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Hand-to-hand combat (sometimes abbreviated as HTH or H2H) is a physical confrontation between two or more persons at short range (grappling distance or within the physical reach of a handheld weapon) that does not involve the use of ranged weapons.[1] The phrase "hand-to-hand" sometimes include use of melee weapons such as knives, swords, clubs, spears, axes, or improvised weapons such as entrenching tools.[1] While the term "hand-to-hand combat" originally referred principally to engagements by combatants on the battlefield, it can also refer to any personal physical engagement by two or more people, including law enforcement officers, civilians, and criminals.[1]

Combat within close quarters, to a range just beyond grappling distance, is commonly termed close combat or close-quarters combat. It may include lethal and non-lethal weapons and methods depending upon the restrictions imposed by civilian law, military rules of engagement, or ethical codes. Close combat using firearms or other distance weapons by military combatants at the tactical level is referred to in contemporary parlance as close-quarters battle. The United States Army uses the term combatives to describe various military fighting systems used in hand-to-hand combat training, systems which may incorporate eclectic techniques from several different martial arts and combat sports.

Sas Hand To Hand Combat Pdf Download

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Hand-to-hand combat is the most ancient form of fighting known. A majority of cultures have their own particular histories related to close combat, and their own methods of practice. The pankration, which was practiced in Ancient Greece and Rome, is an example of a form which involved nearly all strikes and holds, with biting and gouging being the only exceptions (although allowed in Sparta).[2] Many modern varieties of martial arts and combat sports, such as some boxing styles, wrestling and MMA, were also practiced historically. For example, Celtic wrestling is mentioned in the Tailteann Games dating back from somewhere between 1839 BC to 632 BC (academics disagree) to the 12th century AD when the Normans invaded. Other historical forms of close combat include the gladiator spectacles of ancient Rome and medieval tournament events such as jousting.

Military organizations have always taught some sort of unarmed combat for conditioning and as a supplement to armed combat. Soldiers in China were trained in unarmed combat as early as the Zhou dynasty (1022 BCE to 256 BCE).

Despite major technological changes such as the use of gunpowder, the machine gun in the Russo-Japanese War and the trench warfare of World War I, hand-to-hand fighting methods with the knife and bayonet remain common in modern military training, though the importance of formal training declined after 1918. By 1944 some German rifles were being produced without bayonet lugs.

After the May Thirtieth Movement, Fairbairn was charged with developing an auxiliary squad for riot control. After absorbing the most appropriate elements from a variety of martial arts experts, from China, Japan and elsewhere, he condensed these arts into a practical combat system he called Defendu. He and his police team went on to field test these skills on the streets of Shanghai; Fairbairn himself used his combat system effectively in over 2,000 documented encounters, including over 600 lethal-force engagements.[4]The aim of his combat system was simply to be as brutally effective as possible. It was also a system that, unlike traditional Eastern martial-arts that required years of intensive training, could be digested by recruits relatively quickly. The method incorporated training in point shooting and gun combat techniques, as well as the effective use of more ad hoc weapons such as chairs or table legs.

Other combat systems designed for military combat were introduced elsewhere, including European Unifight, Soviet/Russian Sambo, Army hand-to-hand fight, Chinese military Sanshou/Sanda, Israeli Kapap and Krav Maga. The prevalence and style of hand-to-hand combat training often changes based on perceived need. Elite units such as special forces and commando units tend to place higher emphasis on hand-to-hand combat training.

Although hand-to-hand fighting was accorded less importance in major militaries after World War II, insurgency conflicts such as the Vietnam War, low intensity conflict and urban warfare have prompted many armies to pay more attention to this form of combat. When such fighting includes firearms designed for close-in fighting, it is often referred to as Close Quarters Battle (CQB) at the platoon or squad level, or Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) at higher tactical levels. A 2023 study using date from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars found that the majority of hand-to-hand combat involved grappling techniques instead of striking.[7]

A 2014 study found that, amongst US soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan between 2004 and 2008, 19% reported the use of hand-to-hand techniques in at least one encounter, in a variety of circumstances and contexts (such as close combat, prisoner handling, crowd control and security checkpoints), supporting prior research that indicated that, despite advances in technology, hand-to-hand combat remained a persistent aspect of modern warfare.[8]

Hand-to-hand offensive/defensive combat involving cold weapons and firearms. See the moves of a pro instructor. Let him show you how to master the skills you need to come out on top in each of three different close-combat situations.

