Laser Beam Displacement Challenging Relativity and Big Bang

Created on February 9, 2026 by copying from submitted paper to APS Physical Review D (May 30, 2025).

Following paper was submitted to APS Physical Review D on May 30, 2025 reference NO.  DE14342 but rejected on June 6, 2025 without peer review. Later, the reason was replied as the content was too shocking but no supporting paper yet.

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Laser Beam Displacement Challenging Relativity and Big Bang

Takanori Senoh* (ORCID:0000-0002-1797-9425)

Retired from National Institutes of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan (2016)

ABSTRACT. Recently, the author discovered an intriguing phenomenon: a fixed laser beam spot appears to move independently of the Earth’s gravity. This suggests that Earth’s motion may be influencing the beam spot’s position. According to the second postulate of special relativity [1], it is commonly understood that “light always propagates through empty space at a constant velocity c, independent of the motion of the emitting body.” This principle could be interpreted as implying that light propagates within an absolute rest frame, serving as a fixed reference for Earth’s motion”. However, Michelson-Morley’s failed attempts to detect any effect of Earth’s motion on light propagation [2] contradict this interpretation. Einstein accounted for their null results using his first postulate, asserting that “the phenomena of electrodynamics, as well as mechanics, possess no properties corresponding to the concept of absolute rest.” Importantly, Einstein formulated this theory before the invention of the laser in 1959 [3]. Given this historical context, laser beams may exhibit different properties, as their displacement due to Earth’s motion is approximately 10,000 times larger than the fringe pattern displacement observed in Michelson-Morley’s experiment. To explore this possibility, the author has monitored the displacement of a fixed laser beam spot over several months. Preliminary results suggest that Earth’s motion may indeed be observable as the displacement of the laser beam spot and that Earth may be moving toward Polaris at a velocity of approximately 30 km/s-significantly slower than the expansion rate predicted by the Big Bang theory [4]. If these observations are confirmed, how should this phenomenon be explained in the framework of relativity theory [5] and inflation theory [4]. Given the early and rudimentary stage of this experimental setup, further and broader investigations are needed.

I. INTRODUCTION.

Approximately 140 years ago, Michelson and Morley, in the United States, attempted to detect the effect of Earth’s motion on light propagation by generating a fringe pattern with reflected light (1881, 1887) [2]. However, all their results indicated “no detectable effect.”

Later, in 1905, Einstein, in Germany, explained these null results through the Special Theory of Relativity. He proposed that an object’s length contracts along its direction of motion and that a moving clock experiences time dilation. Consequently, the propagation time of light remains unaffected by Earth’s motion [1]. This theory has since become widely accepted. 

However, since Einstein developed this theory before the invention of the laser in 1959 [3], researchers at the time had no choice but to rely on reflected light and fringe patterns to observe potential effects of Earth’s motion on light propagation. The impact of Earth’s motion on light was almost entirely canceled out by reflection, leaving only a residual effect proportional to the square of the ratio of Earth’s velocity (V) to the speed of light (c), or (V/c)^2.

With the advent of the laser, however, it became possible to observe the effect without relying on reflection, as the laser beam functions as a visible pointer to it, eliminating the need to create a fringe pattern through light reflection. In this case, the effect of Earth’s motion is not canceled, and the displacement of the beam spot becomes proportional to V/c. Since light propagates at speed c while the screen (Earth) moves at speed V, this results in an effect approximately 10,000 times greater than Michelson-Morley’s method.

The following paragraphs analyze why their experiments failed to detect the anticipated effect and propose a new approach using a laser. Preliminary results indicate that Earth’s motion does influence light propagation. The detected motion represents the absolute motion of Earth as it encompasses all contributing factors, including Earth’s revolution around the Sun, the Solar System’s orbit within the Milky Way Galaxy, and the motion of entire Galaxy. This absolute motion suggests that our planet is moving toward Polaris at a velocity significantly lower than the expansion speed predicted by the Big Bang theory [4].

A. Michelson-Morley’s experiments

In 1881, Michelson and Morley, in the United States, appear to have reasoned that since light propagates independently of the motion of its source, it should also propagate independently of the motion of a mirror. If this assumption was correct, then as Earth moves, the changing distance to the mirror should affect the propagation time of light travelling to it. Based on this idea, they attempted to observe the effect of Earth’s motion on light propagation time. Given the technological limitations of the time, they had no alternative but to use reflected light to generate a fringe patten, as illustrated in FIG 1 (1881) [2].

