The strix (plural striges or strixes), in the mythology of classical antiquity was a bird of ill omen, the product of metamorphosis, that fed on human flesh and blood. It also referred to witches and related malevolent folkloric beings.
The strix is described as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, greyish white wings,[a] and hooked claws in Ovid's Fasti.[1] This is the only thorough description of the strix in Classical literature.[2] Elsewhere, it is described as being dark-colored.[3][4][2]
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The strix in later folklore was a bird which squirted milk upon the lips of (human) infants. Pliny in his Natural History dismissed this as nonsense[d][e] and remarked it was impossible to establish what bird was meant by this.[f][8][2] The same habit, where the strix lactates foul-smelling milk onto an infant's lips is mentioned by Titinius, who noted the placement of garlic on the infant was the prescribed amulet to ward against it.[4][9][8]
According to Antoninus Liberalis's Metamorphoses, the strx ()[b] was a metamorphosis of Polyphonte; she and her bear-like sons Agrios and Oreios were transformed into birds as punishment for their cannibalism.[5] Here the strix is described as (a bird) "that cries by night, without food or drink, with head below and tips of feet above, a harbinger of war and civil strife to men".[11][5]
In this Greek myth, the ill-omened strx herself did not perpetrate harm on humans. But one paper suggests guilt by association with her sons,[13] and seeks to reconstruct an ancient Greek belief in the man-eating strx dating back to this age (4th century BC).[14] In an opposing view, one study failed to find the ancient Greeks subscribing to the strx as a "terror" to mankind, but noted a widespread belief in Italy that it was a "bloodthirsty monster in bird form." This study surmises that the Greeks later borrowed the concept of strix as witches, a concept articulated in Ovid,[15] and one scholar estimates the Greeks adopted the strix as "child-murdering horrors" by the "last centuries BC".[16] The modern Greek form may betray an influence of a Latin diminutive strigula.[15]
Pliny's comment that "[strix]...employed in maledictions"[8] signified that its name invoked in "potent" magic curses according to one interpretation,[25] but it may have only been used as curse-word, reflecting its regard as an accursed creature.[26][27]
There are several examples of the strix's plumage, etc., said to be used as an ingredient in magic. Horace in his Epodes, wrote that the strix's feathers are an ingredient in a love potion,[28][18] as has his contemporary Propertius.[29] Medea's rejuvenating concoction which she boiled in a cauldron used a long list of ingredients, including the strix's wings.[30]
There are striges, vultures, and bubo owls which cry in the marshes in Hades, by the edge of Tartarus[33] according to Seneca the Younger's tragedy Hercules Furens.[34] Also, according to the legend of Otus and Ephialtes, they were punished in Hades by being tied to a pillar with snakes, with a strix perched on that column.[35][37]
Human neighbors tell horrific tales of slaughter woven with frightened suspicion when speaking of strix. Strix, however, tell a tale of encroachment and a struggle for land and resources. For ages, humans invaded strix lands fighting bloody battles against the fierce, black-skinned creatures they thought to be winged devils. Over time, strix have developed a hatred for humankind and now fiercely protect their dwindling numbers.
Lower termites harbor in their hindgut complex microbial communities that are involved in the digestion of cellulose. Among these are protists, which are usually associated with specific bacterial symbionts found on their surface or inside their cells. While these form the foundations of a classic system in symbiosis research, we still know little about the functional basis for most of these relationships. Here, we describe the complex functional relationship between one protist, the oxymonad Streblomastix strix, and its ectosymbiotic bacterial community using single-cell genomics. We generated partial assemblies of the host S. strix genome and Candidatus Ordinivivax streblomastigis, as well as a complex metagenome assembly of at least 8 other Bacteroidetes bacteria confirmed by ribosomal (r)RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to be associated with S. strix. Our data suggest that S. strix is probably not involved in the cellulose digestion, but the bacterial community on its surface secretes a complex array of glycosyl hydrolases, providing them with the ability to degrade cellulose to monomers and fueling the metabolism of S. strix In addition, some of the bacteria can fix nitrogen and can theoretically provide S. strix with essential amino acids and cofactors, which the protist cannot synthesize. On the contrary, most of the bacterial symbionts lack the essential glycolytic enzyme enolase, which may be overcome by the exchange of intermediates with S. strix This study demonstrates the value of the combined single-cell (meta)genomic and FISH approach for studies of complicated symbiotic systems. 006ab0faaa
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