Copyright Details

A history timeline with images corresponding to six dates from the 1800s to 2021 with an arrow going from left to right. A small sample of relevant history of bias, including: Discredited pseudoscience known as Physiognomy from the 1800s to early 1900s falsely claiming appearance reveals a criminal state of mind [83, 99]. Security Maps, known as Redlining in the 1930s [27, 32, 69, 88] which enacted racialized housing segregation through quantitative mapping for purposes that include denying home loans to Black applicants. In Computer Science (CS) in 1972 via quantification and amplification of racialized police activity as assessed by Jefferson [50]. In Computer Vision via disparities across skin shade and gender in person recognition as assessed in Gender Shades in 2018 by Buolamwini and Gebru [18]. In OpenAI CLIP [79] multimodal images and descriptions containing malignant stereotypes as assessed in 2021 by Birhane et al. [14]. In this work we examine Robotics with race and gender stereotypes plus discredited Physiognomy in work from various universities and NVIDIA. The underlying system, computing at large, is much more complex than this simplified depiction. Multiple kinds of biased methods exist simultaneously at any given time. See Sec 2 and Fig. 10 for additional examples and sources. Sec. F of the paper pdf has image copyright details.
History Timeline Figure Copyright Details
  1. The history timeline was created by the authors of Robots Enact Malignant Stereotypes, the image thumbnail copyright information is as follows from left to right:
  2. Scientifically Discredited Physiognomy from “The Criminal Man”, L’Homme Criminel in Italian, by Cesare Lombroso, 1888, Public Domain Mark, via the Wellcome collection.
  3. The Baltimore redlining map [32] is Public Domain and obtained via Nelson et al. 2016 [69] "The Home Owner's Loan Corporation maps featured in Mapping Inequality came from Record Group 195, Records of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, Home Owners Loan Corporation, National Archives Records Administration II, College Park, MD., USA" - N. D. B. Connolly, Herbert Baxter Adams Associate Professor of History Johns Hopkins University; redlining image link.
  4. Harmfully Racialized "Quantitative" numerical mapping of police beats image is from Mitchell, Phillip S.. “Optimal Selection of Police Patrol Beats.” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 63 (1972): 577, Geographic distribution of Anaheim incidents. (Fig. 1), Copyright 1972, Fair use: Criticism of the concept and method of algorithmic policing, Thumbnail size image 287x131 text in image is unreadable.
  5. Gender Shades is by Buolamwini and Gebru [18], and the 2018 blended face image and comparison is cc-by-nc-nd Buolamwini 2018, titled gs04.png, and obtained via their press kit, the image is unmodified, and simply placed in the timeline as-is on this website; also gs04.png is not present in the paper, the history timeline gender shades entry simply contains the text "Gender Shades".
  6. The 2021 OpenAI CLIP history timeline entry image is by Andrew Hundt, 2022 an author of this paper and website; the image contains:
    1. The CLIP input strings and output values are a quote of text from Birhane et al. [14] 2021;
    2. A photo of NASA Astronaut Commander Eileen M. Collins, the first Woman to command a Space Shuttle mission, photo by NASA a U.S. Government agency and photographer Robert Markowitz, Public Domain 1998, Official portrait of Eileen M. Collins, STS-93 commander NASA ID: S99-00858 (30 Oct 1998) --- Astronaut Eileen M. Collins, commander. Date Created: 1998-10-30 Center: JSC https://images-assets.nasa.gov/image/S99-00858/S99-00858~orig.jpg.
    3. U.S President Barack Obama is by the U.S. Government and photographed by Pete Souza in 2012 is Public Domain; Souza, Pete, photographer, Official portrait of President Barack Obama in Oval Office / Official White House photo by Pete Souza. , 2012. Dec. 6. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2017645540/.
  7. The final robot image with dolls was created by the authors of this paper, Vicky Zeng and Andrew Hundt.

This website's version of the History Timeline Figure is not-for-profit educational use, and differs slightly from the published version of the figure, copyright details for the published version are in the appendix of that version.
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