FIG 1. Michelson-Morley’s first experimental system (1881) (copied from their report, 1887) [2]. In this setup, light from sodium lamp (s) is split into two beams by a half-mirror (a). One beam is reflected vertically, then further reflected by mirror (b), before returning to point (e) in the telescope (f), via the same half-mirror (a1). Due to Earth’s motion in the horizontal direction, the half-mirror shifts from position (a) to (a1). The second bam passes through the half-mirror (a) horizontally, is reflected by mirror (c), and then further reflected by the half-mirror (a1), before entering the telescope (f).

Unfortunately, because the reflected light nearly canceled out Earth’s motion, they had to detect an extremely small variation―approximately 1 in 0.1 billion (V^2/c^2)―in the optical path length (L=1.2m). However, this variation was too small to be observed. Here, V represents Earth’ orbital velocity (30 km/s), and c is the speed of light (300,000 km/s) [2]. See Appendix A for the further details.

Since no lens was used in their first experiment, both wavefronts of the light remained spherical, meaning the light propagated in a diverging manner. As a result, the angles of the two light beams entering the telescope differed slightly, compensating for Earth’s motion. This angle discrepancy may have contributed to the formation of a fringe pattern, as illustrated in FIG 2.

FIG 2. Detail analysis of Michelson-Morley’s first experimental system (1881) [2]. In this setup, two spreading light beams intersect on the screen, seemingly generating a fringe pattern. This fringe pattern remains visible even without a physical screen, as it forms a real image. When the system is rotated by 90°, the two light beams effectively switch positions, causing the fringe pattern to shift by approximately (2×1/50) of the pattern cycle [2]. See Appendix A for the further details.

When the system was rotated by 90°, the two light beams switched positions, resulting in a fringe pattern displacement of (2×1/50) of the pattern cycle [2]. However, since this displacement was small-(2/50) (0.24 mm) relative to the full fringe pattern cycle (approximately 6 mm)-it likely proved challenging to distinguish the displacement from external noise [2]. See Appendix A for further details. 

Thus, in 1887, They conducted a second experiment using a longer optical path length (L=11 m), aiming to observe a fringe pattern displacement of (2×1/5) of the pattern cycle, as illustrated in FIG 3 [2].

FIG 3. Michelson-Morley’s second experimental system (1887) [2]. Light from a sodium lamp (a) is first spread out and then converted into an almost parallel beam using a lens. This beam is then split into two by a half-mirror (b). One of the split beams is reflected toward mirror (d1), undergoes multiple reflections, and is finally reflected by the movable mirror (e1). It then retraces the same light path back to the half-mirror (b) before entering the telescope (f). The other beam passes through the half-mirror (b), is reflected by mirror (d), undergoes multiple reflections, and is then reflected by mirror (e). It similarly retraces its path back to the half-mirror (b) before entering the telescope (f).

Since the lens is placed in front of the sodium lamp (a) appears to have converted the spreading light into an almost parallel beam, the wavefronts likely became nearly flat and parallel to each other. Given that the straight beam’s width could accommodate the system’s displacement due to Earth’s motion, both beams seem to have entered the telescope in parallel, without crossing. 

As illustrated in FIG 4, parallel wavefronts generate an invisible axial fringe pattern rather than a visible lateral fringe pattern. The rotation of the system appears to have altered the light’s brightness by less than (2×1/5) of the phase cycle due to the phase shift between the two beams [2]. However, since they reported observing a fringe pattern when carefully adjusting mirror (e1) [2], it is possible that a Newton-ring was formed within the telescope and became visible when the light intensity increased. Newton-rings typically appear between closely positioned reflectors and lenses. In this case, the cross-marker plate and the eye-catch lens, which seem to be placed closely together within the telescope, might have contributed to form the Newton-ring. Due to the short optical path length between these components, the Newton-ring pattern would remain stationary. The lens plays a crucial role in this setup, as its absence would result in weaker light upon entering the telescope, making fringe pattern observation difficult.

FIG 4. Detail analysis of Michelson-Morley’s second experimental system (1887) [2]. The lens appears to have converted the spreading sodium lamp light into an almost parallel beam. Since parallel wavefronts do not produce a visible lateral fringe pattern, it is likely that a Newton-ring formed within the telescope and was observed as the expected fringe pattern.

II. METHODS

A. Basic idea

Einstein’s second postulate of Special Relativity Theory states “light propagates independently of the motion of its source” [1]. From this, it is natural to extend the idea further: light should propagate independently of any motion, as there are no other associated objects besides the light source itself.

