Composer Harold Arlen and lyricist Yip Harburg often worked in tandem, Harburg generally suggesting an idea or title for Arlen to set to music, before Harburg contributed the lyrics.[3] For their work together on The Wizard of Oz, Harburg claimed his inspiration was "a ballad for a little girl who... was in trouble and... wanted to get away from... Kansas. A dry, arid, colorless place. She had never seen anything colorful in her life except the rainbow". Arlen decided the idea needed "a melody with a long broad line".[4]

The film version of "Over the Rainbow" was unavailable to the public until the soundtrack was released by MGM in 1956 to coincide with the television premiere of The Wizard of Oz.[10] The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years, including a deluxe edition by Rhino in 1995.[11]

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After The Wizard of Oz appeared in 1939, "Over the Rainbow" became Garland's signature song. She performed it for thirty years and sang it as she had for the film. She said she wanted to remain true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of being somewhere over the rainbow.[12]

Bertosa said, "And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life. Israel was probably like 500 pounds. And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on." A security guard gave Israel a large steel chair. "Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.' He played and sang, one take, and it was over."[25]

Kamakawiwoole's version reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot Digital Tracks chart during the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004).[26] In the U.S., it was certified Platinum for million downloads sold.[27] As of October 2014 it had sold over 4.2 million digital copies.[28]

In the UK his version was released as a single under the title "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68. In Germany, the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010. After two weeks on that chart, it received gold status for selling 150,000 copies.[29] In October 2010, it reached number one on the German charts. In 2011 was certified 5 gold for selling over 750,000 copies.[29] It stayed at the top spot for twelve non-consecutive weeks and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010.[30] In March 2010 it was the second best-selling download in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000.[31][32] In France, it debuted at number four in December 2010 and reached number one.[33] In Switzerland, it received Platinum status for 30,000 copies sold.[34]

On December 3, 2001, the British singer Cliff Richard recorded a cover of the mashup "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" on his album Wanted. At the time of release the official website for the album explained that it consisted of "hits Cliff's always 'Wanted' to record."[58] The album is primarily made up of cover songs, including songs by artists such as Elvis Presley, The Beatles, Carole King and Tina Turner. The inspiration for the album came when Richard was sent a copy of Israel Kamakawiwo'ole's recording of "Over the Rainbow" combined with "What a Wonderful World" weeks into the year 2000 and he knew immediately he wanted to record it.[59]

Danielle Hope, the winner of the BBC talent show Over the Rainbow, released a cover version of the song as a digital download on May 23, 2010, and a single on May 31, 2010.[61] As it was recorded before a winner was announced, runners-up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions.[61]

The song was originally recorded in a spur-of-the-moment demo session in 1988. Israel called the recording studio at 3 am, and was given a 15-minute deadline to arrive by recording engineer Milan Bertosa. Bertosa recalled, "Israel was probably like 500 pounds. And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on." The building security found Israel a large steel chair. "Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.' He played and sang, one take, and it was over."[2]

Juxtaposition of the RGB rainbow color map and an HCL-based rainbow. Below the color wheel, the same palette is shown as a color bar in the colorized version and the corresponding desaturated version, respectively. The RGB rainbow creates unwanted variations in luminance, while the HCL rainbow is fully isoluminant.

ECMWF analysis of the equivalent potential temperature (C) at 700 hPa over the Atlantic/Europe. (a) The old product based on highly saturated RGB rainbow colors. (b) The revamped product including an HCL-based color map.

Color is a good instrument to improve graphics, but carelessly applied color schemes can result in figures that are less effective than grayscale ones (Light and Bartlein 2004). For large parts of our vision, hue is irrelevant in comparison to shading. Color does not help us measure distances, discern shapes, detect motion, or identify small objects over long distances. Hue is useful for labeling and categorization but less effective for representing (fine) spatial data or shape. However, if used effectively, colors are a powerful tool to improve (highly) complex visualizations. Therefore, it is important to know how color perception works and how we can make use of it to improve visualization (Ware 2004). Most common software packages supply methods to create different types of plots with different color maps (or color palettes). Nevertheless, because most plotting functions are rather generic it is impossible for the software developers to provide adequate color schemes for all applications.

Let us start with Fig. 4, showing a 5-day accumulated precipitation forecast over the East Coast of the United States during the landfall of Hurricane Sandy in 2012. Figure 4a shows the original figure as provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on its public website.

If one is already familiar with this special type of product, one can quickly identify regions with low precipitation amounts (vivid green colors) and those with high amounts of precipitation (reddish colors), but it is hard to grasp the message of the whole figure at once. For all those not familiar with the colors, it is even harder. One has to scan the entire image and compare the map with the color bar to get an idea of the information shown. The reason, therefore, is the vigorous varying underlying luminance and the high number of different mostly fully saturated colors and very strong color gradients (see box/marker a). Both features actively mislead the reader and make it difficult to capture the entire information. Figure 4b shows the desaturated representation of the original figure. The way luminance changes does not support the visual construction of the data as a form or virtual surface. Furthermore, one can see that the color concept completely breaks down when displayed on a monochromatic medium (e.g., grayscale print). The allocation between gray tones and values is no longer unique (marker b in Fig. 4b), the maximum value is no more obvious (marker c), and the overall information gets strongly distorted. Readers are automatically focusing on the distinct dark bands (marker d).

Figure 6a shows the product as it was provided over the last decade using a rainbow-type color map as found in many other meteorological websites and products. Because of the strong color gradients, especially between red and green (opponent colors), a large proportion of our less experienced students was misled and placed the fronts at color boundaries instead of at the strongest equivalent potential temperature gradients. Mostly, fronts were allocated to the areas where red and green encounter each other because the color gradients obscured the physical gradients. The striking quantity of misinterpretations was the main motivation to redesign our products. 0852c4b9a8

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