The 2022 Italian general election was a snap election held in Italy on 25 September 2022. After the fall of the Draghi government, which led to a parliamentary impasse, President Sergio Mattarella dissolved the parliament on 21 July, and called for new elections.[1] Regional elections in Sicily were held on the same day. The results of the general election showed the centre-right coalition led by Giorgia Meloni's Brothers of Italy, a radical-right political party with neo-fascist roots,[2][3][4] winning an absolute majority of seats in the Italian Parliament.[5] Meloni was appointed Prime Minister of Italy on 22 October, becoming the first woman to hold that position.[6]
Observers commented that the results shifted the geopolitics of the European Union, following right wing populist and far-right gains in France, Spain, and Sweden.[16][17][18][19] It was also noted that the election outcome would mark Italy's first far-right-led government and the country's most right-wing government since 1945.[8][20][21] The newly elected legislature was seated on 13 October, and saw the election of two far-right and anti-LGBT speakers, respectively.[22][23] The Meloni Cabinet was sworn in on 22 October,[24][25] and received parliamentary approval through a vote of confidence on 25 October.[26][27][28]
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In the 2018 Italian general election, held on 4 March, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[29][30] The centre-right coalition, in which Matteo Salvini's League emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by Matteo Renzi of the governing Democratic Party (PD), came third.[31] Due to the PD and centre-left's poor results, Renzi resigned on 12 March, his place being taken ad interim by Maurizio Martina.[32][33]
The 2019 European Parliament election was a win for the League, which obtained 34 percent of the vote and 20 seats, more than any other party in the country.[43] In August 2019, Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Conte after growing tensions within the majority.[44][45] Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve the League's standing in the Italian Parliament, ensuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister.[46] On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which he accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest",[47] Prime Minister Conte resigned his post to President Mattarella.[48] Meanwhile, the M5S started a decline in both opinion polls, deputies and senators, and election results, starting with the 2019 European Parliament election.[49] After the meagre results, Di Maio won a vote of confidence in his leadership and pledged to reform the party.[50][51] In the general election held in March 2018, the M5S had won 227 deputies and 112 senators; by February 2022, the party had declined to 157 deputies and 62 senators, though it remained the biggest party in the parliament.[52][53]
In the Italian presidential election held in late January 2022,[87][88][89] President Mattarella was re-elected, despite having ruled out a second term, after the governing parties asked him to do so when no other candidate was viable.[90][91][92]
On 12 July, Draghi stated he would resign if the M5S withdraws its support to the government.[103] On 14 July, the M5S eventually revoked the support to the government of national unity regarding a decree concerning economic stimulus to contrast the 2021 energy crisis. On the same day, Draghi resigned; his resignation was rejected by Mattarella.[104] On 21 July, Draghi resigned again after a new confidence vote in the Senate failed to pass with an absolute majority, following defections of the M5S, the League, and FI.[105][106][107] Mattarella accepted Draghi's resignation and asked him to remain in place to handle current affairs.[108][109]On the following day, Mattarella officially dissolved the parliament and the snap election was called for 25 September 2022.[110][111][112]
Following the dissolution of Parliament, the electoral campaign officially began. Within the centre-left coalition, the Democratic Party (PD) secretary Enrico Letta ruled out an alliance with Giuseppe Conte's Five Star Movement (M5S), which he had always advocated in the previous months. Letta said that the government crisis brought an "irreversible break" between the two parties.[113] Conte accused Letta of being "arrogant and hypocritical", and the League and Forza Italia (FI) of "having bullied" M5S "in front of the nation", adding that M5S would run alone in this election.[114][115] Conte and M5S declared themselves to be part of the progressive pole and to the left of PD;[116] their campaign centered around the minimum wage and in defense of the citizens' income against right-wing criticism.[117] Letta criticized M5S for their past government with the League and anti-immigration measures.[118][119] PD ran for a wealth tax, minimum wage, support for civil rights such as egalitarian marriage, a law protecting against sexual orientation discrimination (DDL Zan), ius scholae reform to allow children of immigrants who live and study in Italy to apply for citizenship, cannabis legalization, defense of the Constitution of Italy as an anti-fascist document, and on the lesser of two evils as the only coalition that could beat the right,[120][121] in large part due the electoral law, which Letta defined as the worst ever made.[122]