Since lights propagate through the electromagnetic field by continuously generating electric and magnetic fields by themselves, this electromagnetic field can be regarded as independent of any motion. As a result, it may serve as an absolute rest frame, since it remains unaffected by any motion. Consequently, light can be considered a visible indicator of this absolute rest frame.

To test this concept, laser beams serve as a convenient tool. Their visible beam spots act as reference point for the absolute rest frame. If the beam spot appears to move, it suggests that the screen (Earth) itself in motion, rather than the light itself shifting position. This phenomenon creates the impression that Earth’s motion influences the beam spot’s location.

When Earth’s motion is parallel to the direction of light propagation, its effect manifests as a variation in light propagation time, as illustrated in FIG 5(a). Conversely, when Earth’s motion is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, its effect appears as a displacement of the light spot, as shown in FIG 5(b).

FIG 5. Effect of Earth’s motion on light propagation. (a) When Earth’s velocity (V) is parallel to the direction of light propagation, the light propagation time (T) changes from (L/c) to ((L+VT)/c). (b) When Earth’s velocity (V) is perpendicular to the direction of light propagation, the beam spot appears displaced by (Δ = LV/c). Where, V = Earth’s velocity, c = Speed of light, L = Optical path length, T = Light propagation time, Δ = Beam spot displacement.

They were unable to attempt either method (a) or (b), due to technological limitations at that time. Method (a) required a fast oscilloscope and photo sensor, which were unavailable. Method (b), on the other hand, required an extremely narrow light beam to ensure the spot displacement, Δ = LV/c ≒ 0.1 mm, which was not feasible with ordinary light source. Where, L = 1 m (optical path length), V = 30 km/s (Earth’s revolution velocity), c = 300,000 km/s (speed of light). These methods only became viable after the invention of the laser (1959) [3] and advancement in fast oscilloscopes and photo sensors. Since the Earth motion effect in both method (a) and method (b) is approximately 10,000 times greater than what Michelson-Morley’s fringe pattern method could detect, experiments using laser beams might yield significantly different results.

B. Preliminary experiment

Since method (a) still requires a fast oscilloscope and a photo sensor, we tested method (b) using an off-the-shelf laser pointer (wavelength: λ = 635 nm). The laser was fixed in an East-West orientation, and its beam spot was minimized using a dimming filter (ND = 2 - 400). Photographs of the beam spot on a screen placed 3.12 m from the laser pointer were taken every 1.5 hours from October 25 to 28, 2024. FIG 6 displays the positions of the fixed beam spot over these four days.

FIG 6. East to West fixed laser beam spot positions observed every 1.5 hours from October 25 to 28, 2024. The laser beam spot exhibited independent movement along both the Y-axis (height), and X-axis (north-south), unaffected by Earth’s gravity. This movement appears to follow a daily cycle (1 cycle per day), seemingly corresponding to Earth’s rotation. Additionally, the displacement suggests a potential influence from Earth’s motion, such as its revolution.

The beam spot exhibited independent movement―both vertically (high and low), and horizontally (east and west)―unrelated to Earth’s gravity. This movement appeared to follow a daily cycle (one cycle per day), synchronous with Earth’ rotation. If Earth is continuously moving in a particular direction over short timescales (several days), such as its revolution (360°/365 days), this phenomenon may be explained accordingly.

C. Earth motion description

Earth’s motion consists not only its revolution around the Sun but also the Solar-system’s revolution within the Milky Way Galaxy. Additionally, the galaxy itself may be moving through space. To conveniently describe Earth’s motion within a stationary reference frame, we define a fixed coordinate system based on the current ecliptic plane: X-axis: Directed from the Autumnal Equinox to the Vernal Equinox. Y-axis: Perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, pointing upward, on the same side as Earth’s North pole. Z-axis: Oriented from the Summer Solstice toward the Winter Solstice, as illustrated in FIG 7.

FIG 7. Positions of Earth, the Solar System, and the Milky Way Galaxy in a fixed base coordinate system [X, Y, Z]. X-axis: Extends from the current Autumnal Equinox toward the Vernal Equinox. Y-axis: Perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (Earth's orbital plane), pointing upward in the same direction as Earth’s North Pole. Z-axis: Oriented from the current Summer Solstice toward the Winter Solstice. Diagram constructed based on [6][7].

