In the depths of the universe, the cores of two collapsed stars violently merge to release a burst of the deadliest and most powerful form of light, known as gamma rays. These beams of doom are unleashed upon their unfortunate surroundings, shining a million trillion times brighter than the Sun for up to 30 terrifying seconds. No spaceship will shield you from the blinding destruction of the gamma ray ghouls!

The trilogy ends with Blackbeard picking up language and I think that if we follow this trajectory, it is not unlikely that generations after him would create books for the purpose of explaining ways of living to their children, especially given the way the Crakers seem to want an explanation for everything. This was the other challenging part about the project- imagining what the future for Crakers/humans. Some questions that we grappled with were what would society look like after the mating of Crakers and humans? Would there be a fine line between Crakers and humans? Would a hierarchy emerge? What technologies would this new society develop? What symbols would they know? We did not jump to any assumptions to this questions, but rather picked up from where the books left off. Even if these stories became dated to new generations of Crakers, there is something about fairy tales and fables that preserves the past and is even otherworldly/othertimely.


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In her popular novel The Handmaid's Tale, Margaret Atwood merged the dystopian nightmares of George Orwell's 1984 with Aldous Huxley's Brave New World to imagine a world entirely ruled by men (Atwood, 1985). Atwood's state of Gilead, located in Boston, Massachusetts, denied women the rights of employment and education, controlled women's sexuality, and women's reproductive health was held at the will of men. Atwood wrote her novel in 1985, most likely in light of the Iranian Revolution of 1979, and the strengthening Christian fundamentalism in the United States. Yet reflections of her literary vision can be seen within the gender structures of patriarchal societies across much of the world today. The jump between women's subordination throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa and the images Atwood provides, in particular, are not as far from reality as one may hope (Afray, 2004: 108).

The pace of the HIV epidemic in the sub-Saharan region, and its emergence increasingly along gender lines, is particularly reminiscent of Atwood's narrative. Women have been disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic, both in terms of infection rates of individuals and the social burden of caring for the sick; married women are particularly vulnerable. Often economically dependent upon male partners and culturally conditioned to be submissive in sexual negotiations, married women are largely unable to protect themselves from the disease (Stein, 1990; MacPhail and Williams, 2003).

The review included all peer-reviewed studies investigating condom use in marriage. Longitudinal studies were seen as particularly valuable as they enable the understanding of potential behavioural changes over time. Studies with methodological weaknesses arising from small samples, weak data analysis, or minimal qualitative data were included only when they provided insights not available from more rigorous studies. Qualitative studies were particularly desired as these provided the foundations for identifying key associations/key words that consistently emerged; that in turn formed the symbolic categories raised in this article. Studies were excluded from the analysis if condom use and acceptance explanations were insufficiently described, or condom use was only a minor element in the study, and therefore the study did not contribute important information to this review. A focus on why males in particular accepted/rejected condom use in marriage was required, but this was accepted from both married male and married female based explanations.

Overall, 28 qualitative, three quantitative, and 21 mixed methodology studies were included in this review (See Appendix 2). Where keywords or narratives describing reasons for condom neglect emerged from the data consistently across the research region, these formed the basis of what this article defines as symbols. When ten or more studies referred to a particular symbol, this was criteria for inclusion as a key symbol within this article. Ten articles represent 20% of the data base; rigorous enough to ensure against distorted interpretation of data yet broad enough to provide scope for multiple symbolic categorises to be identified.

In such contexts, barriers emerge from the condom's association with family planning. In Cleland and Iqbal's multi-country study, condom use for contraceptive purposes was reported at 12% among populations in Cameroon, Zambia, Namibia and Tanzania (Cleland and Iqbal, 2006: 20). Limited interest in pregnancy prevention was likewise apparent in Ryder et al.'s study, with only 24% of respondents asserting it would matter 'very much' if they became pregnant. In comparison, 76% wanted more children (Ryder et al., 1999: 468). In the above examples, even if a condom is not intended to protect against pregnancy, normative associations of condoms, signifying its family planning properties, inherently serve as barriers to its use.

