Tooth Decay
aka caries, cavity, rot, hole
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Tooth Decay is damage to your tooth caused by plaque and sugar
If left untreated, cavities can get bigger and more complex to treat
What is it ?
What is it ?
Tooth decay is the process where bacteria in the mouth produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and dentin, leading to holes or structural damage
Cause
Cause
Your mouth is full of bacteria, which combine with small food particles and saliva to form a sticky film known as plaque that builds up on your teeth.
When you consume food and drink that is high in carbohydrates (sugary or starchy), the bacteria in plaque turn the carbohydrates into the energy they need, producing acid at the same time.
Over time, the acid in plaque begins to break down the surface of your tooth. The more frequently your teeth are exposed to sugary or starchy foods and drinks, the more often these acid attacks occur and the greater the risk of tooth decay.
Left untreated, the plaque can destroy the outside of the tooth, causing pain and potentially exposing the nerve inside.
Stages
Stages
Stages of Tooth Decay:
Stages of Tooth Decay:
Early enamel changes. Acid attacks cause minerals to be lost from the enamel. You may see a white or chalky area. At this stage, the process can sometimes be stopped or reversed.
Enamel cavity. If the acid attacks continue, the enamel becomes weakened and eventually breaks down, forming a cavity.
Dentin decay. Decay spreads into the softer dentin underneath the enamel. The tooth may become sensitive to hot, cold or sweet foods and drinks.
Pulp involvement. If decay reaches the pulp in the centre of the tooth, where the nerves and blood vessels are located, it can cause significant pain and inflammation. Root canal treatment may be required.
Infection and abscess. If the pulp becomes infected, an abscess can develop around the root. This may cause pain, swelling or pus.
Tooth becomes unrestorable. If extensive tooth structure has been destroyed, the tooth may no longer be repairable and extraction may be necessary.
Is tooth decay reversible?
Is tooth decay reversible?
Early tooth decay can sometimes be stopped and even partly reversed. At this stage, minerals can be returned to the enamel through saliva and fluoride.
However, once decay has progressed to form a hole or cavity in the tooth, the lost tooth structure cannot grow back and a filling or other treatment will be needed.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Your dentist will examine your teeth for signs of decay, including changes in colour, texture and the presence of cavities.
Sometimes decay develops between the teeth or underneath existing fillings and cannot be seen during a routine examination. Dental X-rays may therefore be recommended to look for decay that cannot be seen directly.
Your dentist will consider the size and position of any decay when deciding whether it can be monitored, treated with preventive measures or requires a restoration.
Signs & Symptoms
Signs & Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of tooth decay can vary depending on the progression of the disease.
White or brown spots. Early sign of enamel demineralization.
Discoloration. Brown, black, or gray stains on the tooth.
Tooth Sensitivity. Discomfort to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods/drinks.
Toothache. Intermittent or constant pain, especially when chewing.
Visible Holes. Cavities that can be seen in the mirror or felt with the tongue
Bad Breath. Persistent bad breath (halitosis) or a bad taste in the mouth.
Swelling or Pus. Signs of infection if decay reaches the pulp or forms an abscess.
Treatment
Treatment
Treatment depends on how advanced the decay is.
Early decay: If there is no cavity, your dentist may recommend improving your brushing, reducing sugar intake and increasing fluoride exposure. Early decay can sometimes be stopped or reversed.
Cavity: Once a hole has formed in the tooth, the damaged tooth structure usually needs to be repaired with a filling.
Extensive decay: If a large amount of tooth structure has been lost, a crown or onlay may be recommended to protect and restore the tooth.
Decay affecting the nerve: If decay reaches the pulp and the tooth becomes infected or irreversibly inflamed, root canal treatment may be required. In some circumstances, extraction may be the only option.
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Poor or inadequate plaque removal
Frequent consumption of sugary foods and drinks
Frequent snacking between meals
Sugary or acidic drinks
Dry mouth or reduced saliva flow
Some medications that cause dry mouth or contain sugar
Orthodontic appliances
Crowded or difficult-to-clean teeth
Exposed tooth roots
Existing areas of decay
Certain medical conditions or treatments that affect saliva or oral health
Prevention
Prevention
To prevent tooth decay, practice good oral hygiene, including brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and cleaning between your teeth once a day. Reduce sugar intake, especially between meals, and consider using fluoride mouthwash in the middle of the day. Regular dental check-up's and visiting the dental hygienist are also crucial.
Here's a more detailed breakdown:
1. Brushing and Flossing:
Brush your teeth at least twice a day, using a fluoride toothpaste.
Clean in-between your teeth, where a toothbrush can't reach.
Consider using an electric toothbrush, as it may be easier to use.
2. Dietary Choices:
Limit sugary foods and drinks, as they provide fuel for the bacteria that cause decay.
Reduce how often you consume sugary items, and if you do, try to have them with meals rather than as snacks.
Choose water over sugary drinks.
Substitute sugar for sweeteners in tea and coffee.
Consider chewing sugar-free gum after meals to stimulate saliva production, which helps neutralize acids and protect teeth.
Ensure your diet includes calcium-rich foods (like dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods) and foods high in fibre, which can promote saliva production and help fight tooth decay.
3. Fluoride:
Use fluoride toothpaste and consider fluoride mouthwash to strengthen tooth enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks.
If your area doesn't have fluoridated water, talk to your dentist about other ways to get fluoride, such as using fluoride supplements or varnish.
4. Dental Check-ups:
Regular dental check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of tooth decay.
Your dentist can identify areas of concern, provide personalized advice, and apply professional fluoride treatments if needed.
5. Other Considerations:
If you experience dry mouth, talk to your dentist about ways to manage it, as saliva plays a crucial role in protecting teeth.
By consistently practicing these habits, you can significantly reduce your risk of developing tooth decay and maintain a healthy smile.
Complications
Complications
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