Route 66 Vector __LINK_

Is it possible to symbolize vector files by z values, such as elevation or slope? For instance, let's say I have a line representing a race, and I am producing a map for the race organizers to disseminate. I might have the elevation profile underneath the map, but the map frame itself has the trail as a polyline. Is there a way to symbolize the polyline in the map frame using a color gradient for elevation, changing either for elevation, slope or aspect? This would be very helpful for racers, because they could visualize the surface profile along the route. In particular, the slope value in the direction the race is going would be of great utility visually. I was hoping to get this done for CopperDog, a dog mushing race next week in the U.P., but I had assumed this feature would readily available, which it turns out either I am that dumb or the feature isn't readily available. I understand I could create a DEM and then a number of very small buffers, and then toy with whichever buffer size works for the map frame, and then run Slope, and then Extract by Mask while trying to figure out which scale fits best in the layout, but I'm also managing five classes in graduate school, I have to drill for the Coast Guard reserves, and I'm trying to test out of a few engineering pre-reqs for a second Master's following this one, so I'm not sure if I want to jump down another day-long rabbit hole.

As proof of why the FPV is better look at the DCS Su-25T training clips. The trainer basically says to use the autopilot for route following because it does a far better job than trying to do it manually. He then shows it being done manually and makes a pig's ear of it.

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Not entirely true. It's an excellent cue. There is a reason why modern HUD systems for transport category aircraft all utilize a flight path vector... it's better technology. Russia traditionally has horrible avionics and ergonomics, although they're starting to join the "new wave."

Mosquito Spray Routes Map (PDF)

This map identifies route areas for mosquito control spraying. The spraying route schedule is tentative and subject to change due to weather conditions and wind speeds.

For example imagine an object floating on the ocean surface. The object has a simple rudder that allows it to steer. How can we find a path that will get the object from its current location (point on vector field) to (or as close to as possible) the destination point.

In this scenario the vector field would represent ocean currents in a 2D space and the desired path should make optimal use of these currents to reach it's final destination (or a point as close to the final destination as possible).

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an example of a path vector protocol. In BGP, the autonomous system boundary routers (ASBR) send path-vector messages to advertise the reachability of networks. Each router that receives a path vector message must verify the advertised path according to its policy. If the message complies with its policy, the router modifies its routing table and the message before sending the message to the next neighbor. It modifies the routing table to maintain the autonomous systems that are traversed in order to reach the destination system. It modifies the message to add its AS number and to replace the next router entry with its identification.

Dengue virus is transmitted into the skin of humans by mosquitoes as they take a blood meal. In contrast, many animal models are infected in the laboratory using a syringe to inject below the skin. Here, we looked at how different routes and methods of infection altered dengue infection in rhesus macaques. We found that infection via mosquito feeding resulted in a number of changes compared to other routes and methods, including a delay in the time to detection of dengue virus and overall greater quantities of dengue virus in the blood, and changes in the amounts of various components of blood that have been associated with dengue disease in humans. After 15 months, we exposed the macaques again to either the same or a different type of dengue virus. We found that animals exposed to the same type of dengue virus were protected from infection, whereas those animals exposed to a different type were only partially protected. Overall, our results show that dengue virus delivery using the natural transmission vector, mosquitoes, results in infection that is closer to what is observed in humans and may influence the interpretation of future studies of candidate vaccines.

Citation: McCracken MK, Gromowski GD, Garver LS, Goupil BA, Walker KD, Friberg H, et al. (2020) Route of inoculation and mosquito vector exposure modulate dengue virus replication kinetics and immune responses in rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(4): e0008191.

In an attempt to further increase the clinical relevance of the dengue macaque model, we compared different viral infection modalities including live mosquito vector-mediated, ID inoculation of virus with and without MSP, and conventional SC viral inoculation, all using low-passage, i.e., near wild-type, contemporaneous DENV clinical isolates. In order to reduce the impact of variation in past exposure to MSP antigens, all animals in the study were primed by multiple, sequential exposures to uninfected, feeding Ae. aegypti before being exposed to DENV. We then examined viral replication magnitude/kinetics and host immune responses following primary infection with DENV-1, and thereafter, following secondary infection with either DENV-1 (homologous) or DENV-2 (heterologous).