On 5 September, when asked about his opinions on the Italian election, former United States president Donald Trump expressed support for Conte, stating he "worked very well with him" in the past, and that he hopes "he does well".[162] On the same day, a League councillor from Florence caused some controversy when he filmed a video saying that a vote for the League would be a vote to deport Roma people.[163] On 8 September, Letta was criticized by Meloni after he stated, at the annual meeting of the Ambrosetti Forum in Cernobbio, that "with the right's victory, Italy could become a B-class European country like Poland and Hungary."[164] His statements were also criticized by the Polish ambassador to Italy, Anna Maria Anders.[165] On 9 September, Federico Mollicone, senior member of FdI, was criticized after he demanded for a Peppa Pig episode briefly showing a lesbian couple to be censored.[166] On 20 September, FdI sacked Calogero Pisano, a member and candidate that openly praised Adolf Hitler;[167][168] in an audio message, he expected to only be suspended for a few days. While he remained a candidate, FdI removed its symbol from his candidature.[169] He was elected in the single-district constituency of Agrigento, Sicilia, with 37.8% of the vote.[170]
Differently from many other Western countries, electoral debates between parties' leaders are not so common before general elections in Italy;[189][190] the last debate between the two main candidates to prime ministry dated back to the 2006 Italian general election between Silvio Berlusconi and Romano Prodi.[191] With few exceptions, almost every main political leader had denied his participation to an electoral debate with other candidates,[192] preferring interviews with TV hosts and journalists,[193][194][195] while many debates took place between other leading members of the main parties.[196]
The 2022 election saw the first debates between the main leaders in 16 years. On 23 August, some prominent leaders of the centre-right (Meloni, Salvini, Tajani, and Lupi) and of the centre-left (Letta and Di Maio) were jointly interviewed by Luciano Fontana during the Rimini Meeting, organized by the Catholic movement Communion and Liberation.[197] Moreover, Fontana also interviewed the main parties' leaders at the Ambrosetti Forum on 4 September, and hosted a debate between Letta and Meloni on the website of Corriere della Sera, the newspaper of which he serves as director.[198]
After the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum, which reduced members of Parliament from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate of the Republic, the Italian electoral law of 2017 (Rosatellum), used in the 2018 Italian general election,[199] was initially expected by the then Conte II Cabinet to be either replaced entirely or its single-member districts under first-past-the-post (FPTP) be redesigned.[200] By August 2022, the electoral reform was bogged down in the Chamber's Constitutional Affairs Commission and a proposal by M5S deputy Giuseppe Brescia had been presented to the Italian Parliament but by that time it was already dissolved for snap elections.[201] Single-member district changes were approved and published on 30 December 2020 in Gazzetta Ufficiale, the Italian government gazette.[202] The Chamber was reduced from 232 to 147 districts, and Senate districts were reduced from 116 to 74.[14]
Since July 2022, when the snap election was first called, Brothers of Italy (FdI) was expected to become the first party, having surged at the opposition during the national unity government,[5] and it became more likely as the election drew near.[209] Also in part due the 2017 Italian electoral law and a divided left for the majoritarian system,[5] opinion polls showed that the FdI-led centre-right coalition was highly favoured to win the election with a comfortable majority,[210][211] in what would be the most right-wing government in the history of the Italian Republic according to some academics.[212]
The centre-right coalition won the absolute majority of seats in both houses of Parliament, with 237 seats in the Chamber and 115 in the Senate. First within the alliance came FdI (26.0%), followed by the League (8.7%) and Forza Italia (8.1%), both of whom suffered losses. Us Moderates failed to reach the 1% threshold and have their votes for the centre-right coalition in the national proportional representation but won 7 seats in the Chamber and 2 seats in the Senate thanks to the first-past-the-post (FPTP) system. The centre-left coalition slightly improved its 2018 popular vote result but came a distant second in terms of seats, 85 in the Chamber and 44 in the Senate, winning only a few more FPTP seats than the Five Star Movement (M5S). The leading party in the centre-left coalition was the Democratic Party (19.0%), followed by the Greens and Left Alliance (3.6%), which won 12 seats in the Chamber and 4 in the Senate; More Europe narrowly missed the national proportional threshold (3%), while Civic Commitment also failed to reach the 1% threshold but both won 2 seats and 1 seat in the Chamber, respectively. The M5S saw its vote more than halved and won 52 seats in the Chamber and 28 in the Senate but defied single-digits polls in July 2022 by winning 15.4% of the popular vote, thanks in part to a strong performance in Southern Italy. Due to FPTP seats, the League was able to gain more seats in both chambers than the M5S and barely less than the PD (69 to 66 in the Chamber and 40 to 30 in the Senate), despite polling half than the PD and about a third of the M5S in the popular vote. The centrist list composed of Action and Italia Viva (Third Pole) won 21 seats in the Chamber and 9 in the Senate, with 7.8% of the vote.[5][18][217] Using the Gallagher index, the disproportionality of the Chamber in the election was 12.31 and 10.83 for the Senate; for comparison, the disproportionality in the 2018 election for both houses was 5.50 and 6.12. According to political analyst Wolfango Piccoli, an estimated 30% of voters chose a different party than the one they had voted for in 2018.[16] be457b7860
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