Buenos Aires Photography

Photography in Buenos Aires

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Buenos Aires Photography (/bwens riz/ or /-ars/; Spanish: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Photography) is Argentina's capital and largest city. The city is situated on the southeastern coast of South America, on the western bank of the Ro de la Plata. "Buenos Aires Photography" can be interpreted as "fair winds" or "good airs" but the founders of the city in the 16th century intended the former meaning by using the name "Real de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre" which was named after the Madonna of Bonaria in Sardinia, Italy. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) 2020 ranking classifies Buenos Aires Photography as an alpha global city.

Buenos Aires Photography is neither a component of nor the capital of Buenos Aires Photography Province; rather, it is an autonomous district. After decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires Photography was detached from Buenos Aires Photography Province and federalized in 1880. The city limits were expanded to incorporate the settlements of Belgrano and Flores, which are now incorporated as neighborhoods. Due to the autonomy conferred by the constitutional amendment of 1994, the city's official name is Autonomous City of Buenos Aires Photography. Prior to 1996, the Mayor of Buenos Aires Photography was appointed directly by the President of Argentina.

The Greater Buenos Aires Photography conurbation, which encompasses various districts of Buenos Aires Photography Province, is the fourth-most populated metropolitan area in the Americas with a population of approximately 15.6 million.

Additionally, it is the second-largest city south of the Tropic of Capricorn. In 2018, Buenos Aires Photography' quality of life was ranked 91st in the world, making it one of the best in Latin America. It was the most visited city in South America and the second most visited in Latin America in 2012.

It is renowned for its well-preserved eclectic European architecture and thriving culture.

It is a cosmopolitan city that is home to numerous ethnic and religious groups, each of which contributes to the city's culture as well as the dialect spoken there and in other regions of the country. This is due to the fact that since the 19th century, the city and the country as a whole have been major recipients of millions of immigrants from all over the world, making it a melting pot where people of many ethnic backgrounds coexist. Therefore, Buenos Aires Photography is among the most diversified cities in the Americas. [16] Buenos Aires Photography hosted the first FIBA World Championship in 1950 and the eleventh FIBA World Championship in 1990, the first Pan American Games in 1951, two FIFA World Cup locations in 1978 and one FIVB Men's World Championship venue in 1982. Buenos Aires Photography most recently held the 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship and 2002 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, as well as the 125th IOC Session in 2013, the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics[17], and the 2018 G20 summit.

Etymology photography

Principal article: Buenos Aires Photography's names

Our Lady of Buen Aire in front of the Department of National Migration

According to the archives of the Aragonese, Catalan missionaries and Jesuits who arrived in Cagliari (Sardinia) under the Crown of Aragon in 1324, following its capture from the Pisans, erected their headquarters on a hill overlooking the city.

[19] They referred to the hill as Bonaira (or Bonaria in Sardinian) because it was free of the unpleasant odor prevalent in the ancient city (the castle region), which is near to a marsh. During the siege of Cagliari, the Catalans constructed a shrine to the Virgin Mary atop the hill. In 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle gave the church to the Mercedarians, who constructed the present-day abbey. In the years that followed, a narrative arose claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was recovered from the Mediterranean Sea after miraculously calming a storm. The abbey received the statue. This picture was revered by Spanish sailors, particularly Andalusian sailors, who commonly called the "Fair Winds" to aid them in navigation and avert shipwrecks. Later, a shrine to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be built in Seville. [19]

"Santa Maria de los Buenos Aires Photography" the "Holy Virgin Mary of the Good Winds" was claimed to have blessed the Spanish sailors with favorable winds so they could reach the shore of what is now the modern city of Buenos Aires Photography.

[20] The priest of Mendoza's expedition, a devotee of the Virgin of Buen Ayre, recommended the name "Holy Mary of the Fair Winds" for the city, after the Madonna of Bonaria from Sardinia[21] (which is still to this day the patroness of the Mediterranean island[22]). In 1541, Mendoza's town was abandoned after being attacked by indigenous people. [20]

Long ago, the name was credited to a man named Sancho del Campo, who reportedly exclaimed, "How beautiful are the winds of this land!" upon his arrival. In 1882, however, following lengthy investigation in Spanish records, Argentine merchant Eduardo Madero decided that the name was actually strongly associated with the sailors' devotion to Our Lady of Buen Ayre. [23] Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción in 1580, built a second (permanent) town (now the capital of Paraguay). Garay kept the name initially given by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire ("City of the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds"). Buenos Aires Photography, the abbreviation that eventually became the city's name, gained popularity during the 17th century. [24]

The traditional Spanish abbreviation for Buenos Aires Photography is Bs.As.

