An arcus cloud is a low, horizontal cloud formation, usually appearing as an accessory cloud to a cumulonimbus. Roll clouds and shelf clouds are the two main types of arcus clouds. They most frequently form along the leading edge or gust fronts of thunderstorms; some of the most dramatic arcus formations mark the gust fronts of derecho-producing convective systems. Roll clouds may also arise in the absence of thunderstorms, forming along the shallow cold air currents of some sea breeze boundaries and cold fronts.

A shelf cloud is a low, horizontal, wedge-shaped arcus cloud attached to the base of the parent cloud, which is usually a thunderstorm cumulonimbus, but could form on any type of convective clouds. Rising air motion can often be seen in the leading (outer) part of the shelf cloud, while the underside can often appear as turbulent and wind-torn. Cool, sinking air from a storm cloud's downdraft spreads out across the land surface, with the leading edge called a gust front. This outflow cuts under warm air being drawn into the storm's updraft. As the lower and cooler air lifts the warm moist air, its water condenses, creating a cloud which often rolls with the different winds above and below (wind shear).


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People seeing a shelf cloud may believe they have seen a wall cloud. This is likely to be a mistake, since an approaching shelf cloud appears to form a wall made of cloud. Shelf clouds usually appear on the leading edge of a storm, while wall clouds are usually at the rear of the storm.

A sharp, strong gust front will cause the lowest part of the leading edge of a shelf cloud to be ragged and lined with rising fractus clouds. In a severe case there will be vortices along the edge, with twisting masses of scud that may reach to the ground or be accompanied by rising dust. A very low shelf cloud accompanied by these signs is the best indicator that a potentially violent wind squall is approaching. An extreme example of this phenomenon looks almost like a tornado and is known as a gustnado.[1]

A roll cloud (Cloud Atlas name  tag_hash_112_______) is a low, horizontal, tube-shaped, and relatively rare type of arcus cloud. They differ from shelf clouds by being completely detached from other cloud features. Roll clouds usually appear to be "rolling" about a horizontal axis. They are a solitary wave called a soliton, which is a wave that has a single crest and moves without changing speed or shape. This rolling is due to the variation in speed and direction of the winds with altitude (wind shear).[2]

One of the most famous frequent occurrences is the Morning Glory cloud in Queensland, Australia, which can occur up to four out of ten days in October.[3] One of the main causes of the Morning Glory cloud is the mesoscale circulation associated with sea breezes that develop over the Cape York Peninsula and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Such coastal roll clouds have been seen in many places, including California, the English Channel, Shetland Islands, the North Sea coast, coastal regions of Australia, and Nome, Alaska.

However, similar features can be created by downdrafts from thunderstorms or advancing cold front, and are not exclusively associated with coastal regions.[2] They have been reported at different locations inland, including Kansas.[4]

Arcus clouds are spectacular low-level, long and thin clouds associated with powerful thunderstorms. They are sometimes seen beneath Cumulonimbus clouds. Shelf clouds are attached to the storm cloud, whereas Roll clouds are a horizontal column separated from the storm cloud.

When a cold downdraft from a cumulonimbus cloud reaches the ground, the cold air may spread rapidly along the ground, pushing existing warm moist air upwards. As this air rises, water vapour condenses into the patterns associated with Arcus clouds. The new cloud may roll if it experiences different wind directions above and below.

This is one of my favorite shots from my recent trip up to Mackinac Island. More to come later, but I wanted to share this one with you. Besides the incredible storm clouds rolling in from the Upper Peninsula, what made this photo (and the rest from this particular twenty minutes or so) such a pleasure is that no one was around when it was taken. Solitude during the peak season on Mackinac Island is hard to come by sometimes. And I really needed it that night.

On this occasion, I noticed incredible, fuming clouds drifting up above the hills along Highway 120. Given that California had just endured a brutal forest fire season, I assumed there was another blaze up in the hills. Turns out it was just a beautiful, intense cumulus cloud formation!

As can be seen above, creeping clouds and filtered sunlight can transform even a simple hilltop scene into a dramatic work of art. Speaking of which, if you enjoyed this photo series, you might enjoy my fine art and black and white photography.

