The top quark is the heaviest known fundamental particle, with a very short lifetime and a diverse set of particles in its decay (Fig. 2). The LHC is currently the only collider in the world capable of producing these special particles, and it does so in abundance. In just a few days of LHC operation, around one million top quark-antiquark pairs can be recorded by the CMS detector. Due to its high mass, the top quark is often considered as a portal to new physics models that may appear as we reach higher energies. Thus, its behavior in any new energy regime can either corroborate or dispute our understanding of the way particles interact in such extreme conditions.

One fundamental property we can scrutinize is the rate of top quark pair production at the new energy. This number, encoded in what physicists call the cross section (or tt) is expected to rise by about 10% at the new center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, compared to the previous LHC operating energy of 13 TeV. This offers one of the first predictions that can be tested at the new LHC operating energy, with which we can begin to distinguish the physics of the new energy frontier from those of previous LHC runs (see Fig. 3).


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Top quarks are highly unstable, and decay (see Fig. 2) before having the chance to interact with other particles and form more complicated bound states. The immediate decay products are also unstable, leading to a sequence of decays before the production of longer-lived particles that can reach the detector components. The result is a unique menagerie of final state particles, including high-energy leptons, which can be cleanly reconstructed by the detector, as well as b-quark jets, which can be used to distinguish top quark pair production from other processes. Together, these final state particles leave traces in each main component of the CMS detector, and allow them to stand out from the mountains of other collision data also recorded. They also serve as a useful tool for testing the performance of the detector components, giving the unique opportunity to calibrate the detector response in tandem with a cross section measurement.

The amount of data collected at CMS is quantified in terms of integrated luminosity, often reported in inverse femtobarns (fb-1). The data sample for this measurement was collected over a relatively short period, from July 28th to August 3rd, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.2 fb-1. For comparison, the data sample used to make the landmark discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 had an integrated luminosity of 10.4 fb-1. Already with this early portion of 2022 data, enough top quark pair decays were observed to produce a measurement with a good statistical precision.

CMS used a variety of final states to develop a unique and efficient measurement strategy, finding the value of the top quark pair production cross section to be 887  68 pb at 13.6 TeV, a result consistent with our best theoretical prediction. This is the first measurement of the heaviest known particle at the highest energy collisions ever produced in a controlled lab environment. It represents the first drop of what will soon become a steady flow of scientific output from the LHC experiments as Run 3 progresses. It also demonstrates that CMS is fully prepared to study physics at the new energy frontier for years to come, testing the limits of our understanding of the smallest objects known to exist.

A QGP is created in a high-energy collision when the quarks and gluons that make up protons and neutrons become de-confined and create a hot, dense fluid-like state of matter. These collisions are rarely perfectly head on, so the resulting QGP can be left spinning with extremely high angular momentum.

In 2011, Hen and collaborators, who has focused much of their research on SRC pairs, wondered whether this ephemeral coupling had anything to do with the EMC effect and the speed of quarks in atomic nuclei.

In particular, they found that the quarks in foils with larger atomic nuclei (and more proton-neutron pairs) moved at most 20 percent slower than deuterium, the material with the least number of pairs.

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But despite these high speeds, the quarks never exceed the speed of light. As a massive particle such as a quark approaches the speed of light, its momentum and kinetic energy grow without bounds. For that reason, even if you gave all the energy in the world to a single quark, its speed would still remain just a hair less than the speed of light.

Nowadays there is a vegan alternative for practically everything, including quark. So nothing stands in the way of vegan herb curd. You will find everything you need in the recipe below.

The fact is, however, that not everyone lives in a big city with an extensive assortment of vegan substitutes. You belong to this fraction? Only a village shop nearby? The nearest supermarket a little further away? No problem, you can also make your own quark at home. For example, from nuts or homemade vegetable yoghurt.

My Mutti made a very similar German stollen recipe, but used cottage cheese that she would cream by pressing through a metal sieve. She had no access to quark in the northern Canadian city that we emigrated to.

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RapidSim is a lightweight application for the fast simulation of phase space decays of beauty and charm quark hadrons, allowing for quick studies of the properties of signal and background decays in particle physics analyses. Based upon the TGenPhaseSpace class from the ROOT application it uses externally provided fixed-order next-to-leading-logarithm calculations to boost the initial beauty and charm hadrons to the appropriate energy for the production environment of interest. User-defined momentum resolution functions can be used to mimic the effect of imperfect track reconstruction. User-defined efficiency shapes can be applied during generation to reproduce the effects of geometric and kinematic requirements on final state particles as well as the dynamics of the decay. The effect of mis-identification of the final state particles is simple to configure via configuration files, while the framework can easily be extended to include additional particle types. This paper describes the RapidSim framework, features and some example use cases.

The fireball instantly cools, and the individual quarks and gluons (collectively called partons) recombine into a blizzard of ordinary matter that speeds away in all directions. The debris contains particles such as pions and kaons, which are made of a quark and an antiquark; protons and neutrons, made of three quarks; and even copious antiprotons and antineutrons, which may combine to form the nuclei of antiatoms as heavy as helium. Much can be learned by studying the distribution and energy of this debris. An early discovery was that the quark-gluon plasma behaves more like a perfect fluid with small viscosity than like a gas, as many researchers had expected.

Perfectly simple, healthy, and refreshing recipe, that only requires two basic ingredients. You can add the rest to your own taste. This healthy and quick ice-cream made from quark and fruit is low-calorie, low-fat, high in protein and so fluffy! You will love it on warm summer days because it can cool you down fast and it has excellent creamy consistency combined with a sweet taste (without added sugar). If you try this fitness quark and fruit ice-cream, it will become a staple in your diet. ff782bc1db

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