[25] It is often commonly referred to as "B.A." or "BA"

[26] When referring to the independent city by name, it is popular to use the slang term "Capital" in Spanish. Since obtaining autonomy in 1994, it has been referred to as "CABA" (acronym for Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Photography, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires Photography).

History

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See additionally: The history of Buenos Aires Photography

The history of Buenos Aires Photography

Historiographic ties

1536–1700: Kingdom of Spain - Habsburg

Argentine Confederation, 1831–1852 Kingdom of Spain - Bourbon, 1700–1808 Kingdom of Spain - Bonaparte, 1808–1810 United Provinces of the Ro de la Plata, 1810–1831

Buenos Aires Photography State, 1852–1861

Argentina, 1861–present

Colonial times photography

In 1580, Juan de Garay founded Buenos Aires Photography. Since 1542, the Pedro de Mendoza-founded village had been abandoned.

Aldus depicts the city of Buenos Aires Photography, painted by a Dutch sailor who anchored at the harbor in 1628, in Rio de la Plata.

In 1516, the Spaniard Juan Daz de Sols, a navigator and adventurer, was the first European to reach the Ro de la Plata. His trip was cut short when he was slain by the native Charra tribe during an attack in what is now Uruguay. On 2 February 1536, a Spanish expedition commanded by Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires Photography as Ciudad de Nuestra Seora Santa Mara del Buen Ayre (roughly "City of Our Lady Saint Mary of the Fair Winds") after Our Lady of Bonaria (Patroness Saint of Sardinia). Mendoza created his hamlet in what is now the San Telmo neighborhood of Buenos Aires Photography, south of the city's downtown.

In 1542, additional raids by the natives drove the settlers out, and the location was abandoned.

[27]

[28] On 11 June 1580, Juan de Garay, who had sailed from Asunción down the Paraná River, established a second (permanent) settlement in the area (now the capital of Paraguay). He dubbed the settlement "Santísima Trinidad" and its port became "Puerto de Santa María de los Buenos Aires Photography." [24]

Since its inception, Buenos Aires Photography has relied heavily on commerce. Throughout the majority of the 17th century, Spanish ships were threatened by pirates, so they devised a system in which ships with military protection were dispatched to Central America in a convoy from Seville (the only port permitted to trade with the colonies) to Lima, Peru, and from there to the inner cities of the viceroyalty. Due of this, it took a very long time for goods to reach in Buenos Aires Photography, and the transportation charges rendered them prohibitively expensive. This system dissatisfied the Buenos Aires Photography merchants, and a flourishing informal, but government-accepted, contraband industry formed inside the colonies and among the Portuguese. Porteos developed a great disdain towards the Spanish government as a result. [2]

In response to similar sentiments, King Charles III of Spain gradually loosened trade restrictions until declaring Buenos Aires Photography a free port in the late 18th century. To the detriment of Lima-based trade, the seizure of Portobelo in Panama by British forces increased the need to promote business along the Atlantic route. One of his decisions was to divide a portion of the Viceroyalty of Peru and establish the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, with Buenos Aires Photography as its seat. The porteos, some of whom were well-versed in the ideas of the French Revolution, were even more persuaded of the need for independence from Spain despite Charles' attempts to appease them.

Battle for Independence photography

Also see: Argentine Independence War photography

1820. Emeric Essex Vidal, View of Buenos Aires Photography from the Plaza de Toros. This region is presently home to Plaza San Martn.

1829 impression of the Cathedral of Buenos Aires Photography by Carlos Pellegrini.

During the British invasions of the Ro de la Plata, Buenos Aires Photography was attacked twice by British forces. In 1806, the British successfully invaded Buenos Aires Photography, but they were repulsed by a Montevideo army led by Santiago de Liniers. During the brief era of British authority, Viceroy Rafael Sobremonte was able to flee to Córdoba, where he established the capital. After its recapture by Argentine forces, Buenos Aires Photography became the capital once more, but Sobremonte was unable to resume his duties as viceroy. In 1807, Santiago de Liniers, the new viceroy, fortified the city against a potential new British onslaught and resisted a second British invasion. The militarization of society altered the balance of power in favor of the criollos (as opposed to peninsulars) and contributed to the outbreak of the Peninsular War in Spain.

