I have a problem when trying to use my bow. I'll use it, and it'll work fine, but other times it'll either appear to be blocked by some kind of object(the arrow literally just stops and falls to the ground as if theres a block in front of me), or it just doesn't go very far, even when fully charged. Can this be solved by using the attack indicator, or is that only for swords?
Detective investigations triages indicators of compromises such as a finding and surfaces only the most critical and suspicious issues, so you can focus on high-level investigations. An Indicator lets you determine if an Amazon Web Services resource is involved in unusual activity that could indicate malicious behavior and its impact.
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Details about the indicators of compromise that are used to determine if a resource is involved in a security incident. An indicator of compromise (IOC) is an artifact observed in or on a network, system, or environment that can (with a high level of confidence) identify malicious activity or a security incident.
A meteorological drought refers to reduced rainfall conditions and is a great challenge to food security. Information of a meteorological drought in advance is important for taking actions in anticipation of its effects, but this can be difficult for areas with limited or sparse ground observation data available. In this study, a meteorological drought indicator was approached by applying the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to satellite-based precipitation products from multiple sources. The SPI based meteorological drought analysis was then applied to Java Island, in particular to the largest rice-producing districts of Indonesia. A comparison with ground observation data showed that the satellite products accurately described meteorological drought events in Java both spatially and temporally. Meteorological droughts of the eight largest rice-producing districts in Java were modulated by the natural variations in El Nio and a positive-phase Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The drought severity was found to be dependent on the intensity of El Nio and a positive-phase IOD that occurs simultaneously, while the duration seems to be modulated more by the positive-phase IOD. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of satellite-based precipitation monitoring to predicting meteorological drought conditions several months in advance and preparing for their effects.
Citation: Siswanto S, Wardani KK, Purbantoro B, Rustanto A, Zulkarnain F, Anggraheni E, et al. (2022) Satellite-based meteorological drought indicator to support food security in Java Island. PLoS ONE 17(6): e0260982.
Droughts can be classified as meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, or socioeconomic. At present, Indonesia has no services that provide comprehensive drought information to the public. The Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG) only provides a meteorological drought warning service. A meteorological drought refers to a temporary reduction in the amount of precipitation compared to the average [12, 13]. The degree of the drought is determined according to the ratio between the amount of precipitation and the amount considered normal for that period, and the duration is determined by how long the dry condition persists. A meteorological drought affects the agricultural sector by causing a groundwater deficit, which can result in crop failure, and reducing the water reserves of dams available for irrigation. If a meteorological drought persists, a hydrological drought may occur, which is defined as a reduced supply of surface water and groundwater and is based on the measured water levels of rivers, reservoirs, lakes, and groundwater [14]. BMKG defines a meteorological drought as an area experiencing dry conditions for a certain time due to reduced precipitation or a longer dry season than normal, and it issues warnings based on the number of consecutive days without rain (i.e., dry spell) and prediction of a low precipitation amount. Predicting dry spells is very important because they have a major influence on agriculture, especially rice production [15, 16]. Prolonged dry spells can reduce the yield [17] and even the overall rice production [18]. Dry spells are the most sensitive indicator of the effect of El Nio on Indonesia [19].
In this study, we analyse a meteorological drought indicator that applies the widely used Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to precipitation products from multiple satellite data sources. This differs from currently available where the SPI is calculated based on sparse surface observation data. The evaluation of multi-source SPI with El Nio and IOD simultaneously is expected to provide a better, optimal, and more accurate representation and understanding of meteorological drought events in the study area. We used the SPI based meteorological drought indicator to evaluate the satellite precipitation products against ground observation data for Java Island, with a focus on eight of the 10 largest rice-producing districts as the national food barn of Indonesia. These eight largest rice-producing districts are located in Java Island, namely Karawang, Subang, Indramayu that are located in West Java Province, Cilacap, Grobogan, Sragen are located in Central Java. Ngawi and Lamongan are located in East Java Province (Fig 1). The paddy fields and rice yields of the eight districts in 2019 are shown in Table 1. In these regions, rice is cultivated mostly in lowland areas, with crops typically being irrigated, well watered and heavily fertilized. Rainfed rice fields that only rely on rainwater are also found in this area. Water-related disasters, such as flood and drought, will negatively affect rice production areas and yields, which can threaten food security. A study by Pratiwi et al. (2020) revealed that in Central Java, the 2014 flood event affected 94,306 hectares (ha) paddy fields, while drought in 2015 affected 82,324 ha paddy fields [10].
To summarize these results, the scatter and density plot between the averaged multisource SPI against the ENSO and IOD indices is shown in Fig 8. The linear correlation is then assessed within the three-class conditions according to SPI-based indicators: dry, normal, and wet. As expected, the dry condition has positive relations with the positive index of the ONI and DMI, with a slope of 0.07 and 0.09, respectively. For wet conditions, the effect of negative ONI (La Nia) is more significant than the effect of DMI. Moderate to very dry drought conditions consistently occur in the ONI and DMI threshold >0.5. Also, the intensity of wet and dry SPI is not necessarily linear related to the magnitude of ONI and DMI. Both ONI and DMI have a significant role in the variability of the SPI during normal conditions.
In this study, we showed that the SPI-based meteorological drought indicator derived from satellite products may be applied to drought monitoring with more detail, wider coverage, and a faster timescale than ground observations. The multi-sources SPI-based meteorological drought indicator described well the relation of meteorological drought characteristics in Java island with El Nio and positive-phase IOD. This adds to a better understanding of the role of the Indian Ocean on drought variability in the study area. Several previous studies have characterized the Java Island drought which is influenced by El Nio in the Pacific Ocean [7, 8]. The use of satellite based-SPI as a meteorological drought has been used widely in many regions and many climatic zones. Suliman et al. in his study revealed a good consistency in SPI time series estimated using remotely sensed precipitation data and ground stations data, with the TRMM as the champion for monitoring droughts in different climatic zones of Iraq [59]. Not only a single source of satellite-based estimated rainfall, it is also possible to combine multi sources into merged satellite precipitation datasets [60]. A study by Rahman et al. (2021) found significantly improved performance of merged satellite d in monitoring the meteorological drought [59].
If the SPI or other meteorological drought indicators can be used to predict drought conditions in the next 3 months, then they can be used by the agricultural sector to anticipate and prepare for drought events in the near future. The satellite-based precipitation products can be utilized to predict future conditions including patterns, trends, and seasonal influences for water resource management at different timescales [60, 61]. This may be very useful for farmers, who need to make decisions on their planting strategies while accounting for the possibility of meteorological droughts that can progress to agricultural droughts. This is also important for water management authorities when estimating the water supply and planning a distribution strategy. The proposed satellite-based meteorological drought indicator can help farmers secure their economic livelihood and help the government guarantee food security. For example, rice production can be maintained by improved water management from several reservoirs and cloud seeding in anticipation of predicted meteorological drought events. 0852c4b9a8
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