This work will be on display in the exhibition 'Echoes of Tradition' at Bluethumb's Melbourne Gallery from 28th June until 14th August. 330 - 332 Bridge Rd, Richmond, Melbourne, VIC 3121.





Witness the dramatic dance of nature as ominous clouds gather on the horizon. This artwork captures a moment of impending storm, where dark, brooding clouds roll in with an air of foreboding.

Photo Editor Bill Clark braved the bad weather this week to capture some stunning images of ominous clouds over the Capitol. As you can see from the photos below, photographers often take the same objects and frame them differently to try to get the best results. Which framing of the Supreme Court do you like the best?

The light and energy of the storm rolled and wove itself between earth sky, foreshadowing and foretelling drama to come. A small part of me wondered if I should head back to the car, but it was all to beautiful to miss. I felt wild and free as the wind picked up, pulling at my hair and clothes, beneath the gathering storm.

When warm, moist air is pushed upward by the downward flow of cool air from a storm cloud, the moist air could condenses right up to the parent cloud, but it this new arcus cloud could get separated from the parent cloud. If the attachment is visible, you have a shelf cloud. If not, you have a roll cloud. Roll clouds could form if the arcus cloud rushes ahead and dissociates from the parent storm cloud, or the roll cloud could be a remnant of a storm cloud that survives after the storm is over. You can read a bit more about these types of clouds, here.

Carrie Cromwellcomes of age as the dark clouds of the Civil War swallow the country. Born with a fiery spirit and a strong mind, she finds herself struggling between the common wisdom of the South and the truth she has discovered.

-click to enlarge- I made this photograph of Pyramid Peak in the North Cascade Mountains just before the storm clouds rolled over top towards my vantage point on the Diablo Lake Overlook. As is common in the mountains, I had anticipated a mostly clear day but nature had other plans. I find the color version of this photograph appealing, but I do think the black and white one above has better impact. What do you think? Do you prefer color or black and white version for this photograph?

 

 Visit my North Cascades National Park Gallery for more photographs from this area of Washington State.

Environment Canada ended a series of tornado warnings in western Manitoba Tuesday evening, but the entire southern part of the province remained under severe thunderstorm warnings or watches well into the night.

As of 10:04 p.m., the national weather service had lifted all of its severe thunderstorms warnings, with the exception of the rural municipality of Grahamdale, which includes the communities of Gypsumville, Moosehorn and Camper.

Severe thunderstorm warnings are in effect in northeast Teller County and northwest El Paso County, and a flood warning led to the closing of U.S. 24 from Cascade to Cave of the Winds. The highway had reopened by 2:45 p.m., according to KKTV-Channel 11 in Colorado Springs.

Rain and hail, however, raked across the western metro region Sunday afternoon, and flooding was being reported northwest of Fort Collins, when a thunderstorm dropped more than an inch of rain in less than an hour Sunday afternoon.

So, back to that parcel of air, as it rises it cools, and during that process, it changes state. Of course, a liquid state is much easier to see than a gaseous state. So as air is rising up and cooling, it is going from its gaseous state until it condenses and turns into liquid water drops, forming the clouds.

The next thing to consider is how the air parcel rises. On quiet, sunny days, like those influenced by a high-pressure system, sinking air is taking place. However, when cold fronts arrive, low pressure moves in, or a dry line or stationary front is in the area, clouds form. All of these features are triggers to make an air parcel rise, cool, condense and form clouds.

The next main category is mid-level clouds. These clouds typically reside between 6,500 feet and 20,000 feet above the ground. These clouds will range from ice crystals to liquid droplets, depending on how high they are and the temperature of the surrounding air. Within this base there are altostratus clouds, or midlayer clouds that are widespread and blanket the sky, and altocumulus clouds. Altocumulus clouds are mid-layer puffy clouds.

Aside from these basic categories, there are other interesting clouds to note. Cumulonimbus clouds are the tallest cloud of the bunch, and the clouds most often associated with severe weather. Wall clouds are located at the base of strong to severe thunderstorms and are typically seen as a lowering that leads to tornadic development. Mammatus clouds are typically seen on the backside of severe thunderstorms and have a pouch-like appearance. e24fc04721

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