Prof. R.S. Singh was born at village Gagaha in Gorakhpur district on 1st March, 1927. He did his matriculation in 1942 and was enrolled at the Government Agricultural College, Kanpur for his Post Graduation. In 1948 he obtained Masters Degree in plant pathology with distinction. He continued as a Research Assistant and became lecturer in plant pathology in 1951. He was awarded degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Agra University in 1956.

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My general interest is epidemiology and integrated management of plant diseases, with emphasis on understanding the basic biology and ecology of plant pathogens and the use of this information to develop disease management tools for practical application. I am particularly interested in the use of statistical and computer models to describe plant disease dynamics in the field and the use of these models to make disease management decisions based on risk assessment and disease prediction.

An understanding of the basic biology and ecology of plant pathogens is indispensable for effective disease management through disease prediction and risk assessment. Basic research has to be an ongoing process if we are to understand the effects of changing weather patterns, shifts in pathogen populations, genetic manipulation of crops, and changes in cropping practices on the appearance of new and resurgence of existing plant diseases.

I use statistical and computer models to describe the effects and anticipate possible consequences of these changes on disease development and crop yield. I would like to take advantage of modern statistical techniques, sophisticated computer technology, large weather database, and fast and efficient information delivery systems to development and use prediction and risk assessment models as decision-making tools in integrated disease management programs.

Katelyn T. Willyerd, Pierce A. Paul, Peter Thomison and Dennis Mills were awarded a Certificate of Excellence in the Agronomy Society of America Educational Materials Awards Program for the OSU Extension fact sheet:

F. Dalla Lana, L. V. Madden, and P. A. Paul. 2021. Natural Occurrence of Maize Gibberella Ear Rot and Contamination of Grain with Mycotoxins in Association with Weather Variables. Online :16 Nov 2020 -05-20-0952-RE

Subedi, N., Taylor, C. G., Paul, P. A. and Miller, S. A. 2020. Combining partial host resistance with bacterial biocontrol agents improves outcomes for tomatoes infected with Ralstonia solanacearum. Crop Prot. 135:104776.

Lopez-Nicora, H. D., Carr, J. K., Paul, P. A., Dorrance, A. E., Ralston, T. I., Williams, C. A., and Niblack, T. L. 2020. Evaluation of the combined effect of Heterodera glycines and Macrophomina phaseolina on soybean yield in naturally infested fields with spatial regression analysis and in greenhouse studies. Phytopathology 110:406-417.

Goodwin, A. W., Lindsey, L. E., Harrison, S. K. and Paul, P. A. 2018. Estimating wheat yield with normalized difference vegetation index and fractional green canopy cover. Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management 4:1-6.

Common bacterial blight (CBB), which is caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), is the main bacterial disease in snap beans and controlling this disease using resistant cultivars is still a challenge. This work aimed to study the combining ability for CBB resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes. Six parents (two genotypes of CBB-resistant dry bean and four susceptible snap bean accessions) were crossed in a complete diallel scheme without reciprocals to estimate the general and specific ability to Xap resistance. CBB resistance was evaluated by the inoculation with two Xap isolates, and its severity was evaluated based on the four following resistance components: area under the disease progress curve; scores in the leaves; latent period and diameter of pod lesion. Differences between the two isolates were observed considering all the disease components. Besides pathogen variability, significant GCA and SCA indicate that additive and non-additive effects are involved in Xap-resistance control for the evaluated genotypes, implying that CBC resistance is a trait with complex inheritance. For breeding purposes, the result demonstrates the need to apply breeding methods that are focused on advanced generations selection.

O Crestamento Bacteriano Comum (CBC), causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) a principal doena bacteriana na cultura do feijo-de-vagem e o controle a essa doena usando cultivares resistentes ainda um desafio. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a capacidade a capacidade combinatria para a resistncia ao CBC em gentipos de Phaseolus vulgaris. Seis genitores (dois gentipos resistentes de feijo comum ao CBC e quatro acessos suscetveis de feijo-de-vagem) foram cruzados em um esquema de dialelo completo sem recprocos para estimar a capacidade geral e especfica de combinao para a resistncia a Xap. A resistncia ao CBC foi avaliada por meio da inoculao com dois isolados de Xap e a severidade avaliada a partir de quatro componentes de resistncia: rea abaixo da curva de progresso da doena, notas de severidade nas folhas, perodo latente e dimetro da leso em vagens. Diferenas entre os dois isoladas foram observados considerando todos os componentes da doena. Alm da variabilidade dos patgenos, CGC e CEC foram significativas, indicando que os efeitos aditivos e no-aditivos esto envolvidos no controle da resistncia a Xap para os gentipos avaliados, implicando que a resistncia a CBC uma caracterstica com herana complexa. Para fins de melhoramento, os resultados demonstram a necessidade de aplicar mtodos de melhoramento que so focados em seleo de geraes avanadas.

