Sputnik Beep Download

Narrator: The beep heard round the world: The birth of the space age.

I'm Jane Platt with a podcast from JPL-- NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. October 4, 1957.

Narrator: With those faint beeps from that metal sphere called Sputnik, the Soviet Union was the first country ever to launch a satellite into space, much to the chagrin of Americans. JPL veteran John Casani was here at work during that life-changing moment.

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It transmitted a radio beacon on 20 and 40 MHz that was heard by short wave radio enthusiasts as well as scientists around the world. Doppler shift of the beeps could allow one to estimate line-of-sight velocity as well as an epoch for local passes. Traveling in a roughly 200 x 900 km orbit with an inclination of about 65 degrees the spacecraft's orbit was constantly perturbed by atmospheric drag and Earth's oblateness as quantified by $J_2$, and the dual frequencies may have propagated differently through the ionosphere. The choice of frequencies couldn't have been an accident.

Question: In light of all of this, was all that was learned is that something that could beep, beeped? Or was a significant amount of scientific knowledge and verification of proposed models gained from careful measurements of Sputnik 1's orbit?

We, like millions of other people around the world, watched a small bright dot crossing the sky at sunset and sunrise,and caught the signals "beep-beep-beep" of the Satellite on the radio. We followed with great interest what a loud resonance this event caused in all the media, and soon began to think about how it could beto use the satellite radio emission for scientific research. We have begunmeasuring the total electronic composition of the ionosphere using Faraday's effect, and one of the first doctoral dissertations written at the observatory was based on similar measurements from Sputnik-3 radio transmissions.

Sputnik 1 was pressurized with nitrogen at 1.3atm. The period of the beeping was tied to a pressure sensor. The logic was being that if anything (such as a micrometeoroid) penetrated the satellite, the change in pressure would detect this and inform the scientists on the ground. This simple test had scientific value for the later programs with living samples (including manned spacecraft).Sources:

The sole purpose of Sputnik-1 was to be the first object sent by mankind into orbit and to be able to prove to the world that it was in space (by sending beeps). Being the first in space was in and of itself a spectacular feat, and the leadership of the Soviet Union knew this very well. Despite the fact that all it did was beep, Sputnik-1 places much, much higher in importance historically than did Vanguard-1 or Sputnik-3, both of which place much, much higher in importance scientifically than did Sputnik-1.

Sputnik had a brief life in space, determining the density of the upper atmosphere as part ofthe International Geophysical Year (IGY), an international scientific collaboration to study Earth. Its radio transmitters,which were sending signals to Earth, went silent after 21 days. Sputnik's orbit decayed, and it burned up in theatmosphere on January 4, 1958--92 days after its launch. But coming at the height of the cold war and less than a yearafter Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev told Western diplomats, "We will bury you," the tiny satellite had a powerfulpolitical and symbolic significance. It chilled the military, who were awed at the apparent power of the Soviet ICBMrocket that pushed it into orbit and ushered in both the space race, culminating in the Apollo moon missions of the 1960s,and the space age. President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to diminish the importance of Sputnik by referring toit as "one small ball in the air," but on July 29, 1958, he signed the legislation that created the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA), which was founded on October 1. Another program, the National Defense Education Act(NDEA), was started in September 1958 as a crash effort to train scientists and engineers. As the U.S. geared up, the budget of the National Science Foundation nearly tripled from 1958 to1959, then doubled again by 1962. After two failed attempts, the U.S. managed to launch its first IGY satellite, .Explorer 1, on January 31, 1958. For the next decade, both the Soviet Union and the U.S. would rack up a series of spacefirsts. But the U.S. did not nail down its final propaganda victory until Apollo 11 astronautNeil Armstrong announced from the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969, that he had taken "one small step for [a] man,one giant leap for mankind." The triumph of the Apollo missions backfired on NASA. Inan era of tight budgets, the space agency's plans for further manned missions were severely curtailed. Today, the dreamof a long-term human presence in space hinges on the completion of a planned international space station, and, in theinterim, a new era of cooperation between the U.S. and Russia. Despite the deteriorating condition of the Russian Mirspace station, NASA seems to have--for now at least--decided to hang tough with its support. Declassified recordsand contemorary accounts are now revealing that Eisenhower and Khrushchev may have both looked at the IGYprograms as a way of diverting energy from the dangerous arms race. And there are indications that Khrushchev was onthe verge of accepting an offer for a joint moon mission when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.Meanwhile, the skies are filled with Sputnik's descendents--nearly 2,500 of them--thatcarry communications signals, observe crops and weather, direct navigation, conduct scientific experiments--and, yes,some still sp What began as an opening salvo in a battle between the superpowers when Sputnik beeped its wayacross the heavens in 1957 may have become the very thing the International Geophysical Year Committee envisioned 40years ago--an international assault on the physical mysteries of Earth and space.

