Sherman Joseph Alexie Jr. (born October 7, 1966) is a Native American novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and filmmaker. His writings draw on his experiences as an Indigenous American with ancestry from several tribes. He grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation and now lives in Seattle, Washington.[2]
He also wrote The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993), a collection of short stories, which was adapted as the film Smoke Signals (1998), for which he also wrote the screenplay. His first novel, Reservation Blues, received a 1996 American Book Award.[5]His 2009 collection of short stories and poems, War Dances, won the 2010 PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction.[6]
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On February 28, 2018, Alexie published a statement regarding accusations of sexual harassment against him by several women, including author Litsa Dremousis, with whom he alleged having a consensual affair in the past and who claimed numerous women had spoken to her about Alexie's behavior.[17][18] Alexie admitted he had "harmed" other people besides Dremousis. Dremousis's response initially appeared on her Facebook page and was subsequently reprinted in The Stranger on March 1, 2018.[19] The allegations against Alexie were detailed in an NPR story five days later.[20] NPR corroborated the sexual harassment allegations of three other women.
Alexie published his first collection of poetry, The Business of Fancydancing: Stories and Poems, in 1992 through Hanging Loose Press.[10][25] With that success, Alexie stopped drinking and quit school just three credits short of a degree. However, in 1995, he was awarded an honorary bachelor's degree from Washington State University.[13]
Alexie's stories have been included in several short story anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories 2004, edited by Lorrie Moore; and Pushcart Prize XXIX of the Small Presses. Additionally, a number of his pieces have been published in various literary magazines and journals, as well as online publications.
Alexie's poetry, short stories, and novels explore themes of despair, poverty, violence, and alcoholism in the lives of Native American people, both on and off the reservation. They are lightened by wit and humor.[15] According to Sarah A. Quirk from the Dictionary of Library Biography, Alexie asks three questions across all of his works: "What does it mean to live as an Indian in this time? What does it mean to be an Indian man? Finally, what does it mean to live on an Indian reservation?"[10] The protagonists in most of his literary works exhibit a constant struggle with themselves and their own sense of powerlessness in white American society.[15]
Alexie published his first prose work, entitled The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, in 1993.[10] The book consists of a series of short stories that are interconnected. Several prominent characters are explored, and they have been featured in later works by Alexie. According to Sarah A. Quirk, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven can be considered a bildungsroman with dual protagonists, "Victor Joseph and Thomas Builds-the-Fire, moving from relative innocence to a mature level on experience."[10]
Ten Little Indians (2004) is a collection of "nine extraordinary short stories set in and around the Seattle area, featuring Spokane Indians from all walks of urban life," according to Christine C. Menefee of the School Library Journal.[15] In this collection, Alexie "challenges stereotypes that whites have of Native Americans and at the same time shows the Native American characters coming to terms with their own identities."[15]
In his first novel, Reservation Blues (1995), Alexie revisits some of the characters from The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven. Thomas Builds-the-Fire, Victor Joseph, and Junior Polatkin, who have grown up together on the Spokane Indian reservation, were teenagers in the short story collection. In Reservation Blues they are now adult men in their thirties.[32] Some of them are now musicians and in a band together. Verlyn Klinkenborg of the Los Angeles Times wrote in a 1995 review of Reservation Blues: "you can feel Alexie's purposely divided attention, his alertness to a divided audience, Native American and Anglo."[32] Klinkenborg says that Alexie is "willing to risk didacticism whenever he stops to explain the particulars of the Spokane and, more broadly, the Native American experience to his readers."[32]
Alexie's young adult novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian (2007) is a coming-of-age story that began as a memoir of his life and family on the Spokane Indian reservation.[15] The novel focuses on a fourteen-year-old Indian named Arnold Spirit. The novel is semi-autobiographical, including many events and elements of Alexie's life.[15] For example, Arnold was born with hydrocephalus, and was teased a lot as a child. The story also portrays events after Arnold's transfer to Reardan High School, which Alexie attended.[15] The novel received great reviews and continues to be a top seller. Bruce Barcott from the New York Times Book Review observed, "Working in the voice of a 14-year-old forces Alexie to strip everything down to action and emotion, so that reading becomes more like listening to your smart, funny best friend recount his day while waiting after school for a ride home."[15]
Flight (2007) also features an adolescent protagonist. The narrator, who calls himself "Zits," is a fifteen-year-old orphan of mixed Native and European ancestry who has bounced around the foster system in Seattle. The novel explores experiences of the past, as Zits experiences short windows into others' lives after he believes to be shot while committing a crime.[15]
In 1998 Alexie's film, Smoke Signals gained considerable attention.[15] Alexie based the screenplay on his short story collection, The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven, and characters and events from a number of Alexie's works make appearances in the film.[15] The film was directed by Chris Eyre, (Cheyenne-Arapaho) with a predominantly Native American production team and cast.[13] The film is a road movie and buddy film, featuring two young Indians, Victor Joseph (Adam Beach) and Thomas Builds the Fire (Evan Adams), who leave the reservation on a road trip to retrieve the body of Victor's dead father (Gary Farmer).[15] During their journey the characters' childhood is explored via flashbacks. The film took top honors at the Sundance Film Festival.[15] It received an 86% and "fresh" rating from the online film database Rotten Tomatoes.[36]
The tiniest butterflies of former days had increased their span until their gaily colored wings should be described in terms of feet, while the larger emperor moths extended their purple sails to a breadth of yards upon yards. Burl himself would have been dwarfed beneath the overshadowing fabric of their wings. [. . . .] Not all the insect world was so helpless or so unthreatening. Burl knew of wasps almost the length of his own body who possessed stings that were instantly fatal. To every species of wasp, however, some other insect is predestined prey, and the furtive members of Burl's tribe feared them but little, as they sought only the prey to which their instinct led them.
The story does include young man from a primitive sort of scavenger lifestyle, dealing with a number of nightmarishly large insects, from giant moths to dragonflies to spiders, and also enormous fungi (with equally enormous harmful potential, from poisonous spores and the like). He travels away and returns to the tribe, and sort of single-handedly moves them from scavengers to hunter-gatherers, and takes them to new living grounds.
This story is not, actually, set in prehistoric times but seems much like it narratively, the actual situation being a terraforming attempt gone astray, on another planet, but since the tribe didn't know that in-universe, well.
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The Treaty Wars, commonly referred to as the Indian Wars, took place between 1855-1856. During these wars, many battles took place from the South Sound to Seattle, and even east into Yakama territory. While each tribe had their own experiences, their motivations for fighting were all the same--our people were being pushed out, abused, and even murdered at the hands of the new settlers. During these times many of the Washington Territory tribes came together in solidarity.
While these plots of land were set aside for the tribes, our people continued to live both on and off our reservation. Even today the tribes fight for our rights to exist throughout our traditional homelands.
Although the dragon tribes were an advanced civilisation, and had overcome a vast majority of illnesses, these cancerous cells were ingrained so strongly into their genetics that they could, at last, no longer suppress them.
It may seem but a short period of time to the dragons, who had long lifespans. But to the blue dragon, who gazed upon this vile, abhorrent reality day after day, these hundred years did not feel the least bit short.
It is in the nature of all living creatures to want to preserve their genes through future generations as much as possible. It can even be said that genes are the true protagonists of the story called life, and the physical body is but a vessel for those genes. 17dc91bb1f
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