A sports blackout is when a sports event that was scheduled to be televised is not aired in a particular media market. This blackout may prevent transmission of sports programming on local broadcast networks and/or non-broadcast platforms such as cable and satellite television. From 1975 to 2014, the FCC had sports blackout rules, but those rules were very limited and rarely involved in the sports blackouts you may have experienced.

The FCC repealed its sports blackout rules, which prohibited cable and satellite operators from airing any sports event that was blacked out on a local broadcast station. This action removes Commission protection of the private blackout policies of sports leagues, which require local broadcast stations to black out a game if a team does not sell a certain percentage of tickets by a certain time prior to the game. Elimination of this rule, however, may not end all sports blackouts: sports leagues may choose to continue their private blackout policies through contractual arrangements with programming distributors. For more information read the news release.


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In almost all circumstances, the blackouts of sports events are the result of contractual agreements between the content owners (i.e., the sports leagues) and the programming distributors (i.e., the broadcast networks and stations, and the cable and satellite television channels and systems.) Each sports league has different rules about when a televised event is blacked out, and those rules are part of the contracts they sign with television distributors. In most cases, the blackout results when a sports league prohibits an event from being televised locally if the event did not sell out all its tickets. Some games also may be "preempted," often because one game is "local" and a second game is not, or because two networks (broadcast and/or non-broadcast) both scheduled the televising of the same game in the same market.

Since the process of my work is pretty transparent, I figured it only made sense to encourage other people to try out the method themselves, so I started a Tumblr blog, NewspaperBlackout.com, a place where people could learn about the blackout poems and share their own:

Drinking to the point of a blackout has gained pop culture notoriety in recent years. Alcohol-induced blackouts can lead to impaired memory of events that transpired while intoxicated, and a drastically increased risk of injuries and other harms. They can occur in anyone who drinks alcohol, no matter their age or level of experience with drinking. In this factsheet, we will take a sober look at this common but deeply concerning consequence of alcohol misuse.

Blackouts tend to begin at blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of about 0.16 percent (nearly twice the legal driving limit) and higher. At these BACs, most cognitive abilities (e.g., impulse control, attention, judgment, and decision-making) are significantly impaired. The level of impairment that occurs at such high BACs makes the intoxication level associated with blackouts especially dangerous.

Research indicates that blackouts are more likely to occur when alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly, causing the BAC to rise rapidly. This could happen if someone drinks on an empty stomach or consumes large amounts of alcohol in a short amount of time. Because females, on average, weigh less than males and, pound for pound, have less water in their bodies, they tend to reach higher peak BAC levels than males with each drink and do so more quickly. This helps explain why being female appears to be a risk factor for having blackouts.

Research among college students and other young adults has shown that the frequency of blackouts predicts other alcohol-related consequences (such as missing work or school, having a lower grade point average [GPA], being injured, ending up in the emergency room, getting arrested, or experiencing other negative outcomes). Questions about blackouts during routine medical visits could serve as an important simple screen for the risk of alcohol-related harms.

And sharing this blackout chocolate cake with friends really, really, really helps. Chocolate blackouts are better when shared. S/o to our POY team for eating this with me one million times and to Melissa for letting me crash her own bday celebration super spontaneously with this madness.

And 9:30, anybody in the restaurant business will tell you, is crunch time. I was walking the floor, and all of a sudden I look to my right and Brooklyn is not there anymore. Okay, it's just, where did Brooklyn go? And then I quickly glance over, Queens is gone. It's blackout, there's no, no lights whatsoever. And as soon as I get up to the window and we're overlooking Manhattan, downtown Manhattan, whoosh, lights go out for us.

Joyce Purnick, Reporter: My beat at the Post was covering politics. I went running over to City Hall, and I spent the night in the command center where we got regular briefings on what they said was going on in the city. The blackout was not the city's fault, but, um, it was an opportunity for the mayor Abe Beame to show the people of New York that he was in control.

Patrick Marshall, Police Officer: We didn't know it was a big blackout. The lights went out, but who knew if the lights were gonna stay out. There was no AM/FM radios in the patrol cars at the time. So you had no radio communication with the outside. Our portable radio had died because of the repeaters being out. Well, we go back into the station house, and when we went into the station house that's when we really knew that the pot was cooking.

Joyce Purnick, Reporter: I remember the blackout of '65 as almost being fun. There was a certain festive atmosphere. People pulled together. There were little get-togethers on the streets.

Bruce Porter, Writer: The blackout in 1965 happened at 5:30. So the storeowners were still in their stores locking up. The temperature was between 43 and 48 degrees, right, so people were not out on the street.

Jonathan Mahler, Writer: After the blackout everyone is trying to make sense of what has happened to New York. There was this sense that New York is not just in financial trouble, not just struggling. But there's something really existentially, foundationally wrong with New York, and New York is in real, real trouble.

Reporter (archival audio): What triggered the blackout? A federal report places the primary blame on Consolidated Edison, saying it was unprepared to deal with the crisis touched off by a severe thunderstorm.

Jack Feinstein, Assistant Chief System Operator, Con Ed: A blackout is almost similar to an airplane crash. It's never just one item. From the first lightning strike to the complete system shutdown, it's a series of events that if any one of 'em didn't occur, or was responded to differently, would've prevented the blackout.

Jonathan Mahler, Writer: The blackout produced the largest mass arrest in the city's history. We're talking about thousands of people. And we're talking about hundreds of millions of dollars of damage and stolen property.

Joshua Freeman, Historian: The blackout gave you an appreciation of the fragility of urban life. You flip a switch and darkness turns to light, you know? And you just totally take all this stuff for granted. And an event like that makes you realize how contingent, how fragile all that is.

Vincent Dunn, Firefighter: If you wanted to say, "When was the bottom of the decaying, declining New York City," you would have to say 1977, the blackout. We've had some very good prosperous times in New York City since then. But this is always there as an example of what could happen.

The best option I could suggest to address this issue is to allow your form to be filled out with any date, and then create an automation that checks all new submissions to see if they fall on a blackout date. If it did you could email/slack the submitter to let them know that the date needs to change and input a dynamic link back to the record to redirect them to Airtable to do so. This does assume all form submitters have access to your Airtable, and that you know who is submitting the form.

For a long time, alcohol was thought to exert a general depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS). However, currently the consensus is that specific regions of the brain are selectively vulnerable to the acute effects of alcohol. An alcohol-induced blackout is the classic example; the subject is temporarily unable to form new long-term memories while relatively maintaining other skills such as talking or even driving. A recent study showed that alcohol can cause retrograde memory impairment, that is, blackouts due to retrieval impairments as well as those due to deficits in encoding. Alcoholic blackouts may be complete (en bloc) or partial (fragmentary) depending on severity of memory impairment. In fragmentary blackouts, cueing often aids recall. Memory impairment during acute intoxication involves dysfunction of episodic memory, a type of memory encoded with spatial and social context. Recent studies have shown that there are multiple memory systems supported by discrete brain regions, and the acute effects of alcohol on learning and memory may result from alteration of the hippocampus and related structures on a cellular level. A rapid increase in blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is most consistently associated with the likelihood of a blackout. However, not all subjects experience blackouts, implying that genetic factors play a role in determining CNS vulnerability to the effects of alcohol. This factor may predispose an individual to alcoholism, as altered memory function during intoxication may affect an individual's alcohol expectancy; one may perceive positive aspects of intoxication while unintentionally ignoring the negative aspects. Extensive research on memory and learning as well as findings related to the acute effects of alcohol on the brain may elucidate the mechanisms and impact associated with the alcohol-induced blackout. 006ab0faaa

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