Dengue virus (DENV) is naturally transmitted by virus-infected mosquitoes in regions where Ae. aegypti are endemic and post-primary DENV infections are common. Accordingly, animal models that are utilized in investigations of DENV pathogenesis and the evaluation of dengue vaccine candidates should take these important factors into consideration. We hypothesized that infection modalities closer to natural, mosquito vector-mediated viral transmission may result in viral replication kinetics and elicit other infection and disease markers more like those seen in humans. In this experiment, all NHP were exposed multiple times to MSP via blood-feeding by nave, laboratory-reared Ae. aegypti in order to provide exposure of all NHP to a common population of mosquitoes. The long-standing Rockefeller colony of Ae. aegypti was chosen for this study instead of a recent generation of field-caught mosquitoes because, as a more homogenous population of indiscriminate feeders, it is more likely to promote reproducibility of the model. Groups of these NHP were later infected with DENV-1 by one of four methods (Table 1): standard SC injection, ID injection with and without mosquito salivary gland extract (SGE), and infectious mosquito feeding (IMF). After an interval of 15 months, we exposed subsets of these macaques to homologous or heterologous serotypes of DENV in order to assess the model in the context of post-primary infections.

Data were measured on study days 0, 7, and 21 post A) primary DENV-1 infection via different routes/modalities and B) homologous DENV-1 re-exposure, heterologous DENV-2 infection, and primary DENV-2 infection. Analyses were based on an ANOVA model on the change from baseline with the covariates baseline value of the variable and baseline weight and group as factors. n = 10 for each SC, ID+SGE, and IMF; n = 9 for ID; n = 5 for the remainder of groups. (*, p

As shown in Table 1, 15 months after primary infection, the SC and IMF groups were split into two subgroups of five animals each and homologously re-exposed to the same strain of DENV-1 (SC D1-D1 and IMF D1-D1) or heterologously exposed to DENV-2 (SC D1-D2 and IMF D1-D2). Two additional groups of 5 animals each were included as infection modality controls for DENV-2 exposure in flavivirus-nave macaques (SC N-D2 and IMF N-D2). As in the primary DENV-1 infection groups, serum RNAemia and viremia were measured and statistical comparisons were made for peak titer observed, AUC, day of onset, and duration. Interestingly, as shown in Fig 6, the IMF N-D2 group did not differ significantly in RNAemia peak, AUC, onset, or duration as compared to SC N-D2, yet did demonstrate a significantly higher viremia peak titer (4.17-fold) and AUC (2.44-fold). The discrepancies in the IMF and SC observations between primary DENV-1 and DENV-2 infections suggest a serotype- or strain-specific relationship with the infection modality, possibly through differences in vertebrate or vector infectivity or through differences in interactions with specific MSP. Serotype differences in the onset and duration of viremia in NHP have been identified previously, suggesting that this IMF model is likely also useful for investigating these differences.[69] In addition, specific interactions between individual MSP and DENV have been described previously, and utilizing a model that allows for these interactions may prove critical in studies of DENV pathogenesis and vaccine development.[69]

At month 15 post primary DENV-1 infection, the SC and IMF groups were divided into two subgroups, each of which were exposed to either DENV-1 or DENV-2 using the same administration route that was used for their respective primary infections. In parallel, DENV-nave macaques were exposed to DENV-2, either via SC inoculation or IMF, as controls for primary DENV-2 infection. Sera were collected daily following DENV exposure and tested, in duplicate, by A) plaque assay for their infectious virus (viremia) titer expressed as PFU/mL, and by B) qRT-PCR for their RNAemia titer expressed as genome equivalents/mL. Geometric mean titers with standard error of the log10-transformed mean are displayed (n = 5/subgroup). C) Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and p-values for between group comparisons of viremia and RNAemia areas under the curve (AUC) and peak titers are shown. AUC and peak titers were log10-transformed for statistical analysis using an ANOVA model. Peak titers were additionally compared using a non-parametric analysis (ANOVA on ranks) to confirm the log10-transformed results. D) Viremia and RNAemia times to onset and durations were compared between groups using an ANOVA model, with LS means differences and p-values shown. SC, subcutaneous; IMF, infectious mosquito feeding; D1-D1, homologous DENV-1; D1-D2, heterologous DENV-2; N-D2, primary DENV-2. ff782bc1db