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In program 1, the output was only of the derived class. It couldn't print the variable of neither the base class nor the parent class. But in program 2, we used super() with variable a while printing its output, and instead of printing the value of variable a of the derived class, it printed the value of variable a of the base class. So it proves that super() is used to call the immediate parent.

Here we are getting two outputs, 100 and 200. When the Show() function of the derived class is invoked, it first calls the Show() function of the parent class, because inside the Show() function of the derived class, we called the Show() function of the parent class by putting the super keyword before the function name.

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super() is a special use of the super keyword where you call a parameterless parent constructor. In general, the super keyword can be used to call overridden methods, access hidden fields or invoke a superclass's constructor.

Just super(); alone will call the default constructor, if it exists of a class's superclass. But you must explicitly write the default constructor yourself. If you don't a Java will generate one for you with no implementations, save super(); , referring to the universal Superclass Object, and you can't call it in a subclass.

If a constructor does not explicitly invoke a superclass constructor, the Java compiler automatically inserts a call to the no-argument constructor of the superclass. If the super class does not have a no-argument constructor, you will get a compile-time error.

When creating an object,the JVM always first execute the constructor in the classof the top layer in the inheritance tree.And then all the way down the inheritance tree.Thereason why this is possible to happen is that the Java compiler automatically inserts a callto the no-argument constructor of the superclass.If there's no non-argument constructorin the superclass and the subclass doesn't explicitly say which of the constructor is tobe executed in the superclass,you'll get a compile-time error.

super is useful if the superclass needs to initialize itself. this is useful to allow you to write all the hard initialization code only once in one of the constructors and to call it from all the other, much easier-to-write constructors.

super is useful in a certain scenario: if your class has the same method as your superclass, Java will assume you want the one in your class; super allows you to ask for the superclass's method instead. this is useful only as a way to make your code more readable.

When you call super() with the right arguments, we actually call the constructor Box, which initializes variables width, height and depth, referred to it by using the values of the corresponding parameters. You only remains to initialize its value added weight. If necessary, you can do now class variables Box as private. Put down in the fields of the Box class private modifier and make sure that you can access them without any problems.

At the superclass can be several overloaded versions constructors, so you can call the method super() with different parameters. The program will perform the constructor that matches the specified arguments.

super is a keyword. It is used inside a sub-class method definition to call a method defined in the superclass. Private methods of the superclass cannot be called. Only public and protected methods can be called by the super keyword. It is also used by class constructors to invoke constructors of its parent class.

Object oriented programming (which Java is) is all about objects, not functions. If you want task oriented programming, choose C++ or something else. If your object doesn't fit in it's super class, then you need to add it to the "grandparent class", create a new class, or find another super it does fit into.

Personally, I have found this limitation to be one of Java's greatest strengths. Code is somewhat rigid compared to other languages I've used, but I always know what to expect. This helps with the "simple and familiar" goal of Java. In my mind, calling super.super is not simple or familiar. Perhaps the developers felt the same?

There's some good reasons to do this. You might have a subclass which has a method which is implemented incorrectly, but the parent method is implemented correctly. Because it belongs to a third party library, you might be unable/unwilling to change the source. In this case, you want to create a subclass but override one method to call the super.super method.

Since every class naturally extends (at least) Object, super.whatever() will always refer to a method in the superclass. But what if your class only extends Object - what would super.super refer to then? How should that behavior be handled - a compiler error, a NullPointer, etc?

I think if you overwrite a method and want to all the super-class version of it (like, say for equals), then you virtually always want to call the direct superclass version first, which one will call its superclass version in turn if it wants.

I think it only makes rarely sense (if at all. i can't think of a case where it does) to call some arbitrary superclass' version of a method. I don't know if that is possible at all in Java. It can be done in C++:

@Jon Skeet Nice explanation. IMO if some one wants to call super.super method then one must be want to ignore the behavior of immediate parent, but want to access the grand parent behavior.This can be achieved through instance Of. As below code

It would seem to be possible to at least get the class of the superclass's superclass, though not necessarily the instance of it, using reflection; if this might be useful, please consider the Javadoc at ()

I have had situations like these when the architecture is to build common functionality in a common CustomBaseClass which implements on behalf of several derived classes.However, we need to circumvent common logic for specific method for a specific derived class. In such cases, we must use a super.super.methodX implementation.

I think this is a problem that breaks the inheritance agreement.

By extending a class you obey / agree its behavior, features

Whilst when calling super.super.method(), you want to break your own obedience agreement.

However, there may happen situations when you feel the need to call super.super.method() - usually a bad design sign, in your code or in the code you inherit !

If the super and super super classes cannot be refactored (some legacy code), then opt for composition over inheritance.

Encapsulation breaking is when you @Override some methods by breaking the encapsulated code.The methods designed not to be overridden are marked final.

If your method overrides one of its superclass's methods, you can invoke the overridden method through the use of the keyword super. You can also use super to refer to a hidden field (although hiding fields is discouraged). Consider this class, Superclass:

Within Subclass, the simple name printMethod() refers to the one declared in Subclass, which overrides the one in Superclass. So, to refer to printMethod() inherited from Superclass, Subclass must use a qualified name, using super as shown. Compiling and executing Subclass prints the following:

The following example illustrates how to use the super keyword to invoke a superclass's constructor. Recall from the Bicycle example that MountainBike is a subclass of Bicycle. Here is the MountainBike (subclass) constructor that calls the superclass constructor and then adds initialization code of its own:

If a subclass constructor invokes a constructor of its superclass, either explicitly or implicitly, you might think that there will be a whole chain of constructors called, all the way back to the constructor of Object. In fact, this is the case. It is called constructor chaining, and you need to be aware of it when there is a long line of class descent.

In the above example, Animal and Dog both classes have a common property color. If we print color property, it will print the color of current class by default. To access the parent property, we need to use super keyword.

Let's see the real use of super keyword. Here, Emp class inherits Person class so all the properties of Person will be inherited to Emp by default. To initialize all the property, we are using parent class constructor from child class. In such way, we are reusing the parent class constructor.

When one class extends another, the subclass inherits functionality from thesuperclass and can add functionality by declaring its own fields and methods.The initial values of fields declared in the subclass can depend upon theinitial values of fields declared in the superclass, so it is critical toinitialize fields of the superclass first, before fields of the subclass. Forexample, if class B extends class A then the fields of the unseen classObject must be initialized first, then the fields of class A, then thefields of class B.

Initializing fields in this order means that constructors must run from the topdown: A constructor in a superclass must finish initializing the fields declaredin that class before a constructor in a subclass is run. This is how the overallstate of an object is initialized.

It is also critical to ensure that fields of a class are not accessed beforethey are initialized. Preventing access to uninitialized fields means thatconstructors must be constrained: The body of a constructor must not accessfields declared in its own class or any superclass until the constructor in thesuperclass has finished.

It would be better to declare a constructor that fails fast, by validating itsarguments before it invokes the superclass constructor. Today we can only dothat in-line, using an auxiliary static method:

The superclass constructor takes a byte array argument, but the subclassconstructor takes a Certificate argument. To satisfy the restriction that thesuperclass constructor invocation must be the first statement in the subclassconstructor, we declare the auxiliary method prepareByteArray to prepare theargument for that invocation. e24fc04721