Criollo army thwarted the effort by peninsular merchant Martn de lzaga to overthrow Liniers and replace him with a Junta. In 1810, however, these same forces would assist a fresh revolutionary effort that would successfully remove the new viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros. This event is known as the May Revolution and is now a national holiday. This event sparked the Argentine War of Independence, and numerous armies left Buenos Aires Photography to combat the various royalist strongholds with differing degrees of success. The government was initially held by two large Juntas, then by two triumvirates, and lastly by a single individual, the Supreme Director. The formal declaration of independence from Spain was made during the Congress of Tucumán in 1816. Buenos Aires Photography survived the entirety of the Spanish American independence wars without falling under royalist authority.

Buenos Aires Photography has historically been the epicenter of liberal, free-trade, and international views in Argentina. Many provinces, particularly those to the northwest of the city, urged a more nationalistic and Catholic approach to political and social concerns. In reality, most of the internal strife in Argentina's history, beginning with the centralist-federalist wars of the nineteenth century, can be traced back to these divergent perspectives. In the months following the aforementioned "May Revolution" Buenos Aires Photography dispatched a number of military envoys to the provinces in an effort to garner their approval. Instead, the venture exacerbated tensions between the capital and the provinces, with many missions culminating in violent conflicts.

In the 19th century, the French blockaded the city from 1838 to 1840, followed by an Anglo-French expedition from 1845 to 1848. Both blockades were unsuccessful in bringing the Argentine government to the bargaining table, and the foreign countries eventually gave up their demands.

The 19th and 20th centuries photography

1915 view of the Avenida de Mayo

Throughout the majority of the nineteenth century, the political status of the city remained a contentious issue. It was already the capital of Buenos Aires Photography Province when it became the capital of the State of Buenos Aires Photography between 1853 and 1860. Multiple battles were fought over the subject until 1880, when Washington, D.C., was federalized and made the nation's capital, with the president appointing its mayor. The Casa Rosada became the presidential seat. [24]

With high rates of tuberculosis, the health conditions in disadvantaged regions were abysmal. Public health physicians and politicians of the time generally blamed both the impoverished and their rickety tenements (conventillos) for the spread of the dreaded sickness. People disregarded public health efforts to prevent the transmission of contagious diseases, such as the restriction on spitting in public, the tight recommendations for caring for infants and small children, and quarantines that separated families with ill members. [29]

In addition to the income generated by customs charges and Argentine foreign trade in general, as well as the abundance of fertile pampas, the expansion of railroads in the second part of the nineteenth century strengthened Buenos Aires Photography' economic dominance as raw materials flowed to its industries. From 1880 to 1930, Buenos Aires Photography was a main destination for immigrants from Europe, particularly Italy and Spain. As a result, it became a cosmopolitan city that ranked alongside the great European capitals. During this time, the Colón Theater became one of the world's premier opera houses, and the city became the regional center for radio, television, and the performing arts. During these years, the city's principal avenues were constructed, and towards the turn of the 20th century, South America's tallest skyscrapers and its first subway system were constructed. From 1945 through 1980, a second development boom changed downtown and the majority of the city.

1936: Construction of the Buenos Aires Photography Obelisk on 9 de Julio Avenue.

Additionally, Buenos Aires Photography drew immigrants from Argentina's provinces and neighboring nations. During the 1930s, shanty villages (villas miseria) began to proliferate surrounding the city's industrial sectors, resulting in chronic social problems and stark social contrasts with the predominantly upwardly mobile population of Buenos Aires Photography. These laborers constituted the political backbone of Peronism, which arose in Buenos Aires Photography on 17 October 1945 during the key Plaza de Mayo march. [30] Since then, industrial workers of the Greater Buenos Aires Photography industrial belt have been Peronism's main support base, and Plaza de Mayo has become the site of demonstrations and many of the country's political events; however, on 16 June 1955, a Navy splinter group bombed the Plaza de Mayo area, killing 364 civilians (see Bombing of Plaza de Mayo). This was the only time the city was bombed from the air, and three months later, President Perón was removed by a military coup (see the Liberation Revolution).

