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Finally, following the architectural legacy of the model home, the IUH functioned as a demonstration home. Throughout its existence the House welcomed a steady stream of visitors and gave numerous educational tours. Integrated into the programmatic design of the IUH were didactic exhibition displays and demonstration spaces intended to offer public classes on topics such as solar energy systems, urban food stock raising, aquaculture, and apiculture. Therefore, the IUH was also intended to function as a powerful pedagogical tool that could reach far beyond the physical site of the home. By presenting the IUH to the public, the ultimate goal of the project was to convince a sympathetic public to reevaluate the ability of architecture to contribute to a new urban ecology movement.

The Integral Urban House Project existed between 1974 and 1984. While it was to intended to expand and eventually create the Integral Urban Neighborhood, the notion of Whole System Design was never widely adopted and it remained a unique architectural experiment. After ten years, the Institute acknowledged it had failed to attract widespread public support and ended the project. One reason for the demise of the project may have been an inherent fallacy in the notion of a closed ecological system upon which it was based. Whole Systems Design was predicated on the exclusion of both social relations and the political economy of the environment, and as such was unable to respond to many dynamic, external conditions. First, in the early 1980s, West Berkeley experienced a dramatic redevelopment as a result of the introduction of a large commercial retail zone. In particular, a portion of 4th Street was transformed into a luxury-shopping destination and the surrounding residential area saw a dramatic increase in land values and a subsequent influx of new homeowners. The smell from composting, the numerous animals housed on the site, and the resulting flies the system attracted, caused many problems with the new, increasingly gentrified neighborhood.

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The Sierra Club published a book about the experiment in 1979. Elements of the home included a vegetable garden, chickens, rabbits, a fish pond, beehives, a composting toilet, solar power and more.[1] The founders were California State Architect Sim Van der Ryn and Bill & Helga Olkowski, authors of the City People's Guide to Raising Food, and the project was run by the Farallones Institute, which was also founded by Van der Ryn and Bill and Helga Olkowski. According to cofounder Bill Olkowski, Architectural Digest named among the top houses of the 20th century.[2]

According to one environmental history, "The Olkowskis and staff at the Integral Urban House taught visitors to become ecosystem managers in urban, domestic space by involving them in pest control, food production, and household waste management."[3]

The Integral Urban House was located on a 125 ft (38 m) by 60 ft (18 m) .125-acre (5,400 sq ft; 510 m2) lot[8] at 1516 5th St in Berkeley and consisted of two floors which were referred to as the ground floor and the main floor.[7] The front of the house and the driveway faced east while the main entrance of the house was located on the south-facing wall of the ground floor.

The ground floor consisted of two bedrooms, a project office, a reception area with displays of the house's features for visitors to see, a composting tank for tanks for composting human waste and kitchen waste, a tank for greywater collection, a shop room, a greenhouse, and demonstration areas for visitors to see how beekeeping and aquaculture were conducted at the house.[7] The ground floor also had an area to store vegetables and other crops grown at the house as well as an area to dry rabbit hides that were saved to make leather after rabbits in the backyard were consumed for their meat.[7]

Helga Olkowski wrote The Self-Guided Tour to the Integral Urban House of the Farallones Institute, Berkeley, California, which was published by the Farallones Institute in 1976. The guide outlines the many unique features of the house which are listed below.[7]

One of the most notable features of the Integral Urban House was the amount of animals that were kept outside the house, including bees, fish, crawdads, chickens, and rabbits. The beehives, located in the far southwest corner of the backyard, were raised to produce as much as 50 lb (23 kg) of honey for the house's use, according to Oklowski.[7] The House offered a "bee club" with shared use of a honey extractor and other beekeeping equipment.[8] There was also an observation beehive on the first floor of the house.[8] The beehives were placed above the fish pond so that bees were located away from visitors as much as possible and so that dead worker bees that fell into the pond would feed the fish, which were also raised as a source of food for the house's residents.[7] According to Bill Olkowski, "One of our students designed...an innovative pond with wind-activated aeration producing crayfish on human urine."[2] In order to keep the water in the fishpond from becoming stagnant, a windmill known as the Savonius Rotor was constructed out of recycled oil drums, salvaged lumber, and scrap metal. The windmill activated a mechanical diaphragm pump which pumped stagnant pond water through a felt bag suspended on top of a cut oil drum to filter out large particles. Water entering the drum was filtered once again by a bed of crushed oyster shells before being fed back to the pond through a faucet aerator.[7] The aquaculture species included Sacramento blackfish, rainbow trout, and Pacifasticus crayfish.[8]