This figure was illustrated with reference to [6][7] and is based on the observed fact that the Milky Way appears tilted approximately 60° to the left when facing south at midnight on the summer solstice.

Let’s define absolute Earth motion (E) as the combined effect of the following components: (V): Earth’s revolution around the Sun. (S): The Solar System’s revolution within the Milky Way Galaxy. (G): The motion of the entire Milky Way Galaxy. Thus, Earth’s absolute motion can be expressed as follows: (E = V + S + G).

There may be additional motions influencing Earth’s motion, so we incorporate them into the galactic motion (G). On November 28, 2024, the observed Earth revolution (V = 30 km/s) can be expressed as follows, with reference to FIG.7.

It is said that the Solar System revolution within the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy, following the galaxy’s rotation at the velocity of S = 220 km/s [7]. The galactic plane is believed to be inclined approximately 60° upward relative to the Autumnal equinox direction in the ecliptic plane. This motion can be expressed as follows.

Let’s leave the Galaxy motion (G) unspecified.

Transform the Earth motion (E) into two observable coordinates on Earth as follows: One coordinate aligns with the direction of the Vernal Equinox, while the other aligns with the direction of the Autumnal Equinox. 

First, transform (E) from the base coordinate system to the Earth’s coordinate system (E’), as illustrated in FIG.8. Since the Earth’s axis is tilted 23.4° from the Y-axis toward the Z-axis, with rotation around the X-axis, this transformation can be expressed as follows.

FIG 8. Transformation of the base coordinate system [X, Y, Z] to the Earth’s coordinate system [X’, Y’, Z’] by rotating around the X-axis by 23.4°.

Then, transform the Earth coordinate [X’, Y’, Z’] to the first observation coordinate [X”, Y”, Z”] at a latitude of 35° at 7:35 AM on November 28, 2024. At this moment, we are facing the Vernal Equinox direction, as illustrated in FIG 9. This transformation is expressed as follows.

FIG 9. Transformation of the Earth coordinate [X’, Y’, Z’] to the first observation coordinate [X”, Y”, Z”]. This transformation is performed by rotating the coordinate system around the Z-axis by 35°, aligning the observer at a latitude of 35° with the Vernal Equinox direction at 7:35 AM on November 28, 2024.

In the same way, transform the Earth coordinate [X’, Y’, Z’] to the second coordinate [X”, Y”, Z”]. This transformation is performed by rotating the coordinate system around the Z-axis by 55°, aligning the observer at a latitude of 35° with the Autumnal Equinox direction at 7:35 PM on November 28, 2024, as illustrated in FIG 10. This transformation is expressed as follows.

FIG 10. Transformation of the Earth coordinate [X’, Y’, Z’] to the second observation coordinate [X”, Y”, Z”] by rotating the coordinate system around the Z-axis by 55°. At this moment, the observer at a latitude of 35° is aligned with the Autumnal Equinox direction at 7:35 PM on November 28, 2024.

The reason we need these two observation coordinates is that the Earth is continuously moving, making it difficult to determine the exact displacement origin. This issue is solved by estimating the difference in Earth’s motion between the two observation timepoints-7:35 AM and 7:35 PM on November 28, 2024-and comparing it to the displacement of the laser beam spot at the same timepoints.

The estimated difference in Earth’s motion is expressed as follows. Here, ΔEX” represents the motion component from the ground in the upward direction. ΔEY” represents the motion component from south to north. ΔEZ” represents the motion component from east to west. To align the 7:35 PM motion components with those at 7:35 AM, as shown in FIG 9 and FIG 10, the 7:35 PM components EX” and EY” were permutated before subtraction. Additionally, the sign of the EZ” component at 7:35 PM was inverted.

Since this matrix equation is degenerate, we employ additional estimation equation along the Earth’s Y’-axis, as expressed in equation (4) and illustrated in FIG 8. The estimated value becomes as follows. Here, EY’ represents the Earth’s motion component along the Y’-axis oriented from the South Pole to the North Pole.

Now that we have obtained the estimated Earth motion differences in our observation coordinate system, we proceed to measure the displacement of the laser beam spot in the following section.

D. Observation system

To measure four displacements of the motion vectors―EX”, EY”, EZ”, and EY’ ―three laser systems (wavelength: λ = 635 nm) are deployed, as shown in FIG 11.

One fixed laser beam system, with a light path length of 3.12m, is mounted on a 12-mm-thick wooden board and oriented from east to west. This system monitors the beam spot displacements corresponding to the Earth’s motion vectors EX” and EY”.

