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The white flag is an internationally recognized protective sign of truce or ceasefire, and for negotiation. It is also used to symbolize surrender, since it is often the weaker party that requests negotiation. It is also flown on ships serving as cartels. A white flag signifies to all that an approaching negotiator is unarmed, with an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate. Persons carrying or waving a white flag are not to be fired upon, nor are they allowed to open fire. The use of the flag to request parley is included in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907:[1]

An individual is considered a parlementaire who is authorized by one of the belligerents to enter into communication with the other, and who carries a white flag. He has a right to inviolability, as well as the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flag-bearer, and the interpreter who may accompany him.

Red White Flag

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The improper use of the flag is forbidden by the rules of war and constitutes a war crime of perfidy. There have been numerous reported cases of such behavior in conflicts, such as combatants using white flags as a ruse to approach and attack enemy combatants, or killings of combatants attempting to surrender by carrying white flags.

Thus, the original meaning of waving a white flag was deeply tied to feudal custom, acknowledging and pledging loyalty or sanctuary to a specific lord and his noble standard. By the later Middle Ages, however, the distinct connection of the white symbol to House Capet and French royalty diminished as it gained wider currency as a gesture indicating any general surrender or truce between opposing armies regardless of feudal loyalties.

Through diffusion over time and across Europe, the white flag of the Capets, became divorced from a strict embodiment of Capetian suzerainty in war. Regardless of its shifting meaning, the basis of the tradition itself clearly originated in 12th century medieval France.[7][8][9][10]

In renaissance white flag was widely used in Western Europe to indicate an intent to surrender. The color white was not used as the colors of the king of France anymore but instead to generally indicate a person was exempt from combat; heralds bore white wands, prisoners or hostages captured in battle would attach a piece of white paper to their hat or helmet, and garrisons that had surrendered and been promised safe passage would carry white batons.[11]

Its use may have expanded across continents, e.g. Portuguese chronicler Gaspar Correia (writing in the 1550s), claims that in 1502, an Indian ruler, the Zamorin of Calicut, dispatched negotiators bearing a "white cloth tied to a stick", "as a sign of peace", to his enemy Vasco da Gama.[12] In 1625, Hugo Grotius in De jure belli ac pacis (On the Law of War and Peace), one of the foundational texts in international law, recognized the white flag as a "sign, to which use has given a signification"; it was "a tacit sign of demanding a parley, and shall be as obligatory, as if expressed by words".[13]

During the period of the Ancien Rgime, starting in the early 17th century, the royal standard of France became a plain white flag as a symbol of purity, sometimes covered in fleur-de-lis when in the presence of the king or bearing the ensigns of the Order of the Holy Spirit.[citation needed]

The white color was also used as a symbol of military command, by the commanding officer of a French army. It would be featured on a white scarf attached to the regimental flag as to recognize French units from foreign ones and avoid friendly fire incidents. The French troops fighting in the American Revolutionary War fought under the white flag.

The French Navy used a plain white ensign for ships of the line. Smaller ships might have used other standards, such as a fleur-de-lis on white field. Commerce and private ships were authorized to use their own designs to represent France, but were forbidden to fly the white ensign.

During the French Revolution, in 1794, the blue, white and red Tricolore was adopted as the official national flag. The white flag quickly became a symbol of French royalists. (The white part of the French Tricolor is itself originally derived from the old Royal flag, the tricolor having been designed when the revolution still aimed at constitutional monarchy rather than a republic; this aspect of the Tricolor was, however, soon forgotten.)[citation needed]

In 1873, an attempt to reestablish the monarchy failed when Henri of Artois, the Count of Chambord refused to accept the Tricolore. He demanded the return of the white flag before he would accept the throne, a condition that proved unacceptable.

In 1929, members of the British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition on RRS Discovery used white cotton sheeting to improvise a courtesy ensign (a flag used as a token of respect by vessels while in foreign waters) for a continent without a flag of its own. It is now in the National Maritime Museum in London. The white flag was used to represent Antarctica on at least two occasions on the voyage to Antarctica. On 1 August 1929, The Times noted that "the ship was flying the Union Jack at her forepeak, the white Antarctic flag at the foremast, and the Australian flag at the stern."[16][17]

The white flag was the official flag of the Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan between September 1996 and October 1997.[18] It is sometimes used as an unofficial variant of the current flag which includes the Shahada written in black on a white field.

