Music can have a profound effect on both the emotions and the body. Faster music can make you feel more alert and concentrate better. Upbeat music can make you feel more optimistic and positive about life. A slower tempo can quiet your mind and relax your muscles, making you feel soothed while releasing the stress of the day. Music is effective for relaxation and stress management.
Research confirms these personal experiences with music. Current findings indicate that music around 60 beats per minute can cause the brain to synchronize with the beat causing alpha brainwaves (frequencies from 8 - 14 hertz or cycles per second). This alpha brainwave is what is present when we are relaxed and conscious. To induce sleep (a delta brainwave of 5 hertz), a person may need to devote at least 45 minutes, in a relaxed position, listening to calming music. Researchers at Stanford University have said that "listening to music seems to be able to change brain functioning to the same extent as medication." They noted that music is something that almost anybody can access and makes it an easy stress reduction tool.
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So what type of music reduces stress the best? A bit surprising is that Native American, Celtic, Indian stringed-instruments, drums, and flutes are very effective at relaxing the mind even when played moderately loud. Sounds of rain, thunder, and nature sounds may also be relaxing particularly when mixed with other music, such as light jazz, classical (the "largo" movement), and easy listening music. Since with music we are rarely told the beats per minute, how do you choose the relaxation music that is best for you? The answer partly rests with you: You must first like the music being played, and then it must relax you. You could start by simply exploring the music on this web page. Some may relax you, some may not. Forcing yourself to listen to relaxation music that irritates you can create tension, not reduce it. If that happens, try looking for alternatives on the internet or consult with Counseling Service staff for other musical suggestions. It is important to remember that quieting your mind does not mean you will automatically feel sleepy. It means your brain and body are relaxed, and with your new calm self, you can then function at your best in many activities.
Classical Indian Music for Healing and Relaxing
Gayatri Govindarajan, "Pure Deep Meditation" track. Lovely and rhythmic music played on the veena, the most ancient of the Indian plucked-instruments, with nature scenes.
Weightless
Marconi Union. The sounds on this video are carefully arranged harmonies, rhythms, and bass lines that help slow a listener's heart rate, reduce blood pressure, and lower levels of the cortisol stress hormone.
Neural activity in the auditory system synchronizes to sound rhythms, and brain-environment synchronization is thought to be fundamental to successful auditory perception. Sound rhythms are often operationalized in terms of the sound's amplitude envelope. We hypothesized that - especially for music - the envelope might not best capture the complex spectro-temporal fluctuations that give rise to beat perception and synchronized neural activity. This study investigated (1) neural synchronization to different musical features, (2) tempo-dependence of neural synchronization, and (3) dependence of synchronization on familiarity, enjoyment, and ease of beat perception. In this electroencephalography study, 37 human participants listened to tempo-modulated music (1-4 Hz). Independent of whether the analysis approach was based on temporal response functions (TRFs) or reliable components analysis (RCA), the spectral flux of music - as opposed to the amplitude envelope - evoked strongest neural synchronization. Moreover, music with slower beat rates, high familiarity, and easy-to-perceive beats elicited the strongest neural response. Our results demonstrate the importance of spectro-temporal fluctuations in music for driving neural synchronization, and highlight its sensitivity to musical tempo, familiarity, and beat salience.
Increasing evidence has linked the beneficial effect of music and managing anxiety and depression. Cherry concluded that the psychological effects of music can be powerful and wide-ranging including improving cognitive performance, reducing stress, improving athletic performance, and enhancing sleep [3]. Gold et al. illustrated that those subjects who had musical exposure were able to more effectively complete tasks as compared to those not exposed [4].
Even though there is evidence to support the positive effect of music on HR, BP, and mood there are many inconsistencies in prior studies driven by heterogeneity and small sample sizes. Additional limitations include a lack of a broad range of ages and not including a mood survey.
After participants were briefed about the study and consent was obtained, subjects sat for one minute and then asked for his/her age, gender, if he/she enjoys classical music, takes any medications, and is a musician. Then the resting heart rate and blood pressure of the subject were taken using an EKG system and a blood pressure monitor. The subject then listened to a fast classical piece (first movement of Symphony of Fate). The heart rate was recorded on the EKG system 40 seconds into the song. The blood pressure of the same subject was recorded after the performance. The study subject then completed a mood survey followed by a minute break to allow the heart rate and blood pressure to normalize.