Sputnik had a brief life in space, determining the density of the upper atmosphere as part of\\r\\nthe International Geophysical Year (IGY), an international scientific collaboration to study Earth. Its radio transmitters,\\r\\nwhich were sending signals to Earth, went silent after 21 days. Sputnik's orbit decayed, and it burned up in the\\r\\natmosphere on January 4, 1958--92 days after its launch. But coming at the height of the cold war and less than a year\\r\\nafter Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev told Western diplomats, \\"We will bury you,\\" the tiny satellite had a powerful\\r\\npolitical and symbolic significance. It chilled the military, who were awed at the apparent power of the Soviet ICBM\\r\\nrocket that pushed it into orbit and ushered in both the space race, culminating in the Apollo moon missions of the 1960s,\\r\\nand the space age. President Dwight D. Eisenhower attempted to diminish the importance of Sputnik by referring to\\r\\nit as \\"one small ball in the air,\\" but on July 29, 1958, he signed the legislation that created the National Aeronautics and\\r\\nSpace Administration (NASA), which was founded on October 1. Another program, the National Defense Education Act\\r\\n(NDEA), was started in September 1958 as a crash effort to train scientists and engineers. As the U.S. geared up, the budget of the National Science Foundation nearly tripled from 1958 to\\r\\n1959, then doubled again by 1962. After two failed attempts, the U.S. managed to launch its first IGY satellite, .\\r\\nExplorer 1, on January 31, 1958. For the next decade, both the Soviet Union and the U.S. would rack up a series of space\\r\\nfirsts. But the U.S. did not nail down its final propaganda victory until Apollo 11 astronaut\\r\\nNeil Armstrong announced from the surface of the Moon on July 20, 1969, that he had taken \\"one small step for [a] man,\\r\\none giant leap for mankind.\\" The triumph of the Apollo missions backfired on NASA. In\\r\\nan era of tight budgets, the space agency's plans for further manned missions were severely curtailed. Today, the dream\\r\\nof a long-term human presence in space hinges on the completion of a planned international space station, and, in the\\r\\ninterim, a new era of cooperation between the U.S. and Russia. Despite the deteriorating condition of the Russian Mir\\r\\nspace station, NASA seems to have--for now at least--decided to hang tough with its support. Declassified records\\r\\nand contemorary accounts are now revealing that Eisenhower and Khrushchev may have both looked at the IGY\\r\\nprograms as a way of diverting energy from the dangerous arms race. And there are indications that Khrushchev was on\\r\\nthe verge of accepting an offer for a joint moon mission when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.\\u0000\\r\\n\\r\\nMeanwhile, the skies are filled with Sputnik's descendents--nearly 2,500 of them--that\\r\\ncarry communications signals, observe crops and weather, direct navigation, conduct scientific experiments--and, yes,\\r\\nsome still sp What began as an opening salvo in a battle between the superpowers when Sputnik beeped its way\\r\\nacross the heavens in 1957 may have become the very thing the International Geophysical Year Committee envisioned 40\\r\\nyears ago--an international assault on the physical mysteries of Earth and space.

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched into orbit the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik. Ham radio operators in the eastern United States turned their dials to lower frequency bands and anxiously listened as the 184-pound Sputnik emitted a mechanical " . . . beep . . . beep . . . beep . . . " while passing overhead. Other radio operators quickly recorded the broadcast and, within hours, Americans in their living rooms heard Sputnik's transmission via radio and television news flashes. The message seemed to confirm America's worst fears: the Soviets had technologically surpassed the United States and gained supremacy of outer space. The Soviet scientific community wasted little time boasting about their apparent win. Immediately after the launch, one Muscovite scientist commented, "Americans design better automobile tailfins, but we design the best intercontinental ballistic missiles and earth satellites." In the United States, one headline proclaimed: "U.S. Must Catch Up with Reds or We're Dead."

In truth, the significance of the successful launching was not so much Sputnik, but the huge Soviet rocket that hurled the satellite into space. With Sputnik, which is Russian for "fellow traveler," the Soviets demonstrated the ability of their SS-6 launcher to propel a missile toward a target thousands of miles away. Four years earlier, the Soviets exploded the "H-bomb." Now, the frightening prospect of a Soviet missile delivering a nuclear bomb to an American city in less than an hour revived what some called a ''Pearl Harbor atmosphere'' throughout the United States. At the urging of his military advisors and under tremendous public pressure, President Dwight D. Eisenhower reluctantly accelerated America's ICBM program.

The shock of Sputnik abruptly reversed what Air Force Secretary Donald Quarles had characterized as America's "poor man's approach" to the ICBM program. Within six months after Sputnik, the Nation's space research and development budget mushroomed from an average half billion dollars a year to more than $10.5 billion. Much of the money went to the development of the Minuteman missile. In 1958, Congress increased the appropriation for Minuteman from $50 to $140 million. The following year, Congress added two billion dollars to the Minuteman budget, to be spread out over the next five years.

Sputnik sparked the development and deployment of the Minuteman missile. But the origins of the Minuteman missile program were deeply rooted in the years immediately following World War II - when the world's two superpowers began to engage in the spiraling arms race of the Cold War. e24fc04721