Another identical fixed laser beam system is placed along the north-south direction to observe the beam spot displacements associated with the Earth’s motion vectors EY” and EZ”.

FIG 11. Observation system for laser beam spot displacement (wave length: λ = 635 nm). The system comprises three configurations: 1. A fixed beam system oriented from east to west. 2. A fixed beam system oriented from north to south. 3. A portable beam system that operates in both east-to-west and west-to-east directions.

A portable laser system with a light path length of L=1.725m was mounted on a 2-mm-thick PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) pipe with a diameter of 75 mm. This system was positioned along the east-west direction and alternated between east-to-west and west-to-east orientations during each observation session. It measures the laser beam spot displacement between opposite beam directions―east to west and west to east. The Earth motion component EY’, aligned with the Earth’s axis induces this displacement, as illustrated in FIG 12.

FIG 12. Earth motion vector along the Earth axis EY’. This motion vector consistently induces a laser beam spot displacement from north to south, as the laser beam spot appears to move in the direction opposite to the Earth’s motion. This displacement is measured by alternating the laser beam direction between east-to-west and west-to-east.

To minimize external disturbances, the room temperature was maintained at 20°C, with a humidity level of 35%. Each 68-kg brick weight served to suppress system deformation and mitigate minor floor vibrations.

 The floor is supported on a reinforced concrete base, anchored with 58 pillars, each with a diameter of 50 cm and an average length of 2 m, extending to the bedrock beneath the Earth’s surface. The rigidity of the pipe structure effectively reduced the deformation of the portable system. As a result, external noise was primarily limited to Earth vibrations. Any remaining noise was further suppressed by averaging the measurement samples, as detailed in the following section.

III. RESULTS

A. Observed laser beam spot pictures 

The following figures present the first eight images of the laser beam spot, captured at 1.5-hour intervals between November 27 and 29, 2024. The center of each spot was determined by fitting an oval along the spot’s edge, using two diagonals as reference. The intersection of these diagonals was identified as the beam center.

The crosspoint position was measured as follows. Initially, square markers of 5 mm and 1 mm were placed, copied from a reference scale affixed to the screen. To enhance resolution, a 0.5-mm marker was created by drawing a line between the center points of opposing sides of the 1-mm marker, and then fitting a 0.5-mm square along these lines. Similarly, a 0.25-mm marker was derived from the 0.5-mm marker. Since the drawing software used could not further subdivide the 0.25-mm square, the spot center within the 0.25-mm marker was visually determined with a resolution of 0.01 mm. This was achieved by comparing the spot’s distribution across either the left and right sections or the upper and lower sections.

FIG 13. First eight images captured at 1.5-hour intervals between November 27 and 29, 2024. These images were taken using the observation system shown in FIG 11 and include: (a) Fixed beam spot images for the east-to-west orientation. (b) Fixed beam spot images for the north-to-south orientation. (c) Portable beam spot images for the east-to-west orientation. (d) Portable beam spot images for the west-to-east orientation.

B. Beam spot position

The following graphs display the beam spot all positions recorded over the two-day observation period. Some residual external noise and measurement errors remain visible in the data.

FIG. 14. Beam spot positions observed at 1.5-hour intervals between November 27 and 29, 2024. The figure represents all recorded beam spot positions during observation period. (a) Fixed beam spot positions along the east-west direction. (b) Fixed beam spot positions along the north-south direction. (c) Portable beam spot positions for east-to-west (EW) and west-to-east (WE) orientations.

The following figures illustrate the average beam spot positions recorded at identical timepoints over both observation days, revealing trends in the fixed systems.

FIG 15. Average fixed beam spot positions at identical timepoints over two days. (a) Average beam spot positions for the fixed east-to-west beam. (b) Average beam spot positions for the fixed north-to-south beam.

The average of all sample pairs from the portable system is already presented in FIG 14(c). External noise and measurement errors have been efficiently minimized, allowing the Earth motion effect to be observed more clearly. If a vibration isolation table and an image processing software were available, it would further simplify the experiment and enhance measurement accuracy.

The Earth motion components estimated at 7:35 and 19:35 correspond to the observed beam spot positions recorded at 7:37 and 19:39. Based on the east-to-west beam spot positions shown in FIG 15(a), the vertical displacement is determined as follows.