The most effective, economically viable and environmentally safe strategy for CBB control is the use of resistant cultivars. Unfortunately, no commercial snap bean varieties have been described as CBB resistant until now, and even for dry beans, it is still challenging to obtain resistant cultivars. Obtaining such cultivars demands the identification of sources of Xap resistance in both snap and dry beans as well as an understanding of the inheritance mechanism of this resistance.

One strategy to start a breeding program for disease resistance is the use of diallel crosses, which allows generating many combinations using a set of selected parents. Among diallel analyses approaches, one proposed by Griffing (1956GRIFFING, B. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 9, n. 4, p. 463-493, 1956.), estimates the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA, respectively). The GCA is result of the average performance of each parent when crossed with other one while SCA represents the behaviour of two individuals (parents) in a number of hybrid combinations. Yet, GCA is related to additive effects while SCA is associated with non-additive effects (dominance and epistatic).

The evaluation of the F1 plants and their parents for CBB resistance occurred in a greenhouse from May to September 2009. A randomised-block experimental design was adopted, and three replications and six pots for each genotype were used per experimental plot. The six parents and their 15 F1 hybrids were assessed under inoculation by the Xap isolates 1394-98 and 775-90, isolated from bean seeds, in 1998, and from bean plant, in 1990, respectively, were provided by the Instituto Biolgico de So Paulo State, Brazil. These two isolates were used to represent genetic variability from different seasons and plant parts. The accessions were cultivated in 5-L pots with a substrate that was composed of 50 soil, 30 cattle manure and 20% sand.

Xap inoculation in the leaves was performed 25 days after planting. The isolates were cultivated separately in Petri dishes that contained solid DYGS medium (in g L-1: dextrose, 2.0; bacteriological peptone, 1.5; yeast extract, 2.0; K2HPO4, 0.5; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5; glutamic acid, 1.5 and agar, 18.0, pH 7.0) according to Rodrigues Neto et al. (1986) and Souza et al. (2008SOUZA, M. F. M.;; RODRIGUES, R. AMARAL JNIOR, A. T.; SUDR, C. P. Resistance to Xanthomonas spp. in tomato: diallel analysis and gene effects estimative in a breeding programme carried out in Brazil. Journal of Phytopathology, v. 156, n. 11, p. 660-667, 2008. ). After 36 hours, the bacterial colonies were suspended in distilled water, and the cell concentration was adjusted to 108 colony forming units per millilitre (cfu. mL-1) using a spectrophotometer at 640 nm; the cells were diluted to 107 cfu. mL-1 for use on the same day. A trifoliate leaf was selected from each pot for inoculation. Two leaflets from each trifoliate leaf were previously identified by wool-yarn strings of different colours that were tied to the leaflet and indicated the strain that would be used. Each leaflet was inoculated with one of the Xap isolates (1394-98 or 775-90) by means of two 2-cm cuts that were made with scissors that were previously immersed in the bacterial suspension.

The pod inoculation was performed 45 days after planting during the beginning of pod filling. Two pods were selected from each pot and were previously identified by the presence of wool-yarn strings, which indicated which strain would be used to inoculate the pods. Each pod was inoculated with a different Xap isolate (1394-98 or 775-90) through the insertion of a hypodermic needle following method proposed by Rodrigues et al. (1999RODRIGUES, R.; LEAL, N. R.;; PEREIRA, M. G. LAM-SNCHEZ, A. Combining ability of Phaseolus vulgaris L. for resistance to common bacterial blight. Genetics and Molecular Biology, v. 22, n. 4, p. 571-575, 1999.). 152ee80cbc

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