1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1989th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 989th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade.

1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing.


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The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year,[1][2] as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand, Japan and Australia's first Internet connections. The first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989.[3]

1989 is the fifth studio album by the American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, released on October 27, 2014, by Big Machine Records. Inspired by 1980s synth-pop, Swift conceived 1989 to recalibrate her artistry to pop after critics disputed her status as a country musician when she released the cross-genre Red (2012) to country radio. She titled 1989 after her birth year as a symbolic artistic rebirth and enlisted Max Martin, who produced Red's electronic-influenced pop tracks, as co-executive producer.

Swift recorded 1989 at studios across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden with an ensemble including Martin, Shellback, Jack Antonoff, Ryan Tedder, Nathan Chapman, and Imogen Heap. The synth-pop production is characterized by pulsing synthesizers, programmed drum machines, and processed backing vocals with electronic elements, a stark contrast to the acoustic arrangements of Swift's past albums. The songs expand on Swift's autobiographical songwriting and explore failed romance from a lighthearted perspective.

Swift and Big Machine promoted 1989 extensively through tie-ins and media endorsements but withheld the album from free streaming services, which prompted an industry discourse on the impact of streaming.[note 1] To support the album, Swift embarked on the 1989 World Tour, which was the highest-grossing tour of 2015. Among seven singles released, three peaked atop the US Billboard Hot 100: "Shake It Off", "Blank Space", and "Bad Blood". 1989 spent 11 weeks atop the Billboard 200 and was certified nine-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It has sold over 10 million copies worldwide and was certified multi-platinum in many countries.

Jack Antonoff was another key producer on 1989; he had worked with Swift on the 1980s new wave-influenced soundtrack single "Sweeter than Fiction" (2013).[23] Antonoff extensively used the Juno-6 synthesizer, which he thought to have "such a sadness and a glory all at once",[24] and co-wrote and co-produced three tracks, two for the standard edition and one for the deluxe edition.[19] "I Wish You Would" stemmed from his experimental sampling of the snare drums on Fine Young Cannibals' 1988 single "She Drives Me Crazy". He played his sample to Swift on an iPhone and sent it to her to re-record.[13] The final track is a remix that retains the distinctive snare drums.[25] For "Out of the Woods", Antonoff sent his finished instrumental track to Swift while she was on a plane.[26] She sent him a voice memo containing the lyrics roughly 30 minutes later.[18] The song was the first time Swift composed lyrics for an existing instrumental.[27]

As with Swift's past albums, 1989 is primarily about the emotions and reflections resulting from past romantic relationships.[34][39][40] Swift's songwriting retained its storytelling which had been nurtured by her country-music background,[41][42] but it is more ambiguous and embraces pop-music songwriting prioritizing emotional intensity and general ideas over intricate details.[43] Swift's characters in the 1989 songs cease to vilify ex-lovers and failed relationships like those on her past songs did[44][45] and instead look at them through a wistful perspective.[18] She attributed this change of attitude to her realization of "more complex relationships", in which she was also responsible for the downfall instead of completely putting the blame on the other.[16] For USA Today journalist Brian Mansfield, even though the songs were inspired by Swift's personal life, they resonated with a wide audience who found themselves and their situations represented in her songs.[45] The album's liner notes, which include a one-sentence hidden message for each of the 13 songs, collectively tell a story of a girl's tangled relationship. Ultimately, she finds that, "She lost him but she found herself and somehow that was everything."[46]

Swift's feelings when she first moved to New York City inspired the opening track, "Welcome to New York", a synthesizer-laden song finding Swift embracing her newfound freedom.[30][47] "Blank Space", set over a minimal hip hop-influenced beat, satirizes the media's perception of Swift as a promiscuous woman who dates male celebrities only to gather songwriting material.[37][48] The production of "Style", a funk-flavored track, was inspired by "funky electronic music" artists such as Daft Punk;[19][49] its lyrics detail an unhealthy relationship.[50] "Out of the Woods" is an indietronica-flavored synth-pop song featuring heavy synthesizers, layered percussions and looping background vocals, resulting in a chaotic sound.[27][51] Swift said that the song, which was inspired by a relationship that evoked constant anxiety because of its fragility, "best represents" 1989.[52][53] "All You Had to Do Was Stay" laments a past relationship and originated from Swift's dream of desperately shouting "Stay" to an ex-lover against her will.[54]

