Buddhism, founded over 2,500 years ago in ancient India by Siddhartha Gautama (known as the Buddha), offers a path to liberation from suffering through mindfulness, meditation, and the Eightfold Path. Central to Buddhism is understanding impermanence, the cessation of suffering, and the concept of non-self.
Stoicism teaches that virtue, wisdom, and rationality are the keys to a tranquil and meaningful life. It encourages individuals to focus on what they can control and accept what they cannot, thereby achieving inner peace.
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This quote by Marcus Aurelius emphasizes the Stoic belief that true strength and inner peace come from mastering one's own mind and reactions rather than trying to control external events. It encourages individuals to focus on their inner world and responses as the source of strength and tranquillity.
In the realm of Stoicism, the principle of focusing on what is within our control serves as a beacon of wisdom. Stoics ardently teach you to direct your attention and efforts toward the elements you can govern namely your thoughts, actions, and attitudes.
By turning your gaze inward and nurturing self-discipline, you can forge resilience and uphold a profound sense of inner peace, regardless of the tumultuous tides of external circumstances. Explore the Stoic concept of focusing on what is within your control daily, its profound significance, and how it can be applied to find tranquillity in your life.
These recent articles have been enormously helpful in directing my thinking towards positive steps that I can take to live life to the fullest, whilst embracing stillness, and cultivating gratitude and inner peace. Thank you so much
Stoicism is a philosophy that originated in ancient Greece and later became popular in ancient Rome. It emphasizes the idea of living in accordance with nature and accepting the things that are beyond our control. Stoics believe in focusing on the present moment and developing inner virtues such as wisdom, courage, and self-control. Stoics practice mindfulness, maintaining a calm and rational mindset, and being indifferent to external circumstances.
Stoicism teaches individuals to cultivate tranquility and inner peace through the practice of virtue while accepting the inevitability of change and adversity. The philosophy encourages individuals to detach themselves from excessive desires and emotions, as these are considered sources of suffering. Stoicism is a way of life that promotes resilience, self-improvement, and the pursuit of eudaimonia (flourishing or living a good life). A stoic focuses on what is within their control and develops a mindset of acceptance and gratitude. Sources: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Stoicism. Link, The Daily Stoic - What is Stoicism? Link
As I look to learn more, I think it will be fun and meaningful to research the wise words of the Stoics and apply them to teaching and education in general. I hope this will deepen my understanding, improve my mental and spiritual health, and be of some value to anyone else who reads it.
We are continuing our exploration of a philosophical guide to self-development with the therapeutics of the stoics. This essay is part of our project to examine the components of neo-platonism as a theory of human development and draw parallels with the hero meta-mythology and Jungian psychology. Stoic Philosophy started in 300 BC with Zeno of Citium and continued for around 500 years until the fall of Rome. Stoicism has had numerous revivals since, including Neo-stoicism in the Renaissance and modern Stoicism in the 21st century.
Stoic philosophy provides the ethics for Neo-Platonism and solutions to the meaning crisis. Stoicism is so good at solving the meaning crisis because its philosophy evolved during two previous crises of meaning, the collapses of the ancient Greek and Roman Empires. Tim Ferris, the author of the 4-hour work week, described Stoicism as:
This is a big part of Stoicism's success in the confusing and uncertain modern digital world. In short, Stoicism is about peace of mind, or 'Tranquility' as William Irvine writes in 'A Guide To The Good Life', and (spoiler alert) it really works.
Stoicism aims at becoming like Socrates. Verveake argued in his recent talk on Neoplatonism that becoming like Socrates, the ideal sage, involves practising three kinds of discipline. I will attempt to flesh out these three kinds of disciplines with Stoic practices and exercises you can use in this essay.
"For as Socrates said, "we ought not to live a life without examination," so we ought not to accept an appearance without examination, but we should say, "Wait, let me see what you are and whence you come"; like the watch at night, "Show me the pass." "Have you the signal from nature which the appearance that may be accepted ought to have?"
"I know that I know nothing', implying the source of his wisdom is knowledge of his own ignorance. Socrates however does not wallow in his ignorance but rather pursues truth as a way of life, eventually dying for the practice saying: 'the unexamined life is not worth living', which is a claim of a kind of knowledge.
How does this knowledge contribute to inner peace? Socrates gave this quote while condemned to death when most people might tend to be a bit stressed. But Socrates valued the truth more than his own life, as he knew a life where he could not pursue the truth was not worth living. Socrates willingly consents to death rather than accept what he knows to be a lower good, rejecting his friend's proposal to run away because of his commitment to seeking the truth.
This attention, like Socrates, is to be conscious of one's errors and self-correct to limit our failures. Correcting habits like jumping to conclusions, falling into unconsciousness or taking mental shortcuts requires vigilant observation of one's cognitive processes and self-conscious dialogue within. Hadot writes,
Stoicism recommends a philosophical pause to consider what is true or false? And this is what it means to discipline your ascent to truth, to be conscious of what you are identifying yourself with and caring whether what you identify with is true or false, often in opposition to things like social approval, popularity, the status quo etc., as Socrates found out, or internally to one's egocentrism and illusions.
"To what purpose, then, am I presently using my soul? Ask yourself this question at every moment, and examine yourself as follows: what is presently to be found in that part of me which is called the ruling centre? And whose soul do I have at present? That of a child? That of an adolescent? That of a woman, of a tyrant, of a domestic animal, of a wild beast?"
You will start to see a pattern running throughout these kinds of discipline: agency - becoming self-directed, self-cultivating, not floating through life and being made by the environment but actively shaping your life and character yourself. Vervaeke argues that Socrates knew what to care about and how to transform himself, so he cared about the right things, that this was part of his wisdom. In other words, he was a master of values. He knew what was valuable and worth desiring and what was not valuable and not worth desiring, and how to let go of those bad desires and gain the desirable desires (which seems nearly impossible).
This discipline of desire is a theme running through all Stoic philosophy, which generally warns against pursuing lower passions of the flesh and material gain and wasting one's life and character away. Desires are driven by affect, they are emotional, and we become emotionally attached to them. The Stoics had what is called a 'Cognitive theory of emotions', that our emotional reactions come from value judgments that we make, i.e. we judge someone has wronged us, and so we become angry. As Epictetus says, we are disturbed not by things, but the views which they take on them". The stoics recommend becoming conscious of our judgments so we can curtail powerful emotional reactions that bias our thinking and to separate our human opinions from mind-independent facts as much as possible.
Emotions are an evolutionary toolkit for operating in complex environments. They are human universals, even the facial expressions associated with specific emotions develop across cultures (although some cultures suppress these more than others), and emotions only come in two kinds: positive and negative. Emotions track if we are on course to a valued goal we care about or not. Positive emotion is dopaminergically mediated, and moderates approach behaviour which tells us when we are getting closer to a valued goal. Negative emotion is mediated by multiple circuits and moderates avoidance behaviour, indicating when we are off track toward our valued goal. This is the basic cable package - that's valuable, go towards it; that's not valuable/threatening, stay away. Why am I telling you all this? Because to discipline your desires, you need to be able to control your emotions.
So what are goals? Yep, you guessed it, desires. Humans are cybernetic organisms, meaning we are goal-directed in our perceptions and actions. Tons of people these days, myself included, misinterpret Eastern spiritual traditions that you shouldn't have goals or desires (unfortunately not wanting any desires is a desire) so we become deeply miserable for the reasons mentioned above - no goals equals no positive emotion. 152ee80cbc
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