Science: > Physics Introduction

Science:

Meaning: 

The word "science" is derived from the Greek word “scire or scaintai," which means “universe study."

Definition: The study of nature is called science. OR

The heap of truth is called science. OR

The knowledge obtained from observation and experiment is called science.

Main branches of science:

Science has many branches but among them following are of great importance:

Physical science: physical science consists of the following main branches.

Physics                           (b) chemistry     (c) astronomy

Bioscience: the branch of science in which we study living organisms.

Social science: the science related to social life.

Mathematical science: the science in which we study numbers and symbols.

physics:

Meaning: the word physics is derived from the Greek word “fusis or physis” which means the study of nature.

Def: the branch of physical science in which we deal with the study of properties of matter, energy, and their mutual relationship is called science.                     OR

The branch of science in which we study matter, energy, and their mutual relationship with space and time is called science.               OR

The branch of science which deals with the accurate and precise measurement of the universe is called physics.

Explanation: as physics means the study of the universe, so in physics we study those physical phenomena which occur in the universe. Physics has also a key role in our society because if look at our surroundings 99% of materials are made by the principle of physics.

Example:

How the universe rotates.

How day and night come one after the other.

How an airplane flies.

Why do things fall to the ground? Etc

Important points:

a) The word fusis was first time introduced by Aristotle.

b) Aristotle is known as the Father of physics.

c) First book of physics was written by Aristotle.

d) The nature of physics is quantitative

Matter:

Def: anything having mass and occupying space is called matter.

State of the matter:

Matter exists in the following states.

a) Solid

b) Liquid

c) Gas

d) Plasma

Properties of matter:

a) Strength: the quality or state of being physically strong.

b) Elasticity: the ability to restore its initial position

c) Plasticity: the ability not to restore its initial position

d) Ductility: the ability to stretch,

e) Brittleness: the ability to break on stretching

f)  Conductivity: the property to give permission to current, heat, etc

g) Resistivity: the property which not allow current, heat, etc

Example of the matter:

Chair, door, window, box, fan, pen, etc

Energy:

Def: the ability of a body to do work is called energy.    OR

An agent which can change the present thermodynamic state of a matter is called energy.

Types of energy:

Following are different types of energy.

a) Solar energy

b)Wind energy

c) Hydel energy

d)Geothermal energy

e) Electrical energy

f)  Mechanical energy

g) Kinetic energy

h)Potential energy

Mutual relation between matter and energy:

 Before 1890 it was thought that matter and energy are completely different and cannot be converted into one another. But after 1890 it was clarified by Einstein that matter can be converted into energy and energy can be converted into matter. He presented this equation.        

                                             E = mc2

E is energy

m is the mass of a moving body

c is the speed of light

Important points:

a)     Matte and energy are not entirely different quantities.

b)    Matter and energy are mutually interconvertible.

c)     Disintegration: matter can be converted into energy.

Example:

Pair inhalation: in pair inhalation, one electron and proton combine and form one photon. This disintegration process occurs in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors.

d)    Materialization:

Energy can be converted into matter. This process can be done in a “counter-controlled cloud chamber”.

Examples:

Pair production: in pair production, one photon converts into one electron and one positron. Positron is an antiparticle of an electron which have the same mass as an electron but opposite charge and magnetic moment.

Importance of physics in science, technology, and society:

Physics is the only branch of science that has a key role in every field of knowledge. Some of them are discussed below.

Physics and science: physics has played a key role in other branches of science like biology (biophysics), chemistry (physical chemistry), computer science, geology, agriculture, engineering, astronomy, etc.

Physics and technology:  most modern technology and instruments are the result of physics. Like vehicles and airplanes we use them for transport purposes are the fruits of physics. 

Similarly, the freezer used for cooling purposes is the physics fruit, bulb, fans, mirror, etc are the fruit of physics.

Physics and society: physics and human society are interrelated through technology. Physics brings people into such a contract through which a man can know what occurs in every part of the world.

Muslims scientists:

there are many scientists who have played different roles in science in different times. Some of them are below.

1. Yaqub Al Kindi:

History: he was born in 800AD in Bursa, Iraq, and died in 873AD.

Expert in the field of: he was an expert in the field of optics especially on the reflection of light.

Role: he produces extensive research monographs on metrology, specific gravity, and tides.

2. Ibnal Haitham:

History: he was born in 965 AD in Basra, Iraq, and died in 1039 AD.

Expert of field: he was an expert in the field of optics.

Invention: He is the inventor of the pinhole camera.

Role: he was the great scholar of his time. His greatest work is the book on optics named KITAB UL MANAZIR.

3. Al Beruni:

History: he was born in 937 AD in modern-day Uzbekistan and died in 1048 AD.

Expert in the field: he was an expert in the field of physics, cosmology, geography, culture, medicine, and hematology. He wrote nearly 150 books in these fields.

 Role: he discussed the shape of the earth, the movement of the sun and moon, and the phases of the moon

4. Muhammad abdus Salam:

History: he was a Pakistani physicist born in1926 in jhang, Punjab, and died in 1996 in the United Kingdom.

Role: he got a noble prize in Science for his contribution to the electroweak unification theory. He was the first Pakistani to get a noble prize in science.

Expert in the field of: he was an expert in theoretical physics.

5. Abdul Qadeer Khan:

History: he was a Pakistani physicist and was born in 1936 in Bhopal, British India, and in 2021.

Expert in the field of: he was an expert in nuclear and metallurgical.

Role: he founded the uranium enrichment program for Pakistan atomic bomb project. He found KRL( Kahuta Research Laboratory) in 1976 and served as both its senior scientist and director-general until he retired in 2001.

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