The horizontal displacement is

In the north-to-south beam spot position in FIG 15(b), the vertical displacement is

The horizontal displacement is

C. Conversion to Earth motion difference

From the observed beam spot displacements Δ19:39-7:37 in (9)-(12), the Earth motion difference ΔE is calculated using the following equation:

where c is the speed of light (300,000 km/s), and L is the light path length (3.12 m). Since the beam spot shifts in the opposite direction to the Earth’s motion, the displacement is inverted in (13).

By substituting (9) and (10) into (13), the observed Earth motion differences are calculated as shown in (14) and (15). Here, since the estimated Earth motion difference EY” is directed from south to north, the sign of displacement ΔX in (15) is inverted.

By substituting (11) and (12) into (13), the observed Earth motion differences are calculated as shown in (16) and (17). Since the estimated Earth motion difference EZ” is directed from East to West, the sign of displacement ΔX in (17) is also inverted.

From FIG. 14(c), the average beam spot displacement caused by switching the beam direction between East to West (EW) and West to East (WE) is as follows.

The vertical beam spot displacement ΔH was discarded as a noise, as switching the beam direction does not generate a height difference. From the horizontal displacement ΔX, the Earth motion component EY’ along the Earth’s axis is calculated as follows, referring FIG 12.

where c is the speed of light (300,000 km/s), L is the light path length (1.725 m).

D. Earth motion derivation 

By equating the estimated Earth motion differences in (7) and (8) to the observed Earth motion differences (14)-(17) and (20), unknown Galaxy motion (G) and the Earth motion (E) are obtained as follows. 

From (21),

From (22),

Since the differences in GX from (23) and (24) appear to result from measurement noise, their average is taken as the observed Earth motion component GX as follows.

From (25) and (26),

The absolute motion G and the direction θG of the Milky Way Galaxy are:

The motion direction θG represents a rough direction since Z-component is negligibly small compared to the other components. The following motion directions are rough directions by neglecting the smallest components.

From (1), the Earth motion (E) becomes as follows.

The absolute motion E and the rough direction θE of the Earth are:

The global motion of the Solar System (Sg) is determined by adding the Solar System revolution (S) and the Galaxy motion (G) as follows:

The absolute motion Sg and its rough direction θSg are:

The following figure illustrates these motion vectors. The absolute Earh motion E = 36.4 km/s is close to its revolution speed V = 30.0 km/s, but its direction is near the Polaris direction.

The Galaxy motion G = 177.0 km/s nearly cancels the Solar System revolution speed S = 220 km/s. This suggests that the actual Solar System revolution speed S may not be as high as 220 km/s, but instead closer to its global motion Sg = 45.4 km/s. Consequently, the Milky Way Galaxy itself may not be moving significantly but rather remains nearly stationary. This interpretation offers a more straightforward perspective.

FIG 16. Earth, Solar System, and Galaxy motion on November 28, 2024. The Galaxy motion G = 177.0 km/s nearly cancels the Solar System revolution S = 220 km/s. As a result, the Solar System global motion is relatively slow, at Sg = 45.4 km/s. The Earth is moving toward Polaris direction with an absolute speed of E = 36.4 km/s, which is close to its revolution speed V = 30 km/s. The Earth’s revolution V is almost canceled by the Solar System global motion Sg.

E. Confirmation observation

To validate the above results, additional observations were conducted from December 21 to 24, 2024, as shown in FIG 17.

FIG. 17. Confirmation results of Earth, Solar System, and Galaxy motion on December 22, 2024. The confirmation results closely match the previous observation results shown in FIG 16.

The confirmation results closely match the previous findings, with variations of less than approximately 13% (see APPENDIX B) [11].

IV. DISCUSSION

If the above analysis and experimental results are correct, they appear to raise the following two issues.

A. Visibility of absolute rest coordinate

Through the analysis of Michelson-Morley’s experiments and our own experimental results, the effect of Earth’s motion to light propagation appears to be “detectable”.

Since light propagates independently of the motion of its emitting body and generates an electromagnetic field through which it travels, this generated field can be regarded as an absolute rest coordinate system. Because a laser beam is visible and generates this electromagnetic field of absolute rest, it will serve as a visible indicator of the absolute rest coordinate.

This observation suggests a possible extension of Einstein’s Second Postulate: “Light propagates independently of any motion within the absolute rest coordinate.” However, this extension seems to challenge Einstein’s First Postulate, which asserts that “The absolute rest coordinate is unnoticeable” [1], because laser beams appear to provide a visible indicator of this absolute rest coordinate.