In such contexts, condom messages may be unintentionally contributing to an increased risk of marital HIV by associating condom use with HIV infection. The previous three decades have seen the condom increasingly promoted throughout sub-Saharan Africa as a method to reduce the risk of HIV. In doing so, associations of condoms with HIV have become ever more normalised. Pervasive HIV awareness campaigns by governments, donors, and religious institutions have positioned HIV protection with moral health messages. The current approach of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), as one example, targets condom use at identified high-risk groups such as commercial sex workers, promotes abstinence till marriage, and focuses condom provision on youth who are identified as engaging in or at high risk for engaging in risky sexual behaviours (President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 2012).

In the above context, the introduction of condoms into established relationships such as marriage has become exceedingly difficult and seen as undermining the fabric of intimate relationship. Across the sub-Saharan region, condoms are represented as too aggressive or accusatory for relationships based on love (Pullum et al.,1999; Gausset, 2001). As Agah et al. found, condoms symbolise emotional distance and a lack of romantic involvement (Agha et al., 2002). Sobo' s work highlights in particular that in committed, monogamous relationships, 'condom use is interpreted as insulting, and suggestive of infidelity, lack of love and disrespect from partners' (Sobo, 1993: 478). Sobo further suggests 'condomless sex' has emerged as 'an adaptive and defensive practice [which] maintain[s] desired, idealized images of partners, relationships, and selves' (Sobo, 1993: 478). People want to appear as serious, responsible, faithful, and they want a relationship founded on trust.

Examining Margaret Atwood's work in the context of the complex history of the Bildungsroman, Ellen McWilliams explores how the genre has been appropriated by women writers in the second half of the twentieth century. She demonstrates that Atwood's early work - her own 'coming of age' fiction, including unpublished works as well as The Edible Woman, Surfacing, and Lady Oracle - both engages with and works against the paradigms of identity which are traditionally associated with the genre. Making extensive use of unpublished manuscripts in the Atwood Collection at the University of Toronto, McWilliams uncovers influences that shaped Atwood's fashioning of identity in her early novels, paying particular attention to Atwood's preoccupation with survival as a key symbol of Canadian literature, culture, and identity. She also considers the genre's afterlife on display in Cat's Eye, The Robber Bride, Alias Grace, The Blind Assassin, and Moral Disorder, in which the formulations of selfhood and identity in Atwood's early fiction are revisited and developed. Atwood emerges as a writer who self-consciously invokes and then undercuts the traditions of the Bildungsroman, a turn that may be read as a means of at once interrogating and perpetuating the form. McWilliams's book furthers our understanding of subjectivity in Atwood's fiction and contributes to ongoing conversations about the role gender and cultural contexts play in reframing generic boundaries.

Pretty much every second sentence of Kay's column offers a snappy rejoinder to one of Diane's pro-annexation arguments. Sometimes Jon's concerned with "nuts-and-bolts" stuff -- Merger of the Century: Why Canada and America Should Become One Country, is, he notes "written up like a business plan," and not all the fine print, such as allowing Canadians to keep their government healthcare or giving every Canadian half-a-million bucks in merger compensation -- comes off as the kind of stuff a sane acquiring party, in this case, the U.S., would readily agree to. Other times, his fears are more broadly chauvinistic and clich -- "Wouldn't any incipient merger become politically unviable the first time some nutcase from Arizona headed north and shot up a Canadian Tire?" etc. More worries yet are patriotic and romantic --what red-and-white-blooded Canuck among us, he pines, could "be convinced to give up our flag, our monarchist traditions, the legal supremacy of Parliament, and our seat at the UN in favour of a cash payout from Uncle Sam"?

Yet even the erosion of some of our more celebrated sociopolitical differences is hardly enough to make a conclusion as extreme as a wholesale Canadian-U.S. merger inevitable, let alone desirable. Even if the financial case for Francis' "business plan" is as economically air-tight as Jon Kay says it isn't, the constitutional logistics involved could prove daunting enough to make the union of East and West Germany look like a quickie Vegas marriage in comparison. In any case, to even begin contemplating an economic, geographic, constitutional, cultural, and legal initiative this enormous, it'd probably help to have a rate of public support higher than 19 per cent. 589ccfa754

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