In Mathematics, adjacent means next to, or alongside.
In Geometry, adjacent angles are next to or alongside each other.
∠ACD (red) is adjacent to ∠BCD (light green)
Note
∠AED (pink) is adjacent to ∠AEC (orange) and also adjacent to ∠BED (green).
∠AEC (orange) is NOT adjacent to ∠BED (green) - they are vertically opposite.
In Trigonometry, the adjacent side is the side next to or alongside the angle you are working with.