Chickens were kept near the northeast corner of the house by the front driveway and raised for their eggs and for meat. Rabbits were raised on the shady side of the house next to the chickens, were fed "commercial pellets, garden-grown alfalfa, and discarded produce," and were raised both for their meat and for tanning their pelts to make leather.[7]

The front, side, and back yards of the house had a wide variety of plants and fruit trees so that the house could provide a great deal of its overall food for its residents and for the animals. Alfalfa trees were planted in the front yard next to the front driveway as a source of protein for rabbits that were kept in back of the house. According to Bill Olkowski, this was inspired by wartime practices in the area: "Rabbits are the best survival system as they could eat almost anything growing in the urban area...In WWII rabbit growing was big in the San Francisco Bay area as the climate is amenable to alfalfa...I saw reports of over 10 cuttings per year on earlier alfalfa farms."[2] In order to preserve the soil below the driveway and to prevent any stormwater from picking up pollutants before reaching storm drains, the ground surface in front of the house had a wood-chip driveway in lieu of a conventional asphalt, concrete, or brick driveway.[7] The side yard in front of the main entrance along the south-facing wall grew strawberries, asparagus, artichokes, culinary herbs, and rhubarb for the house's residents, as well as chrysanthemums and comfrey to feed to chickens and rabbits.[7] The backyard of the house had a 2,500 sq ft (230 m2) vegetable garden which provided a majority of the food that was grown at the house.[7] The garden used raised beds to permit good drainage and to allow visitors and residents to easily walk around the garden on pathways. Oscillating overhead sprinklers watered most of the vegetables, but squashes, corn, and tomatoes were watered with a soaker hose.[7] The house's mini-orchard included avocado, fig, quince, lemon, plum, and apple trees.[8] The vegetable garden provided plentiful vegetation; Oklowski claims that in 1975 it was reported that $600 worth (not adjusted for inflation) of vegetables were produced at the house with little expenses outside of seeds and water.[7]

In order to save the amount of water used for irrigation, the house had pipes installed from the bathroom sink and shower drain on the main floor into a different tank located next to the one for the composting toilet on the ground floor.[7] Through a network of hoses to the garden and by using cloth bags to filter large particles, this gray water would be applied to the soil around trees and crops, although this would only be provided for crops where the portion above the ground was eaten.[7] Wastewater from the kitchen continued to be drained into the sewer instead, due to its concentration of soaps, solid waste, and other chemicals making it unadvisable to use for vegetation.[7]

According to a U.S. government book published in 1980 for consumers struggling with inflation, "Until all systems were functional the monthly expense of operating the house was $2,000. But by the end of 1979 electricity, gas and water bills for the seven-bedroom house averaged an incredibly low $30 a month."[5]

In order to spread their ideas, members of the Farallones Institute, including der Ryn and the Oklowskis, wrote a guide that was published by the Sierra Club in 1979 which provided methodologies, design strategies, and other information for its readers to study when considering building similar houses of their own. The book contains chapters devoted to energy conservation, water conservation, waste management, using solar energy, raising plants and animals, and combining these features together.[1] Circa 1980 there were hopeful plans for an Integral Urban Neighborhood.[5]

In addition to difficulty in finding the necessary labor to maintain the house, the neighborhood around the house began to experience widespread gentrification by the early 1980s. Sabrina Richard from the group Critical Sustainabilities, a collection of students promoting sustainable practices in the Bay Area, states that a nearby luxury-shopping destination was constructed and the area increased greatly both in population and in land value.[4] New residents complained about the smells from composting, the disturbance from animals that were still at the house, and the amount of flies that the house naturally attracted.[4] A 2004 article from the San Francisco Chronicle claims that others even stated that the whole building smelled like the composting toilet.[12] 17dc91bb1f