Background: Krav-Maga (KM) is a unique Israeli hand-to-hand combat system, designed to teach soldiers self-defense in true-to-life situations. With the increase in military Israel Defense Force (IDF) units participating in KM training in recent years, the number of injuries incurred in KM has also increased. The purpose of our report is to describe the prevalence and pattern of these injuries.

Findings: During the year 2014, 916 soldiers complaining of 946 traumatic injuries sustained during KM training were evaluated in IDF clinics. The vast majority of injuries (95%) occurred in male soldiers, and most injured soldiers (92%) were between the ages of 18 and 22. The upper limbs were the most frequently injured body parts, with the fingers, hands, and wrists being the most involved regions (31%) followed by the shoulder (16%). Injury severity was mild in most cases. However, 64 soldiers (6.7%) were moderately injured and major injuries necessitating surgical treatment occurred in 33 cases (3.5%).

Discussion: KM involves both striking and grappling elements, and we assume that injuries result from both fighting forms. With striking styles, such as boxing and kickboxing, hand and wrist are the prevalent injury locations; with grappling styles such as wrestling, strain and sprain injuries of large joints are most prevalent. Head and neck injuries, a major concern in martial arts sports, were not identified as significant problems in KM. To minimize participant injury, preventative measures should focus on improving protective equipment, especially of the hand, as well as warm up and training technique modifications, and shoulder strengthening exercises.

It might be an unlikely scenario, given the world's elite soldiers are professionally trained in battle tactics using their standard issue weapons - such as the SA80 rifle in Britain - but soldiers in theatre can face many unforeseen challenges, so if they did find themselves facing an unthinkable situation in which they were unarmed, that's when combat might become truly close quarters.

Here is a look at a selection of the more prominent forms of martial arts that have been used, at varying times, by militaries around the world, including the UK's own venture into the use of martial arts in combat during the history of the British Armed Forces.

Developed by Israeli-Hungarian Martial Artist Imi Lichtenfeld, Krav Maga focuses on real-life situations. It was inspired by street fighting and combines techniques from street boxing, wrestling and karate. Lichenfeld developed the fighting style while defending the Jewish quarter from fascist thugs in 1930s Bratislava. In 1948 when the State of Israel was founded, Lichenfeld became Chief Instructor for Physical Fitness in for the Israeli Defense League. He served with the IDF for 20 years, during which he established Krav Maga as the official hand-to-hand combat of the Israeli Military.

MCMAP has a proud history dating back to 1954 when it was created by Gunnery Sergeant Bill Miller. The program teaches a specific combat style that combines elements of boxing, jujutsu, taekwondo, karate and judo.

Unlike other military hand-to-hand combat training, MCMAP has a belt system similar to more traditional forms of martial arts such as Karate. All marines graduate basic training with a white belt. Not all of the training is focused on achieving peak physical condition and learning how to apply it in a potentially deadly way. The mixed martial art teaches mental resilience and is designed to build character.

Even though its creation dates back 67 years, MCMAP was only officially adopted by the Marines in 2002. However, Marine training and close-quarters combat have always gone hand-in-hand, dating all the way back to when the Marine Corps was first established in 1775.

During the Second World War, Fairbairn was commissioned by the British Commandos to teach them the lethal close combat technique. The Royal Marine taught martial arts at a secret location in Scotland before going on a 'special assignment' to Canada to teach it there. The allies needed to imbue their soldiers and special forces with any advantage that they could get, and hand-to-hand combat was no exception

Today, the British infantry teaches the basics of close-quarters combat, preferring to focus more on weapon training. British special forces such as the SAS do include weaponless fighting in their training, however, but the particular techniques and martial arts that they use are highly classified. be457b7860