Scientific Names Of Plants Pdf Download ^HOT^

The ancient Greek or Roman authors, particularly Theophrastus (370-286 BC), Dioscorides (40-90 AD), and Pliny the Elder (23-78 AD), recorded hundreds of names of plants, mostly those of medical importance, that where in contemporary use at the time. They did not invent new names. These Greek or Latin names were copied over and over by hand through the Middle Ages until the invention of printing in the 16th century made them widely available. In the meantime, this classical legacy was supplemented with additional plant names in the Latin-form. Most notably by the German physician and herbalist Leonard Fuchs (1501-1566) and a French monk, Charles Plumier (1646-1704). At this time Latin was still the most widely used international language of science and scholarship and this continued into the 18th century, when the foundations were laid for the present system of naming plants (Stearn, 2002).

The current system of using Latin to name biological organisms was developed by Carl von Linne (1707-1778), more commonly known by his pen name Linnaeus. This system, first published in 1753 in his Species Plantarum, is known as the Linnaean binomial system of nomenclature, or simply binomial nomenclature. In this system, biological organisms, such as plants, are given two latinized names, the Latin binomial or so-called "scientific name". The first name represents the

Scientific Names Of Plants Pdf Download

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The generic name in combination with the specific epithet constitutes the species name. Thus each species has a two part name or binomial. The custom of using latinized names and spelling originated from medieval scholarship and the use of Latin in most botanical publications until the middle of the nineteenth century.

The red maple is in the "maple" genus, which is called Acer, and its specific epithet is rubrum, which is Latin for red. Therefore, the binomial name for this species is Acer rubrum. Of course plants are named with reference to more or less similar plants, for example other Acer, and in doing so are placed into a number of increasingly broader taxonomic ranks or taxa (singular, taxon). An example is shown below:

You might argue that we should just use the so-called "common names" of plants, since it would be much simpler, especially since few people can read or speak Latin. Thus we could all agree that the name for red maple is Red Maple, this would be an English binomial system. However, there are problems with using common names, such as:

A Latin binomial name (the "scientific name") is italicized or underlined, the genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is usually not capitalized. However, the specific epithet may be capitalized if it is,

The abbreviated name following the plant name (i.e., Marsh.) is the name of the "authority" or "author", the individual who first named the plant "scientifically", in this case Humphrey Marshall. Similarly, the scientific name of the white oak is written as

Sometimes it is possible to obtain offspring or progeny from crossing plants of different species, for example say two species of Maple (Acer). Frequently a (the multiplication sign) is used in a scientific name of such hybrid plants. The strawberry of commerce is a hybrid, the result of a chance cross between plants of two strawberry (Fragaria) species, Fragaria chiloensis and Fragaria virginiana. The scientific name of the commercial strawberry is,

with the indicating that it is a hybrid. (The proper designation is Fragaria ananassa, with no space between the and the specific epithet, however, this sometimes causes confusion since the may be read as the letter "x".) Occasionally plants in different genera have been hybridized, resulting in a intergeneric hybrid. For example, English Ivy (Hedera helix) was successfully crossed with Japanese Fatsia (Fatsia japonica), and the resulting plant has the common name Fatshedera; its botanical name is

In his book, Botanical Latin, William Stearn, stated the following: "Botanical Latin is essentially a written language, but the scientific names of plants often occur in speech. How they are pronounced really matters little provided they sound pleasant and are understandable by all concerned. This is most likely to be attained by pronouncing them in accordance with the rules of classical Latin pronunciation. There are, however, several systems, since people tend to pronounce Latin words by analogy with words of their own language" (p. 53).

An example of this difference is shown in two "authoritatve" pronunciations of Acer saccharinum, the Silver Maple:

An example of a patented plant: An unusual plant was discovered in June 1968 in a large field of 120,000 seedlings of the Common or Eastern Ninebark species, Physocarpus opulifolius, growing in the Kordes Nursery, near Hamburg in Germany. The plant had reddish foliage which contrasted markedly with the typically green foliaged plants of this speces. The unique plant was patented as Physocarpus opulifolius `Monlo` (see below).

Scientific names or Binomial Nomenclature is a scientific process wherein entities such as plants, animals, and living entities are named and they are derived from Latin. It has many advantages such as:

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Frequently Asked QuestionsQ1 How do you write a scientific name?While writing a scientific name, one needs to be mindful of the first letter of the genus name, which always has to be written in upper case letters. The first letter of species descriptor is always written in lower case letters, never in upper case even if it is a proper noun.Q2 Who came up with the concept of having scientific names?The scientific naming system was proposed by Carl von Linne or Carl Linnaeus, in an attempt to explain the natural world by providing a two-part binomial nomenclature or scientific name.Q3 What is trinomen? Give an example.Trinomen is the trinomial name given to animals apart from the genus name and the species name. It is usually given to identify a subspecies. For example, the trinomen of the grey wolf subspecies, the Arctic wolf, is Canis lupus arctos.Q4 What is the scientific name for modern humans?Modern humans have been given the trinomial designation as Homo sapiens sapiens.Further Reading:

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name, or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name. In the ICZN, the system is also called binominal nomenclature,[1] "binomi'N'al" with an "N" before the "al", which is not a typographic error, meaning "two-name naming system".[2]

The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp or ICN). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences in the terminology they use and their particular rules.

Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature.[8] These names had two separate functions. First, to designate or label the species, and second, to be a diagnosis or description; however, these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible.[9] In a simple genus, containing only two species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-word specific name; but as more species were discovered, the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for instance, Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a terete scape"), which we know today as Plantago media.[citation needed]

Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard's herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; the second, Phalangium non ramosum, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia".[10] The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels.

Linnaeus's trivial names introduced an important new idea, namely that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label. This meant that the name no longer needs to be descriptive; for example, both parts could be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's Phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana, where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the Younger,[note 1] an English botanist and gardener.[13] A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri, meaning "Alexander's parrot", after Alexander the Great, whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece.[14] Linnaeus's trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them.[4] 006ab0faaa