1916-1919 Pakistan History Revision 

Why did Congress oppose the Morley Minto reforms (7 marks):

• This question can also come as to why Indians opposed it.

• All the seats are advisory. There is no power so they are angry

• the reforms did not reverse the partition of Bengal

• Separate electorates were considered undemocratic

Practice Questions: Were the reasons for the partition of Bengal more important than the reversal (14 marks):

• Why did they partition?

• Why did they reverse?

• Which decision was better?

Note: Both decisions are taken by the British, Explore your answer from their perspective. Which decision was more beneficial to them

A 14 marker is an argumentative essay. You have to justify your development with points. Marks are not for your opinion, but your justification and points. Your conclusion needs to support your opinion. There should be a 4:2 or 3:2 point system. If your answer is structured in a PEEL format, it's better as it will make it easier for the examiner to award marks

Lucknow Pact 1916:

• Jinnah joined Muslim league and congress

• By 1914 WW1 had started and it left the British under pressure

• Jinnah called a meeting for both the parties

• Congress will not object to separate electorates

• Muslim population though 1/4 will get 1/3 seats in the government

• Which means if out of 100 Muslim population is 25, their number if seats will be 33

• Community laws were made

• No law will be passed about a minority unless 3/4 of that minority agree to it (applied to all religions)

• That means if there are 10 muslim in the parliament atleast 7 of them should agree to a law about Muslims before it can be passed

• Similarly if there are 5 sikhs 3 of them should agree before a law could be passed about them

Common demands in the Lucknow Pact:

• More indian seats in the government

• British should accept Indian decisions

• Minority protection

• Provinces should be autonomous

Importance of the Pact:

• Self Rule. It's a united front now

• Cooperation

• Indian opposition to the British

Montague Chelmsford Reforms:

• Legislative council is now Legislative assembly

• Separate electorates for Muslims and sikhs

• Council of Princes set up

• Viceroy had a veto and was all powerful

Diarchy under the reforms:

1. Reserved Subjects: The British

2. Transferred subjects: The Indians

All the important subjects were given to the British. Anything with real power had the British

The Indians:

• No real power

• Important ministries still with the British

• Advisory roles

• Nominations instead of elections

• The council of princes was only advisory with no real power. It was just a talking shop

Rowlatt Act 1917:

• Law written in 1917 but implemented after the montford reforms of 1919

• Emergency Law

• Arrest without warrant

• Detention without bail

• The right of the provincial government to order people where to live

• Both Jinnah and Gandhi were opposing this

Amritsar massacre 1919:

• April 10th: Five Europeans killed in Amritsar

• General Dyer banned all public gatherings

• 20000 people turned up at Jalianwala Bagh

• It was a fortified park with tall walls

• General Dyer surrounded the park and fired around 1600 rounds of ammunition

• Estimated 400 killed and 1200 injured

Hunter committee:

The inquiry was set up in England. Dyer was removed was service but no other punishment was given

This enraged the Indians

Credits: Notes taken in the Class of Miss Iram Caleb