Tomb

A tomb (Greek: tumbos[1]) is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called immurement, although this word mainly means entombing people alive, and is a method of final disposition, as an alternative to cremation or burial.

As indicated, tombs are generally located in or under religious buildings, such as churches, or in cemeteries or churchyards. However, they may also be found in catacombs, on private land or, in the case of early or pre-historic tombs, in what is today open landscape.

Tomb

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However, Tomb is a single script and is very easy to install manually. Using make install in our source distribution will copy it into /usr/local/bin along with its manpage (man tomb) and language translations.

A tomb can be used on a local machine with keys on a server and never stored on the same device: ssh me@dyne.org 'cat my.tomb.key' | tomb open my.tomb -k - the option -k - tells tomb to take the key from stdin.

Tomb also supports deniable key storage using steganography. One can tomb bury and tomb exhume keys to and from JPEG images when the utility steghide is installed. When securing private data, one must never forget where the keys are. It may be easier to remember a picture, as well it may be less suspicious to transport it and exchange it as a file.

The command tomb engrave also allows to backup keys on paper by saving them as printable QR codes, to hide it between the pages of a book. To recover an engraved key, one can scan it with any phone and save the resulting plain text file as the tomb key.

A Tomb is an enclosed space for the repository of the remains of the dead. Traditionally tombs have been located in caves, underground, or in structures designed specifically for the purpose of containing the remains of deceased human beings and, often, their possessions, loved ones, amulets, or sacred items to either protect or direct the soul.

In the ancient Mesopotamian tomb known as The Great Death Pit, discovered in the ruins of the city of Ur, and dated to the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BCE), the servants of royalty were buried with the king to serve him in the afterlife and this same practice was observed elsewhere. Tombs often contain so-called "grave goods" - items the deceased will require in the next life, but also anything the departed was especially attached to. The Natufian Grave in Israel, dated to c. 12,000 BCE, contained the remains of a man buried with his dog.

Tombs have always been considered the homes of the dead and every tomb ever constructed was built with this concept in mind. The tomb is the final resting place of a dead person whose soul, however, would live on in another realm. The construction of a tomb would also reflect the status of the person buried there and the beliefs of a certain culture concerning the afterlife. Ancient cultures from Mesopotamia to Rome maintained that the dead lived on after life and stories concerning ghosts (such as the one famously told by the Roman writer Pliny the Younger in c. 100 CE) have to do with hauntings caused by the improper burial of the dead.

Ancient inscriptions from cultures as diverse as Mesopotamia, China, Greece, and the Maya all cite the importance of a respectful burial and remembrance of the dead and the dire consequences of failing to do so. The tomb, therefore, was recognized an important aspect of mortuary rituals and has been for over 5,000 years.

The most elaborate tombs in ancient times were those built by the Egyptians for their kings, the pharaohs. In the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-c. 2613 BCE), the Egyptians built mastabas, tombs made of dried clay bricks which were then used to shore up shafts and chambers dug into the earth. In every mastaba there was a large room for ceremonies honoring the spirit of the deceased and an adjoining smaller room, the serdab, where a statue of the dead person would be placed so that the spirit could witness and enjoy the ceremonies. The mastaba - the oldest form of the tomb in Egypt - continued in use for the common people but for royalty it was replaced by the structure known as the pyramid during the Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE).

Commencing with the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the royal pyramids would reach their height in splendor in the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza (built for King Khufu, r. 2589-2566 BCE). The royal pyramids were adorned with paintings depicting the life and accomplishments of the deceased king and filled with all those necessities the spirit would need in the afterlife in the Field of Reeds, the Egyptian paradise. Monarchs were also interred in the area known as The Valley of the Kings and their tombs were elaborate eternal homes, highly ornamented, which reflected their status as divine rulers.