In the 1970s, the city suffered from conflict between left-wing revolutionary movements (Montoneros, ERP, and F.A.R.) and the right-wing paramilitary group Triple A, which was supported by Isabel Perón, who succeeded Juan Perón as president of Argentina in 1974.

The coup headed by General Jorge Videla in March 1976 only exacerbated this struggle; the "Dirty War" resulted in 30,000 disappearances (people kidnapped and killed by the military during the years of the junta).

[31] The silent marches of their mothers (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo) are a well-known symbol of the anguish experienced by Argentines during those times. Osvaldo Cacciatore, the dictatorship's designated mayor, designed a network of motorways to alleviate the city's severe traffic congestion. However, the design called for an apparently indiscriminate destruction of residential areas, and although only three of the eight proposed elevated roads were built at the time, they continue to ruin a number of formerly comfortable communities.

9 de Julio Avenue, 1986. photography

Pope John Paul II visited the city twice, the first time in 1982 and the second time in 1987, drawing some of the greatest crowds in the city's history. The return of democracy in 1983 coincided with a cultural rebirth, and the 1990s witnessed a revival of the economy, particularly in the building and finance sectors.

On March 17, 1992, a bomb exploded at the Israeli Embassy, resulting in 29 deaths and 242 injuries. These acts signaled the beginning of Middle Eastern terrorism in South America. On July 18, 1994, another explosion demolished a building holding multiple Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more. The Argentine Constitution was revised in 1993 to grant Buenos Aires Photography autonomy and, among other things, to remove the president's power to pick the city's mayor (as had been the case since 1880). On June 30, 1996, Buenos Aires Photography voters elected their first elected mayor, Jefe de Gobierno.

The twenty-first century photography

Catalinas Norte is a significant corporate complex consisting of nineteen commercial office buildings that are occupied by a large number of Argentine corporations, overseas subsidiaries, and diplomatic offices. It is located in the Central Business District of Buenos Aires Photography.

Following the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution, the city had its first mayoral elections under the new rules in 1996, with the mayor's official title being changed to "Head of Government" Fernando de la Ra, the winner, would go on to serve as president of Argentina from 1999 to 2001.

Anbal Ibarra, De la Ra's successor, won two popular elections but was impeached (and subsequently removed on March 6, 2006) due to the Repblica Cromagnon nightclub fire. In the interim, Jorge Telerman, who had been serving as acting mayor, was sworn into office. In the second round of voting in the 2007 elections, Mauricio Macri of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party defeated Daniel Filmus of the Frente para la Victoria (FPV) party, entering office on December 9, 2007. In 2011, the elections went to a second round with PRO receiving 60.96 percent of the vote compared to FPV's 39.04 percent, assuring Macri's reelection as mayor of the city and Mara Eugenia Vidal's election as deputy mayor. [32]

PRO is established in the city's wealthiest neighborhood and among persons over the age of fifty.

[33]

The 2015 elections were the first time an electronic voting system similar to that used in Salta Province was implemented in the city.

[34] In these elections held on 5 July 2015, Macri resigned as mayor to run for president, and Horacio Rodrguez Larreta was nominated as the PRO's mayoral candidate. In the first round of voting, FPV's Mariano Recalde received 21.78 percent of the vote, ECO's Martn Lousteau received 25.59 percent, and Larreta received 45.55 percent; therefore, the elections went to a second round because PRO was unable to get the requisite majority to win. [35] On 19 July 2015, the second round of voting was place, and Larreta received 51.6% of the vote, closely followed by Lousteau with 48.4%; hence, PRO won the elections for a third term with Larreta as mayor and Diego Santilli as deputy. In these elections, PRO performed better in the affluent northern neighborhoods of Buenos Aires Photography, while ECO performed better in the poorer southern neighborhoods. [36] [37]

Geography photography

View from space of Greater Buenos Aires Photography and the Ro de la Plata.

Buenos Aires Photography is located in the pampa region, with the exception of certain areas such as the Buenos Aires Photography Ecological Reserve, the "sports city" of Boca Juniors, Jorge Newbery Airport, the Puerto Madero neighborhood, and the main port. These areas were built on reclaimed land along the Rio de la Plata, the world's widest river.

