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The wet season (sometimes called the rainy season or monsoon season) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs.[1] Generally, the season lasts at least one month.[2] The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities.[3] Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics and subtropics.[4]

Under the Kppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) or more.[5] In contrast to areas with savanna climates and monsoon regimes, Mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers. Dry and rainy months are characteristic of tropical seasonal forests: in contrast to tropical rainforests, which do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year.[6] Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves to higher latitudes in the middle of the warm season.[7]

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When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening. In the wet season, air quality improves, fresh water quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season. Rivers overflow their banks, and some animals retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria and dengue increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures, particularly in tropical areas.[8] Some animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wet season. Often, the previous dry season leads to food shortages in the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Crops which can be successfully planted during the wet or rainy season are cassava, maize, groundnut, millet, rice and yam.[9]The temperate counterpart to the tropical wet season is spring or autumn.

Areas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Faso,[12][13] Darfur,[14] Eritrea,[15] Ethiopia,[16] and Botswana have a distinct rainy season.[17] Also subtropical areas like Florida, South and Southeast Texas, and southern Louisiana in the United States have a rainy season.[18] Monsoon regions include the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia (including Indonesia and Philippines),[19] northern sections of Australia,[20] Polynesia,[21] Central America,[22] western and southern Mexico,[23] the Desert Southwest of the United States,[24] southern Guyana,[25] and northeast Brazil.[26]

Northern Guyana has two wet seasons: one in early spring and the other in early winter.[25] In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections, but only one across the north.[27] Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States, the southwest coast of Australia and South Africa, the Mediterranean coastline of Italy, Spain, Greece,[28] Lebanon, Syria, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey, as well as areas further inland in Western Asia which include Jordan, Northern Iraq and most parts of Iran, experience a wet season in the winter months.[29] Similarly, the wet season in the Negev desert of Israel extends from October through May.[30] At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran desert, which receives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime.[31]

In Brazil, the wet season is correlated with weaker trade winds off the ocean.[26] The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to the charging of local aquifers during the wet season.[35] Water also softens, as the concentration of dissolved materials reduces during the rainy season.[36] Erosion is also increased during rainy periods.[7]

Cows calve, or give birth, at the beginning of the wet season.[50] The onset of the rainy season signals the departure of the monarch butterfly from Mexico.[51] Tropical species of butterflies show larger dot markings on their wings to fend off possible predators and are more active during the wet season than the dry season.[52] Within the tropics and warmer areas of the subtropics, decreased salinity of near shore wetlands due to the rains causes an increase in crocodile nesting.[53] Other species, such as the arroyo toad, spawn within the couple of months after the seasonal rains.[54] Armadillos and rattlesnakes seek higher ground.[55]

Dates of onset determined by relative CPM rainfall. The onset pentad is the first pentad of the rainy season. The data used and the way in which the monsoon domain and the Tibetan Plateau are denoted are the same as in Fig. 5. The thick dashed lines denote discontinuities (merger of three or more contours). The arrows point to the directions of rain-belt propagation. The thin dashed line divides subtropical monsoon and oceanic monsoon regions, their onset patterns are entirely different

The same as in Fig. 6 except for the withdrawal date of the rainy season. The withdrawal pentad is the last pentad of the rainy season. The arrows also indicate where the rain belts migrate. Note that in the east Asian summer monsoon (EASM) the rain belt, similar to the onset pattern, also retreats from south to north whereas in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) the withdrawal route just takes opposite direction

The large-scale onset of the Asian monsoon rainy season consists of two phases. The first phase begins with the rainfall surges over the South China Sea (SCS) in mid-May, which establishes a planetary-scale monsoon rainband extending from the south Asian marginal seas (the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the SCS) to the subtropical western North Pacific (WNP). The rainband then advances northwestward, initiating the continental Indian rainy season, the Chinese mei-yu, and the Japanese baiu in early to mid-June (the second phase). The heights of the rainy seasons occur primarily in three stepwise phases: in late June over the mei-yu/baiu regions, the northern Bay of Bengal, and the vicinity of the Philippines, in late July over India and northern China; and in mid-August over the tropical WNP. The rainy season retreats northward over east Asia, yet it moves southward over India and the WNP.

Clear distinctions in the characteristics of the rainy season exist among the Indian, east Asian, and WNP summer monsoon regions. Nevertheless, the rainy seasons of the three subsystems also show close linkage. The causes of the regional distinctions and linkages are discussed. Also discussed are the atypical monsoon rainy seasons, such as the skewed and bimodal seasonal distributions found in various places of Asian monsoon domain.

The majority of the literature dealing with Asian monsoon rainfall climatology has been devoted to depicting rainy seasons over the land and islands using rain gauge observations (e.g., Yoshino 1965, 1966; Rao 1976; Ninomiya and Murakami 1987; Ding 1992; Chen 1994, and many others). Figure 1 shows summer monsoon onset dates determined by Tao and Chen (1987), Tanaka (1992), and Lau and Yang (1997), respectively. Over east Asia, the discrepancies among the results are significant due to use of different datasets and different definitions of the onset. In general, the onset and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon rainy season have not been defined in a universal way over the entire Asian summer monsoon region.

Figure 1 also shows that our knowledge falls short about the rainy season over marginal seas of the Asian continent (such as the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea, and the east China Sea) due to a lack of long-term reliable observations. Satellite observations (e.g., Xie and Arkin 1997) have revealed that the precipitation over the monsoon ocean regions is more intense than over the adjacent land areas. From the dynamical and hydrological points of view, it is important to know how the oceanic and continental monsoon rainy seasons are interlinked. 17dc91bb1f