These casualties comprise a small fraction of thePalestinian civilians killed and wounded during what Israel called OperationCast Lead, but they stand out because of the circumstances of theattacks. In each case, the victims were standing, walking, or in a slowlymoving vehicle with other unarmed civilians who were trying to convey theirnon-combatant status by waving a white flag. All available evidenceindicates that Israeli forces had control of the areas in question, no fightingwas taking place there at the time, and Palestinian fighters were not hidingamong the civilians who were shot. Whether waving a white flag or not,these people were civilians not taking an active part in hostilities, andtherefore should not have been attacked, according to international humanitarian law (the laws of war).

In each of the seven cases, at least one person was wavingan improvised white flag made from cloth or clothes, which internationalhumanitarian law recognizes as a sign of truce or surrender. Civiliansare immune from attack with or without a white flag; in these cases theyundoubtedly waved the flags to communicate that they were not engaged inhostilities and posed no threat, reaffirming their civilian status.

Two Israeli commanders have alleged that Palestinianfighters used white flags to shield themselves from attack, but withoutproviding details to allow an investigation of the claims, such as date, timeand place. One colonel told the media that his soldiers had seen Hamasfighters move between houses while holding white flags; a second colonel saidhis soldiers had seen a Hamas fighter hide behind a woman with a white flag anda group of children. The IDF turned down requests from Human Rights Watch todiscuss these allegations, as well as our broader findings.

In a series of ground incursions in the area between January11 and 13, Israeli forces engaged Palestinian fighters, reportedly killingthree.[23] Local officials reported numerous civilian casualties.[24]On two separate occasions the IDF heavily used air-burst white phosphorus,artillery-fired, killing one woman and injuring dozens of others.[25]

The next assault took place around midnight onJanuary 13, with heavy shelling, including the extensive use of air-burst whitephosphorus. By early in the morning, approximately 100 neighborhoodresidents had gathered in a small garden. Tanks and bulldozersreached the edge of the village and Israeli soldiers used megaphones to orderthe residents to go to the village center. However, according to threewitnesses, when residents began to move, soldiers who had advanced and deployedinto the neighborhood, shot in their direction, forcing them to turn around.

On January 4, Israeli forces in multiple attacks killedseven members of the Abu Halima family, from Siyafa village, and woundedsix. In two of these deaths, IDF soldiers shot at family members who weretrying to head for safety while carrying white flags or waving their hands inthe air to show they had no weapons.

According to separate interviews with the three familymembers, as well as three other witnesses from the area, Israeli forces firedon the family as they tried to evacuate the wounded and dead from the whitephosphorus attack to the hospital on tractors and a pick-up truck, killing twocousins, Muhammad and Mattar.

Around 11 a.m., a bulldozer demolished one of the walls onthe ground floor, strongly shaking the house. Bassim al-Qanu` said that Ibtisamand his mother, Zakiya al-Qanu`, 55, decided to go downstairs holding whiteflags to tell the soldiers that civilians were sheltering inside.

Around 12:30 p.m. on January 4, in the Juhr al-Dik areasouth of Gaza City near the armistice line with Israel, Israeli troops openedfire on a group of 28 Palestinian civilians who were trying to evacuate theirhomes after hearing IDF orders on the radio to leave the area. The shotskilled a mother and her daughter, who was waving a white flag.

One member of each family, Ahmad al-Safadi and Majida AbuHajjaj, stepped outside the house first, holding white flags, Siham said. The remaining members of the two families, 28 people in total, 17 of themchildren, followed. Together, they walked to the west clustered in smallgroups, with each group raising a flag of white cloth on a woodenbroomstick. They walked past the Abu Hajjaj house and continued walking,but before they could reach the next house, which belongs to the Dughmushfamily, Israeli troops opened small arms fire. Siham Abu Hajjaj describedwhat she saw: ff782bc1db