Publisher: Society for Environmental Sustainability
Title: Estimation of health risk to humans and source identification of heavy metals in a perennial river across the Osogbo Metropolis, Nigeria
Author: Adebanjo Jacob Anifowose, Christiana Salawudeen, Faith Omolola Osundiya, Adebayo Emmanuel Adelele, Shola Hezekiah Awojide, Tesleem O. Kolawole
Date of Publication: 29 December 2022
Type: Original Article
Volume: 6
Citation style language: Not available in the source
Pollution Type:

• Heavy metals

• Metallic contaminants
  Impact Dimension:

• Human health

• Aquatic ecosystems

• Environment
  Actor Type:

• Artisanal activities

• Farming activities

• Human activities

• Domestic processes

• Industrial processes

• Illegal mining operations

• Urban wastes

• Auto-mechanic workshop

• Metal works

• Car panel beating

• Mechanical activities

• Battery repair shops

• Agricultural use of pesticides

• Fungicides

• Disposal of electronic devices

• Disposal of electronic appliances

• Petroleum products
  Response Type:

• Legislative policies

• Remediation action plan

• Waste disposal prevention

• Controlled phytoremediation process

• Environmental regulations

• Management

• Regulation of illegal miners

• Stricter legislative measures against indiscriminate waste dumping
  Evidence Type:

• River water samples

• Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) analysis

• Statistical analyses (Pearson coefficient, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), Kolmogorov–Smirnov test)

• Hazard quotient (HQ) assessment

• Carcinogenic risk assessment
  Policy Mention:

• Nigerian standards for drinking water

• International standards for drinking water

• World Health Organisation (WHO) standards

• US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) protocols and standards
  Key Finding:

• Sixteen heavy metals detected in Osun River; iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) most dominant (86.5% of total concentration)

• Iron, copper, and chromium (Cr) exceeded Nigerian/international drinking water standards

• Primary pollution sources: artisanal/farming activities and petroleum products

• No non-carcinogenic health risks (all hazard quotients < 1.0)

• Carcinogenic risk from chromium, arsenic (As), and nickel (Ni) exceeded acceptable range (1.0 × 10–6 to 1.0 × 10–4)

• Adults more vulnerable to cancer risks than children
  Health Risk Projection:

• Chromium: very high carcinogenic risk (6.81e-3 to 2.62e-1) via ingestion/dermal exposure

• Arsenic: carcinogenic risk (1.41e-4 to 5.35e-4) via ingestion/dermal (except children dermal)

• Nickel: low carcinogenic risk (9.65e-4 to 1.96e-3) via dermal exposure

• Lead: acceptable risk (1e-6) via ingestion/dermal for all groups
  URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-022-00256-3
  DOI: 10.1007/s42398-022-00256-3
  ISBN, ISSN, PMID: ISSN 2523-8924 (Note: This ISSN information is from outside the provided sources and may require independent verification)