In ancient Mesopotamia, tombs resembled the mastaba generally but, as in Egypt, the tombs of royalty were more ornate. Archaeological excavations carried out in the 1920s by Sir Charles Leonard Wooley uncovered the Royal Tombs of Ur - considered the oldest in Mesopotamia - in which were found many exquisite works of gold, lapis lazuli, and carnelian (most notably the diadem of Queen Puabi). In the one tomb Wooley called The Great Death Pit, the bodies of six guards and sixty-eight ladies-of-the-court were found. It is thought these were the favored of the king and were chosen to accompany him to the afterlife.

The Mesopotamians, whether south in the region of Sumer or north in Akkad, were so concerned with the proper burial of the dead that they often built tombs inside, or next to, their homes so they could continue to care for the deceased and prevent the problems which arose from hauntings (this same practice was observed by the Maya culture which also maintained a deep-seated fear of ghosts). Ghosts in ancient Mesopotamia were understood as a fact of life and, while some were dealt with sympathetically, people generally preferred to avoid visitations from the dead.

To prevent such hauntings, funerary rituals had to be observed carefully and the tomb properly equipped for the soul of the departed. Personal possessions were always included in these tombs as well as gifts, even modest ones, which were to be offered by the deceased to the gods of the underworld upon arrival there. Kings, of course, were laid to rest with more elaborate presents for the gods as the grave goods excavated from tombs throughout Mesopotamia attest.

Temple of the Inscriptions, PalenqueJan Harenburg (CC BY){"@context":" ","@id":" -of-the-inscriptions-palenque/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":" -of-the-inscriptions-palenque/","caption":"The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque, Mexico. The pyramid was completed c. 682 CE and used as the tomb of the Maya king Kinich Janaab Pacal (r. 615-683 CE).","contentUrl":" ","copyrightNotice":"Jan Harenburg - CC BY - This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jan Harenburg"},"creditText":"Jan Harenburg / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-01-01T12:01:20+0000","datePublished":"2014-10-02T12:56:07+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque","height":533,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":" :Palenque_-_Temple_of_inscriptions#mediaviewer/File:Palenque_temple_1.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":" ","license":" ","mainEntityOfPage":" -of-the-inscriptions-palenque/","publisher":" ","representativeOfPage":false,"url":" -of-the-inscriptions-palenque/","width":800}

The tombs of the Maya rulers were constructed in much the same way as those of the kings of other cultures in that they were opulent in both style and structure and filled with all the necessities one might require in the afterlife. The walls of the tomb of King K'inich Janaab Pakal of Palenque (r. 603-683 CE) were adorned with images of Pakal's transition from the earthly life to the realm of the gods and he was buried in an elaborately carved sarcophagus reflecting the same theme.

Though some writers have claimed the carvings depict Pakal riding a rocket and are, therefore, proof of ancient alien interaction with the Maya, this theory is not considered tenable by the scholarly community. The carving on the sarcophagus which appears to some to be a rocket is recognized by scholars as the Tree of Life which Pakal is ascending to paradise. King Pakal, like other rulers, was given a tomb worthy of his stature and accomplishments and it is thought to have been constructed by his subjects who considered him worthy of that honor. The tomb of the first emperor of China, however, was begun before his death and was built by the conscripted labor of workers from every province in the country.

The tomb of Shi Huangdi in China (r. 221-210 BCE) contained over 8,000 terra cotta warriors, their weapons, chariots, and horses so that the emperor would have a standing army at his command in the afterlife. This tomb, which rises to a height of 141 feet (43 metres) was first discovered in 1974 in the city of Xi'an and has yet to be excavated because of the fear of the various traps Shi Huangti is said to have devised to protect the vast treasure he was buried with.

Over 700,000 workers were conscripted to build the tomb which was supposed to symbolize the world over which Shi Huangti reigned and would continue to rule in the afterlife. Other tombs in China, not nearly so grand in size or scope, also reflect the belief that the deceased would continue to exist in some form in another realm and could continue to exert influence on the living, for good or ill, depending on how their remains had been respected and how their memory continued to be honored. Dogs in ancient China were often buried or entombed with the corpse of their owner to serve, protect, and guide the soul of the deceased in the afterlife. e24fc04721