Each CD copy of 1989 includes a packet, one of five available sets, of 13 random Polaroid pictures, made up from 65 different pictures.[75] The pictures portray Swift in different settings such as backdrops of New York City and recording sessions with the producers.[76] The photos are out-of-focus, off-framed, with a sepia-tinged treatment, and feature the 1989 songs' lyrics written with black marker on the bottom.[71] Polaroid Corporation chief executive Scott Hardy reported that the 1989 Polaroid concept propelled a revival in instant film, especially among the hipster subculture who valued the "nostalgia and retro element of what [their] company stands for".[77] Billboard in 2022 ranked the cover of 1989 as one of the 50 greatest album covers of all time.[78]

Swift marketed 1989 as her first "official pop" album.[79] To bolster sales, Swift and Big Machine implemented an extensive marketing plan.[80] As observed by Maryn Wilkinson, an academic specialized in media studies, Swift adopted a "zany" aspect for her 1989 persona.[note 2] As Swift had been associated with a hardworking and authentic persona through her country songs, her venture to "artificial, manufactured" pop required intricate maneuvering to retain her sense of authenticity.[82] She used social media extensively to communicate with her fan base; to attract a younger audience, she had promoted her country songs online previously.[83] Her social media posts showcased her personal life, making fans feel engaged with her authentic self and thus cemented their support while attracting a new fan base besides her already large one.[81][79] She also promoted the album through product endorsements with Subway, Keds, and Diet Coke.[84] Swift held a live stream via Yahoo! sponsored by ABC News on August 18, where she announced the details of 1989 and released the lead single "Shake It Off",[85] which debuted atop the US Billboard Hot 100.[86] To connect further with her supporters, Swift selected a number of fans based on their engagement on social media and invited them to private album-listening sessions called "the 1989 Secret Sessions".[83] They took place at her properties in Los Angeles, New York City, Nashville, Rhode Island, and London throughout September 2014.[87]

The album's standard and deluxe editions were released for download on digital platforms on October 27, 2014.[88] In the United States and Canada, the deluxe edition was available exclusively through Target Corporation.[28][89] The songs "Out of the Woods" and "Welcome to New York" were released through the iTunes Store as promotional singles on October 14 and 20, respectively.[90] 1989 was supported by a string of commercially successful singles,[91] including Billboard Hot 100 number ones "Blank Space" and "Bad Blood" featuring rapper Kendrick Lamar, and top-10 hits "Style" and "Wildest Dreams".[92] Other singles were "Out of the Woods", previously a promotional single,[93] and "New Romantics".[94] The deluxe edition bonus tracks, which had been available exclusively through Target, were released on the US iTunes Store in 2015.[95]

On November 3, 2014, Swift removed her entire catalog from Spotify, the largest on-demand streaming service at the time,[75] arguing that their ad-supported free service undermined the platform's premium service, which provides higher royalties for songwriters.[96] She had written an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal in July 2014, expressing her concerns over the decline of the album as an economic entity following the rise of free, on-demand streaming.[97] Big Machine and Swift kept 1989 only on paid subscription-required platforms such as Rhapsody and Beats Music.[80] This move prompted an industry-wide debate on the impact of streaming on declining record sales during the digital era.[79] In June 2015, Swift stated that she would remove 1989 from Apple Music, criticizing the service for not offering royalties to artists during their free three-month trial period.[98] After Apple Music announced that it would pay artists royalties during the free trial period, she agreed to leave 1989 on their service; she then featured in a series of commercials for Apple Music.[99][100] She re-added her entire catalog on Spotify in June 2017.[1] Swift began rerecording her first six studio albums, including 1989, in November 2020.[101] The decision came after talent manager Scooter Braun acquired the masters of Swift's first six studio albums, which Swift had been trying to buy for years, following her departure from Big Machine in November 2018.[102] e24fc04721

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