Next, the subject listened to a slow classical piece (Moonlight Sonata 1). The heart rate was checked on the EKG system 90 seconds into the song. The blood pressure of the same subject was recorded after the performance. The study subject then completed a mood survey.
Subgroup analysis was performed by age stratification (55 years old), gender, and if a participant is a musician. All data was stored confidentially. Patient names were de-identified and listed as numerical values.
Subjects had a mean resting HR of 75.7 +/- 17.8 beats per minute, mean resting systolic blood pressure of 116.0 +/- 10.9 millimeters of mercury, mean resting diastolic blood pressure of 73.15 +/- 10.0 millimeters of mercury, and a mean arterial pressure of 87.5 +/- 9.4 millimeters of mercury. With fast music, the mean heart rate was 83.0 +/- 11.9 beats per minute, mean systolic blood pressure of 122.1 +/- 13.9 millimeters of mercury, and a mean diastolic blood pressure of 79.7 +/- 11.2 millimeters of mercury. For slow music, the mean systolic blood pressure was 110.5 +/- 9.7 millimeters of mercury, and a mean diastolic blood pressure of 70.7 +/- 9.8 millimeters of mercury. The mean difference in resting, fast music, and slow music heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure was statistically significant (p=
To further analyze the data, subjects were categorized into the following age groups: 55 years old. There were 16 subjects in the group 55 years old. The data was also stratified by gender and whether the participants were musicians.
The resting systolic blood pressure for 55 years old was 107.0 +/- 10.7 millimeters of mercury, 117.8 +/- 10.5 millimeters of mercury, and 117.7 +/- 13.2 millimeters of mercury. After listening to fast music, the systolic blood pressure for 55 years old increased to 106.6 +/- 12 millimeters of mercury, 125.6 +/- 11.7 millimeters of mercury, and 124.3 +/- 10.8 millimeters of mercury, respectively. After listening to slow music, the systolic blood pressure for 55 years old decreased to 106.2 +/- 8.7 millimeters of mercury, 111.6 +/- 9.5 millimeters of mercury, and 110.4 +/- 10.8 millimeters of mercury. With regards to systolic blood pressure, those subjects
The study did not identify gender differences in resting heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, emphasizing the uniform benefit of music in both males and females. Musicians did have a statistically significantly lower systolic blood pressure after listening to music (p = .001) possibly related to pleasant memories from prior musical experiences.
The physiologic changes in heart rate and blood pressure while listening to fast and slow music are complex. Music affects the cardiovascular system through multiple potential mechanisms. One pathway includes brain signals responding to music rhythms through signal activations to organs of the body, including the heart, which then respond to the tempo of the song -- i.e., when the tempo is fast, the heart rate and blood pressure speed up, and when the tempo is slow the heart rate and blood pressure slow down [5]. Similar to the findings in this study, Suguna and Deepika reported that fast music increases heart rate and blood pressure, and slow music decreases both parameters [6]. Furthermore, Bernardi et al. observed that fast-beat music has an arousal effect proportional to the speed of music [7].
Another pathway explaining the effect of music on the cardiovascular system is the role of the autonomic system. Ellis and Thayer described how heart rate is under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system through the vagus nerve [8, 9]. The vagus nerve, cranial nerve X, is located near the eardrum and responds to musical vibrations by triggering the body to relax. This pathway may explain the study observations which found lower systolic blood pressure after listening to slow, classical music [10].
Finally, nearly all subjects in the study found that music can help manage stress. This has been previously reported. Agrawal et al. demonstrated that people use music as a tool to improve their emotions or their athletic performance [5]. Additionally, McCraty et al. found that classical music, in general, has many benefits including the reduction in anxiety and depression [2, 12-13].
Tempo may be separated from articulation and meter, or these aspects may be indicated along with tempo, all contributing to the overall texture. While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer, tempo is changeable. Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers' interpretation, a piece may be played with slight tempo rubato or drastic variances. In ensembles, the tempo is often indicated by a conductor or by one of the instrumentalists, for instance the drummer. ff782bc1db