Additionally, the time delay factor β = 1/√(1-V^2/c^2), defined as the coordinate transformation coefficient in Special Relativity for the case of reflected light [1], appears to break down when light is not reflected, as indicated by our experimental setup (see FIG 5). Consequently, this coefficient should be revised to account for cases where light is not reflected.

Thus, with the advent of the laser, Relativity Theory seems to lose one of its fundamental principles, necessitating a reexamination of its framework and related theories (see APPENDIX A).

B. Big bang vestige

As demonstrated in the above experimental results, the absolute motion of Earth (E ≈ 30 km/s) and the absolute motion of the Solar System (Sg ≈ 50 km/s) appear significantly slower than the Big Bang expansion speed (B > c = 300,000 km/s). This estimated expansion velocity is derived from the time since the Big Bang—T= 13.8 billion years [8]—and the size of the observable universe, S > 46.5 billion light-years [9].

Since the observed absolute Earth motion (E) includes all motions affecting the planet, it would necessarily incorporate the expansion associated with the Big Bang, assuming such an event took place. It is commonly stated that distant stars appear to be receding from us rapidly, as indicated by the redshift in their spectral lines. This observation has led to the prevailing theory that the universe is expanding as a remnant of the Big Bang [10].

If this expansion were truly occurring, our Galaxy, Solar System and Earth should be rapidly moving away from the center of the universe. However, our observations do not indicate such a high-speed motion. Instead, our results seem to suggest a stationary universe rather than one undergoing expansion.

This raises a fundamental question: Did the Big Bang actually occur? If not, what is the true nature of the observed redshift?

V. CONCLUSIONS

Laser beams appear to challenge Einstein’s First Principle of Special Relativity, which states: “Any phenomena of electrodynamics and mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the concept of absolute rest.” Additionally, the observed speed of Earth’s motion seems to contradict the remnants of the Big Bang, particularly the conventional interpretation of redshift. Since this investigation and its associated experiments are in early, exploratory stage, broader and more extensive research is needed to further examine these findings.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author [12] sincerely thanks Dr. Hiroshi Kadota, Dr. Shu Hotta, Mr. Tsuneo Danno, Dr. Ken Hirota, and his alumni for their thoughtful discussions and valuable insights.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A: MICHELSON-MORLEY’S EXPECTATION

In FIG. 2, Michelson and Morley appear to have expected the following light propagation time difference between the two orthogonal light paths. For the horizontal light path, since mirror1 recedes at VT1, the propagation time T1 is:

On the return path, since the half-mirror moves toward VT2, the propagation time T2 is:

Consequently, the total propagation time for the horizontal light path is:

For the vertical light path, it must lean slightly by VT3 when arriving at mirror 2 to properly interfere with the horizontal light. Consequently, the propagation time T3 is:

Since the return time is identical to the forward time, T4 = T3, the total propagation time for the vertical light is:

The difference between the horizontal propagation time and the vertical propagation time is:

By defining x = 1 - V^2/c^2 and corresponding the function f(x)=x^0.5, we apply the Tayler expansion of f(x) around a = 1:

Expanding:

Hence:

The propagation time difference between the horizontal light and the vertical light is approximately (V^2/c^2) times the light propagation time (L/c). Given L = 1.2 m, c = 300,000 km/s = 3×108 m/s, and V = 30 km/s, the time difference ΔT is:

For this time interval, the light travels Δ = c×ΔT, calculated as:

Since the wave length of sodium (Na) light is approximately λ = 590 nm, the delay Δ corresponds to about 1/50 of λ:

When the observation system is rotated 90°, the two light paths switch, causing the fringe pattern to shift by 2×1/50 = 2/50 (λ).

The angle θ between the two light paths is determined by the ratio of the Earth’s speed V to the speed of light c:

Referring to FIG A1, the fringe pattern cycle p is approximately:

FIG A1. Fringe pattern cycle p. When the angle between the two light paths is θ = tan^-1(V/c), the fringe pattern cycle is approximately p = λ/tan θ. Since θ is very small (~0.006°), the wavefronts were approximated by straight lines.

The actual displacement may be smaller or larger than the calculated value, as the Earth’s motion is not limited to its revolution alone. Additionally, its direction is not necessarily parallel to the Earth’s surface, as demonstrated in Section III. RESULTS of this report.

The ratio β of the horizontal propagation time to the vertical propagation time is derived from (A3) and (A5) as follows:

Since this ratio was β = 1 in Michelson-Morley’s experiments, Einstein appears to have incorporated β into the coordinate transformation coefficient between a moving system and a rest system, applying it as the basis for length contraction and time dilation in Special Relativity.

