Presently, every one million tonnes of mined mineral product generated requires physical and economic provision to also manage 4.9 million tonnes of waste ore, waste rock and tailings. (Fig 2 and Table 1)
Although Brumadinho awakened a very big response in all stakeholder sectors, the Global Tailings Review(GTR), the NGO response, Safety First and what has emerged in individual organizations in all stakeholder sectors, will not alter failure trends nor prevent the already very advanced failure conditions in those 18 facilities worldwide that will have catastrophic failures this decade (2015-2024) Fig 3 . The joint and several effect of all these initiatives will not substantially alter risk in the present world portfolio.
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This additional 95-120 bn cubic meters of tailings will be stored in an estimated 16,000 currently active TSFs. Each active TSF will receive an average of 6 M cubic meters on top of the 17M cubic meters of existing depositions. Overall, the data suggests a projected 35% increase in size of each active facility, an increase of about about 7% per year.
For further analysis of the risks associated with operational status distribution within in any given portfolio please visit our webpage on the risk implications of operational status distribution worldwide and in any given portfolio.
That will require building a comprehensive, funded, competently managed worldwide facility for de risking the existing world tailings portfolio. Many vulnerable facilities were either dumped by the majors or developed by, and still in in the hands of, marginally financed mine owners at sub economic already permitted mines. Others, sometimes referred to as legacy mines, came with the deals made in mergers and acquisitions, the major strategy by which the majors became the majors.
In our invited presentation to The Church of England Pension Funds in February 2019 we drew an analogy between the risk in the present world portfolio of tailings and the everywhere present risk we allowed to form with asbestos and lead based paint. When we discovered that these elements, long valued for their specific performance attributes, posed serious health risks it was clear that forbidding continued use would not alone reduce the risk. These everywhere present materials needed to be not just discontinued but removed or encapsulated to prevent further harm. Easier said than done when federal laws and regulations were finally passed. Harder still for mining.
{1} Bowker Associates Science & Research In The Public Interest mainly from an attempted Global Census of Large Dams 2016. Details and sources are presented in the Technical Appendix . Sources are mainly authoritative cites or actual national or regional totals.
{6} We have used 6 compilations for this report; that part of the Chuch of England disclosures which was immediately useable, the 2019 national disclosures for Brazil and the USA, 2015 and 2016 Chilean disclosures and a 2016 compilation by the Columbia Water Center.
Mines, explosive remnants of war, and improvised explosive devices continue to cause death and injury, especially in situations of armed conflict. On average, one person is killed or injured by such explosive device every hour. Many children are among the victims. The use of improvised explosive devices has expanded, terrorizing civilians and threatening humanitarian actors and United Nations missions and personnel.
In 2024 to commemorate the International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action, UNMAS is advocating for a greater awareness of the needs and rights of all people with disabilities in conflict and peacebuilding settings. Bringing attention to the five-year anniversary of Security Council resolution 2475, which calls upon Member States and Security Council members to protect persons with disabilities, ensure they have access to assistance and are included in conflict prevention and peacebuilding.
In light of the appointment of Mr. Giles Duley as the United Nations Global Advocate for persons with disabilities in conflict and peacebuilding situations, the UN mine action community will seek to strengthen the implementation of resolution 2475 and focus attention on ensuring that no one, included persons with disabilities, is left behind.
It called for continued efforts by States, with the assistance of the United Nations and relevant organizations, to foster the establishment and development of national mine-action capacities in countries where mines and explosive remnants of war constitute a serious threat to the safety, health and lives of the civilian population, or an impediment to social and economic development at the national and local levels.
For over 20 years, the work of the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) has been driven by the needs of affected people and tailored to the threat of explosive hazards faced by civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarians.
UNMAS works to save lives, to facilitate deployment of UN missions and the delivery of humanitarian assistance, to protect civilians, to support the voluntary return of the internally displaced and refugees, to enable humanitarian and recovery activities and to advocate for international humanitarian and human rights law.
The United Nations advocates for the universalization of existing legal frameworks and encourages Member States to expand those regimes and develop new international instruments to protect civilians from the scourges of landmines and explosive remnants of war. It undertakes this work in collaboration with interested states, civil society, mine action and international organizations.
Since the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, commonly known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention opened for signature in 1997, 164 countries have ratified or acceded to it. Advocacy by this unprecedented coalition raised public awareness of the impact of anti-personnel landmines on civilians and rallied global support for a total ban.
Article 6 of the Mine Ban Treaty provided for "victim assistance", making the care, rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of mines an obligation of States Parties to the Convention. It set out that this assistance must meet the immediate and long-term needs of mine accident survivors, their families, mine-affected communities and persons with disabilities.
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol (A/RES/61/106) was adopted on 13 December 2006 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York and was opened for signature on 30 March 2007. This Convention, which referred to the Mine Ban Convention, included all persons with disabilities.
In addition to anti-personnel mines, challenges remain with respect to all other explosive remnants of war. On 12 November 2006, the Secretary-General welcomed the entry into force of Protocol V on explosive remnants of war from the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and reiterated his call for its universalization and implementation. In December 2008, the Secretary-General welcomed the opening for signature of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which was joined by 108 states.
Guided by its inter-agency policy, the United Nations Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA), consisting of 12 departments, agencies, funds and programmes, and with observer entities, such as the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research and World Bank continue to ensure system-wide coherence in all mine action pillars and activities.
The United Nations Mine Action Strategy serves as an accountability framework for the United Nations system and participating entities, guiding efforts to prevent and address explosive ordnance threats during and after armed conflicts while supporting affected communities. As agreed by IACG-MA Principals in June 2023, this Strategy will no longer be timebound and will continue to be subject to periodic review every two years to coincide with the biennial report of the Secretary-General on assistance in mine action. The Principals of the IACG-MA endorsed the UN Strategy on 13 December 2023. The Strategy came into effect as of 1 January 2024.
This exhibit invites visitors to hear from those directly involved in and affected by mine action around the world. It details how mine-affected and post-conflict communities are working together with state parties to bring about impactful and sustainable change.
Mr. Giles Duley, the United Nations Global Advocate for persons with disabilities in conflict and peacebuilding situations, shares stories of the people he has spent time with over the last decade, in his legacy of war documentation, through photos and films.
As the Global Advocate, Mr. Craig supports the UN Secretary-General by engaging in public advocacy to promote the vision of the United Nations to achieve a world free of the threat of mines and explosive hazards and to assist in mobilizing resources for the UN Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action.
The UN aims for a world free of landmines and explosive remnants of war, where individuals and communities live in a safe environment conducive to development and where the needs of victims are met. Twelve UN Departments and Offices of the Secretariat, specialized agencies, funds and programmes play a role in mine-action programs in 30 countries and three territories. Mine action makes it possible for peacekeepers to carry out patrols, for humanitarian agencies to deliver assistance, and for ordinary citizens to live without the fear that a single misstep could cost them their lives.
Established in 1997, the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) works to eliminate the threat posed by mines, explosive remnants of war and improvised explosive devices by coordinating United Nations mine action, leading operational responses at the country level, and supporting the development of standards, policies and norms. As a specialized service of the United Nations located within the Department of Peace Operations, UNMAS operates under UN legislative mandates of both the General Assembly and the Security Council. UNMAS also responds to specific requests for support from the UN Secretary-General or designated official. 152ee80cbc
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