receive routine vaccinations in 2021, six million more than in 2019 and the highest number witnessed in nearly two decades. Recovering from this sobering setback requires a united push on several fronts. Intensifying the catch-up of routine immunization services is critical to reach children left behind during the pandemic and bridge large immunity gaps in countries. At the same time, we must strengthen the resilience of immunization systems to withstand future pandemics if we hope to achieve the goals of Immunization Agenda 2030 to ensure vaccinations are available for everyone, everywhere by 2030. In this article, leveraging the key actions for sustainable global immunization progress as a framework, we spotlight examples of strategies used by five countries-Cambodia, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda-who have exhibited exemplar performance in strengthening routine immunization programs and restored lost coverage levels in the last two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. The contents of this article will be helpful for countries seeking to maintain, restore, and strengthen their immunization services and catch up missed children in the context of pandemic recovery and to direct their focus toward building back a better resilience of their immunization systems to respond more rapidly and effectively, despite new and emerging challenges.

Globally, more than 1.5 billion learners were shut out of the classroom when the COVID-19 pandemic triggered total or partial lockdowns, with many school campuses shutting to curb the spread of the virus [1]. To continue providing education, as well as mental support for learners, many academic institutions turned to distance education, in which teaching and learning are undertaken remotely on digital platforms. This has brought about a dramatic change in education, with the rise of e-learning platforms, virtual tutoring, video conferencing tools, and online learning software, among other things [2].


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Social networks have played a crucial role in distance education, especially during the lockdowns implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19. When the lockdowns were imposed, most education institutions had limited or no infrastructure, no distance education policies, and no ICT policies in place to provide extensive and quality education to learners. Hence, most institutions turned to social networks such as WhatsApp, Google Classroom, Telegram, and Facebook to facilitate teaching and learning. Many learners also prefer social media platforms to any other forms of online learning, due to the limited resources required to access such platforms. A survey conducted on the use of social media for online learning [7, 8], using the modified unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model to measure the acceptance of learners (both in distance education and traditional classrooms) of social networks for continuous education engagement and facilitation, found that 93.3% of 950 distance education students believed using social media increased their productivity. In addition to social media, other platforms such as blogs, wikis, and discussion boards have also had tremendous use in facilitating teaching-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. All these platforms have raised the awareness and acceptance of digital learning as an alternative to traditional face-to-face education.

During the COVID-19 lockdowns, e-learning platforms kept popping up all over the Internet. Different stakeholders developed both web-based platforms and mobile applications, as a means of continuing disrupted academic sessions. While some of these platforms are financially motivated, there are also free ones, such as ones sponsored by international organisations like the United Nations, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UNICEF, Microsoft and other international non-governmental organisations and foundations, as well as those developed by free and open-source communities. Typical examples include platforms like Agora and Learning Passport. While most of these platforms are not as robust as an LMS, and are prone to integrity flaws (cheating and malpractices), especially during assessments, features such as browser lock and remote proctoring can be used to mitigate these challenges.

There has also been a tremendous increase in webinars, e-workshops, and e-conferences. Some technologies have become more popular than they were before the lockdown, such as Zoom, which nearly everyone with an Internet connection used at one time or another during 2020. Popular applications for mobile learning include Coursera, SoloLearn, DataCamp, Simplilearn, and OppiaMobile. Some institutions have even designed their own customised applications for academic purposes.

A week prior to resumption, I still felt I wasn't ready to resume. I made limited plans for resumption even though I knew some of my friends were already in school. To cut the story short, ASUU's warning Stike surfaced and I was all smile because I felt two more weeks was the breather I needed until COVID-19 sets in. I was like, so this virus we've been hearing since 2019 would eventually get here. Few numbers of cases recorded didn't scare me (because of Nigeria's solid history against EBOLA in 2014) until it skyrocketed to 20 and lockdown was needed to stop the spread. Many people were in doubt about the veracity of the virus's existence in Nigeria, with the thoughts of government using the situation for their advantage, still I didn't buy anyone's idea but I cautioned myself and told people to at least stay safe even if they don't believe in it.

I think I would bore you if I have to account for my entire experience during the lockdown period, highlighting the great moments and lessons drawn from it would be best. The period really made me understand so many things though it took a while for me to realise that every minute counts and staying home with no where to go is a very good time to look inwards and work on one's self.

The lockdown accentuate the piece of advice my lecturer always give, that the current demand in this sophisticated world is way bigger than just relying on your certificate to live. I realized, going to school doesn't guarantee a successful life especially in a country like Nigeria, and this has really made me to start thinking of means to start building a successful life without relying on certificate but potentials in me. Main reason why I joined online webinars willingly. Many of them kept preaching the same gospel, "how to build yourself", "how to take advantage of the lockdown" among others.

Up to a time in the lockdown period I constantly followed government affairs vis-a-vis the management of the virus and I noticed the lack of trust people have in Nigerian government (The Politicians). I felt the Government should do more to justify their doings and be transparent to the people, but apparently reverse is the case. The lockdown also gave me an idea about global politics also, especially with the US, WHO, China and the rest.

Taking about the areas I improved during lockdown. I can boldly say that during the course of the lockdown I've been able to hone my graphics design skills. With series of online lesson and YouTube tutorials. I really struggled with purchasing mobile data trying to meet up, I remember doing night subscription also. Anyways it's worth it because I noticed there's far more quality in the works I do now that those I did before the lockdown. I've also learnt to make my skills business oriented rather than just doing it for fun. Now I know how to relate with clients who needs my service and I take every work with diligently in order to obtain maximum quality and satisfy my clients. Nevertheless, I'm still subjected to corrections and improvement.

Conditionally, being an indoor person, lockdown didn't really bothered me but it got to a stage where I finally couldn't take it anymore. Since lockdown measures wasn't too strict in the state I reside because of the limited number cases we had, so I decided to stroll out at interval days just to catch some fresh air and see how dry everywhere was. The less strict measures upgraded me into visiting some friends in my area. They've always visited me so I thought about returning their favour with surprise visit.

One fun fact about my lockdown experience is that my love for football grew more stronger (For Chelsea). While we were still in lockdown here, European Football competition that was abandoned for more than 3 months restarted. I literally followed all the matches and news about football more often.

I know the lockdown would have impacted everyone both positivity and negatively but I think the former should outweigh the latter. The impact needs to be put in practice in years to come. At this point, all I can hope for is a better new year. And I can't wait to resume school next year, I pray Federal Government and ASSU reaches a consensus soon.

The maximum strength and mean relative propulsive power had a slightly reduction during the Lockdown period both in bench press and lat pull-down exercises. Previous evidence showed controversial responses in the neuromuscular performance after lockdown period in able-bodied athletes [17,18]. In actual fact, on one hand, a recent evidence showed a maintenance in one repetition maximum and in countermovement jump height in able-bodied female football players during the lockdown period [23], on the other hand it has been demonstrated a significant reduction in rate of force development, peak power, velocity, and landing peak force in able-bodied futsal players [24]. Unfortunately, no data in Paralympic athletes have been reported in the literature yet. Recent evidence showed a positive association between strength-related outcomes (i.e., tethered force), swimming technique and biomechanics (i.e., stroke length, stroke frequency, swimming speed) and nature of physical impairment (i.e., upper-body amputation) [25,26,27]. ff782bc1db

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