APPENDIX B: CONFIRMATION OBSERVATION

The following figures present the first eight images of laser beam spots observed from December 21 to 24, 2025.

FIG A2. First eight images captured at 1.5-hour intervals from December 21 to 24, 2024, for confirmation. (a) Fixed East-to-West beam spot images. (b) Fixed North-to-South beam spot images. (c) Portable East-to-West beam spot images. (d) Portable West-to-East beam spot images.

The following graphs display the beam spot positions recorded over four days.

FIG A3. Beam spot positions observed at 1.5-hour intervals from December 21 to 24, 2024. (a) Fixed East-to-West beam spot positions. (b) Fixed North-to-South beam spot positions. (c) Portable East-to-West (EW) and West-to-East (WE) beam spot positions.

The following figures present the average beam spot positions recorded at the same time points over four days. The average of all sample pairs from the portable system is shown in FIG A3(c).

FIG A4. Average fixed beam spot positions recorded at the same time points over four days. (a) Spot positions of the fixed East-to-West beam. (b) Spot positions of the fixed North-to-South beam.

Since we face the Vernal Equinox direction at 6:00 and the Autumnal Equinox direction at 18:00 on December 22, 2024, the beam spot positions at these times were used to derive the Earth motion vector.

In the following calculation, the directions of beam spot displacements are aligned with the estimated Earth motion directions. The displacements of fixed East-to-West beam spots are:

The spot displacements of the North-to-South beam are:

The spot displacement of the portable beam system is:

From these displacements, the observed Earth motion differences are calculated as follows. For the East-to-West beam:

For the North-to-South beam, the observed Earth motion differences are calculated as follows:

The Earth motion along the Earth’s axis, as derived from the portable beam system is:

Since the Earth’s motion (E) on December 22, 2024 is defined on the base coordinate [X, Y, Z] as:

By transforming this Earth’s motion to the observation coordinates, we obtain the motion differences and the components:

By setting (A21) - (A25) equal to (A27), (A28), the Galaxy motion (G), Earth motion (E), and global Solar System motion (Sg) are determined as follows:

The absolute speeds and rough directions are calculated as follows:

These values are illustrated in FIG 17.

References

[1] A. Einstein, On the Electrodynamics of moving Bodies, (June 30, 1905), In The Principle of Relativity, Methuen and Company, Ltd. of London (1923). https://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys606/spring_2011/einstein_electrodynamics_of_moving_bodies.pdf.

[2] A. A. Michelson, E. Morley, On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether, American Journal of Science Vol. 34, No. 203, pp.333-345 (1887). https://ajsonline.org/article/62505.

[3] Gould, R. Gordon, The LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, In Franken, P.A. and Sands, R.H. (Eds.), The Ann Arbor Conference on Optical Pumping, University of Michigan, June 15-18, 1959, pp. 128 (1959).

[4] A. H. Guth, The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution to the Horizon and Flatness Problems, Physical Review D, Vol. 23, p. 347 (1981). https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347.

[5] A. Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, translated by R. W. Lawson, New York, Henry Holt and Company (1920). https://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/Einstein/Einstein_Relativity.pdf.

[6] P. W. Hodge, The structure and dynamics of the Milky Way Galaxy, Encyclopedia Britannica, updated April 21, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_quadrant.

[7] E. Gregersen, What is Earth’s Velocity? Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/what-is-earths-velocity.

[8] Encyclopedia Britannica editors, Big-Bang model, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/big-bangmodel

[9] C. Lineweaver, T. M. Davis, Misconceptions about the Big Bang, Scientific American (2005).

[10] W. Huggins, Further Observations on the Spectra of Some Stars and Nebulae, with an Attempt to Determine Their Motion Relative to Earth, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 158, pp. 529–564 (1868).

[11] T. Senoh, Measurement of Earth motion effect to light propagation, APS Global Physics Summit 2025, APR-W21: Fundamental Theory in Astrophysics, 3 (2025). https://apsapp.bravuratechnologies.com/APSWEB/?id=33600031#!/agenda/33806374/details

[12] T. Senoh, M. Mishina, K. Yamamoto, R. Oi, T. Kurita, Viewing-Zone-Angle-Expanded Color Electronic Holography System Using Ultra-High-Definition Liquid Crystal Displays With Undesirable Light Elimination, Journal of Display Technology Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 382 – 390 (2011).

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