The human need to name and define things and concepts is universal. To do so enables us to react appropriately to what we have defined, that which renders the unknown, and having a working understanding of what we have named and defined enables us to effectively navigate our world to aid our survival.
It has been happening since the beginning of human history. As social beings, everything that humans see and experience must be given a name so that we can identify them and communicate them effectively to others. A general understanding of the concept or idea is thus achieved.
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Perhaps like the philosophers of antiquity, we may initially approach this particular concept based on inaccurate assumptions. When people living in ancient times believed that the earth was flat, the consequence was that they could only navigate their ships in a limited way. So, is it possible that our understanding of time has in fact limited us in some ways as well?
Awareness of time is made possible by our memory and attention. The mind that functions in a conscious state is able to perceive this visible flow of time because we are constantly feeling the changes taking place around us.
We can feel the totality of an experience because our consciousness creates the complete picture by connecting all stimuli together and interpreting them. Take for example our ideas about music. Music is nothing more than a distinct and varied sequence of auditory stimuli. Yet it is only our awareness that unites these stimuli so that we can identify song patterns
Is history then a valid representation of what we now call the past? And if there is no record of events that have passed, does that mean the past is gone? I cannot help but be reminded of the philosophy of Immaterialism which states that objects exist only when we imagine them in our minds.
But then again, this definition of history and the past are but offshoots of a commonly-held understanding of time. I propose that the past is not about time, but it is rather about change. The past is change remembered. History could therefore be seen as a chronicle of changes that occurred prior to our awareness of them.
What is the future? We have ideas about it because we hope that we will still be alive tomorrow, next month, or even next year. We create mental expectations about what we will do and what will happen next. And these expectations become a cycle that repeats itself.
It would appear that the common notion of time is that of an interconnection of events that occur in sequence. And once these events have happened, we begin to perceive an apparent flow of time. This is made apparent when one prior event affects a subsequent event. The idea of action and reaction comes into play. And this interconnection of events is what we begin to perceive as that movement of time.
But does time cause these events? Or do these events happen independently of time? I propose that events occur without the intervention of time, because as we have attempted to demonstrate, our idea of time may not be accurate. We only perceive the events as they occur 13.
If time is merely an idea formed from our perception of events occurring around us, then it cannot affect these events or cause them since it is merely an idea. It is just a perception that we have named and defined, perhaps even erroneously.
Because we believe that time exists as it has been defined for us by clocks and calendars, we are able to visualize the past as well as the future. A calendar can show us the months or the years that have gone by and we conclude that this is the past. We look at our watches and see that a particular appointment we have will happen five hours from now, and so we believe that this appointment will occur in the future. These devices ultimately allow us to create a mental picture of time. But again, clocks and calendars are mere inventions that serve as a means to schedule our routines. The hectic pace of modern life necessitates such agreed upon measurements of minutes, hours, days and months.
Let us recall the assertion that the idea of time is made possible because of our ability to remember what has happened and our ability to anticipate what may happen. And it is the continuity of our consciousness that permits the connection of what we remember, what we perceive is happening currently and what we think may happen later. Based on this, we can plainly see that the idea of time is made possible by our ability to perceive the continuity of events. Time can be seen therefore as an intangible abstraction that allows us to make sense of events happening around us.
One undeniable aspect of human existence is emotion. Let us consider sadness. We can say that a person experiences sadness because of loss. But this loss once it happens becomes an event that has already occurred. And because we remember the sad event, the sadness appears to persist.
Now consider fear. Fear exists because of a perceived present threat 14. Fear is useful because it aids us in survival in order that we may avoid imminent harm. Anxiety and fear are related but not quite the same. Anxiety is characterized by worrying about an anticipated harmful event that may or may not happen.
Sadness and anxiety appear to be products of our perception of time. Sadness can be said to be a product of a past event, while anxiety is the distressful anticipation of a possible future event. It can be argued therefore that sadness and anxiety exist because of our common notion of past and future.
But imagine a situation in which a person can choose not to dwell on a past loss and also not think about the likelihood of a future harmful event. If that person were to focus only on what is presently happening, then is it conceivable that he will no longer succumb to sadness or anxiety?
Let us consider guilt. This is a state of mind that if left unchecked can cause a person to become dysfunctional. Guilt is a product of regret. And regret is the act of blaming yourself for a past mistake. But I believe that if an individual can let go of the significance of such regrettable memories, then perhaps he would no longer be affected by such guilt.
I wish to argue that many of the distressful experiences that people face arise out of this idea of past and future. People sometimes become prisoners of their past. People can also become too afraid of the future. In both cases, judgment and decision making are adversely affected, which may lead people to make more problematic choices.
The fast pace of modern civilization has been placing more and more importance to the value of this notion of time. Schedules, meetings, deadlines and such create this sense that there is so little time to do everything. This is why the concept of time management arose.
Is it safe to claim that life may have been less stressful during those periods? And has our present idea of time made life more stressful now? Based upon this, I would like to make the assertion that many of the problems that people face today are products of how we view time.
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Parental environmental factors, including diet, body composition, metabolism, and stress, affect the health and chronic disease risk of people throughout their lives, as captured in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease concept. Research across the epidemiological, clinical, and basic science fields has identified the period around conception as being crucial for the processes mediating parental influences on the health of the next generation. During this time, from the maturation of gametes through to early embryonic development, parental lifestyle can adversely influence long-term risks of offspring cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neurological morbidities, often termed developmental programming. We review periconceptional induction of disease risk from four broad exposures: maternal overnutrition and obesity; maternal undernutrition; related paternal factors; and the use of assisted reproductive treatment. Studies in both humans and animal models have demonstrated the underlying biological mechanisms, including epigenetic, cellular, physiological, and metabolic processes. We also present a meta-analysis of mouse paternal and maternal protein undernutrition that suggests distinct parental periconceptional contributions to postnatal outcomes. We propose that the evidence for periconceptional effects on lifetime health is now so compelling that it calls for new guidance on parental preparation for pregnancy, beginning before conception, to protect the health of offspring.
According to Twitchfilm, SPL II is a sequel "in-name-only" to the 2005 film SPL: Sha Po Lang, which was directed by Wilson Yip and starred Donnie Yen, Sammo Hung and Simon Yam. SPL II featured a completely new storyline,[5] with Wu Jing and Simon Yam from the first film returning as new characters, and introducing new cast members Louis Koo, Tony Jaa and Zhang Jin. Donnie Yen and Sammo Hung did not participate in the second film.
Kit is a Hong Kong undercover cop who becomes a drug addict to infiltrate a crime syndicate which has been kidnapping people and sending them to Thailand, where the victims are killed and have their organs sold in the black market. The mastermind behind the syndicate Mr Hung, has a rare heart condition and needs to undergo a heart transplant to prolong his life. Hung's younger brother is the ideal donor for a heart. When Hung sends his men to kidnap his brother, the situation goes haywire and a gunfight breaks out because the police have been tipped off by Kit about the kidnappers' plan. Hung's brother is injured during the shootout, but is rescued by the police. On the other hand, Kit escapes with the kidnappers but his cover is blown. Hung's men kill Kit's friend, knock Kit himself unconscious and sends him to a prison in Thailand. 152ee80cbc
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