[38]

[39][40]

Historically, the territory was traversed by numerous streams and lagoons, some of which were refilled while others were tubed. Important rivers include the Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildaez, and White. In 1908, when floods were wreaking havoc on the city's infrastructure, many streams were channeled and corrected; beginning in 1919, the majority of streams were enclosed. Specifically, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954; it now runs beneath Juan B. Justo Avenue.

Parks

Buenos Aires Photography Botanical Garden

Buenos Aires Photography has more than 250 parks and green areas, the majority of which are located in the eastern neighborhoods of Puerto Madero, Recoleta, Palermo, and Belgrano. Among the most crucial are:

The designers of Parque Tres de Febrero were the urbanist Jordán Czeslaw Wysocki and the architect Julio Dormal. The park was opened on November 11, 1875. Between 1892 to 1912, French Argentine urbanist Carlos Thays was tasked with expanding and beautifying the park as a result of the park's transfer to the municipal domain in 1888, as a result of Buenos Aires Photography's subsequent remarkable economic expansion. Thays designed the Rose Garden, the Zoological Gardens, the Botanical Gardens, and the adjacent Plaza Italia.

The Botanical Gardens, built by French landscape architect and architect Carlos Thays, were inaugurated on September 7, 1898. Between 1892 to 1898, when he served as the city's director of parks and walks, Thays and his family resided in an English-style mansion located within the gardens. The mansion, constructed in 1881, is currently the primary structure on the property.

Buenos Aires Photography Japanese Gardens It is the largest of its kind outside of Japan. On the occasion of a State visit to Argentina by Japan's Crown Prince Akihito and Princess Michiko in 1967, the gardens were inaugurated.

Plaza de Mayo Since the May Revolution of 1810, which led to the independence of Argentina, the plaza has been the center of political life in Argentina.

Plaza San Martn is a park located in the Retiro district of the city. The park is located at the northern end of pedestrianized Florida Street and is bounded by Libertador Avenue (North), Maip Street (West), Santa Fe Avenue (South), and Leandro Alem Avenue (West) (E).

Climate Main article: Buenos Aires Photography's climate

See also Argentina Climate and Argentina Climatic Regions

Buenos Aires Photography has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with four distinct seasons, per the Koppen classification.

[41]

Due to marine effects from the adjacent Atlantic Ocean,[43] the climate is temperate and temperature extremes are uncommon.

[44] As a result of the city's location in an area where the Pampero and Sudestada breezes blow by,[45] the city's weather is unpredictable.

[46]

In Plaza San Martin, heavy rain and a thunderstorm are occurring. In the summer, thunderstorms are typical.

Summers are hot and humid.

[44] January is the warmest month, with an average daily temperature of 24.9 °C (76.8 °F). [47] Heat waves are typical during the summer months. [48] However, the majority of heat waves are brief (less than a week) and are followed by the passage of the cold, dry Pampero wind, which ushers in strong and intense thunderstorms and cooler temperatures. [46] [49] On January 29, 1957, the hottest temperature ever recorded was 43.3 °C (110 °F). [50] In January 2022, a heatwave forced the electricity grid to fail in portions of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires Photography, affecting almost 700,000 households. [51]

Winters are cool, with mild daytime temperatures and frigid evenings.

[44] Seasonal average highs are 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) and lows are 8.1 °C (46.6 °F).

The city is known for moderate-to-heavy fogs during the fall and winter since the relative humidity averages in the upper 70s.

July is the month with the lowest average temperature, at 11.0 °C (51.8 °F).

[47] Nearly every year, Antarctica is the source of cold episodes that can last several days.

Warm air masses from the north can provide warmer temperatures.

[54] The lowest temperature ever recorded in central Buenos Aires Photography was 5.4 °C (22 °F) on July 9, 1918 (Buenos Aires Photography Central Observatory). The latest snowfall in the city came on July 9, 2007, during the coldest winter in Argentina in nearly 30 years, which was marked by heavy snowfalls and blizzards. It was the city's first significant snowfall in 89 years. [55] [56]

Spring and fall are distinguished by variable weather conditions.

[57] Air from the south can provide colder temperatures, whilst air from the north can bring hotter temperatures.

[46]

Each year, the city receives 1,236.3 millimeters (49 inches) of precipitation.

[47] Due to its geomorphology and insufficient drainage system, the city is extremely susceptible to floods during periods of severe precipitation. [58] [59] [60] [61]