Until May 2011, Edward Musinguzi was the managing director. He was fired along with all of the governing board for "massive corruption" involving unpaid salaries, the sale of land owned by the corporation, and advertisements sold during the 2010 World Cup.[1]
The British colonial administration set up the Uganda Broadcasting Service in 1954. The primary goal was to support the colonial agenda of the then-current government. The station primarily broadcast news from the external service of the BBC and other programmes. UBS was also instrumental in silencing the pro-independence movement at the time. After independence, UBS was renamed Radio Uganda.[4] Up until the 1980s, both radio and television units were seen as government mouthpieces.[4]
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In 1963, a year after the independence of Uganda, Uganda Television service was set up. Much like the Uganda Broadcasting Service that came before, the station was built with European engineers. The station was initially housed at the Nakasero facilities, that were later demolished to make room for a Hilton hotel.[5] Bob Astles was appointed head of the outside broadcast unit in 1963,[6] a position he held until 1971 when Idi Amin took over the government. Amin wanted Astles to continue working for UTV, but was subsequently refused as Astles supported Obote and was subsequently jailed.[7]
Idi Amin's rule oversaw massive changes to Uganda Television, which was his first target. UTV was already a propaganda tool for the Obote government, something that was heavily retooled under the new leader. Network head Aggrey Awori was beaten up and fled to Kenya, his deputee James Bwogi took his place. He demanded to reform the broadcaster with the aim of introducing current affairs programmes reflective of his plan to make UTV a medium of discussion. Thanks to his reorganisation, UTV started housing opinions from "an increasing number of people", often showing opinions that never pleased Amin. Subsequently he was abducted and Amin reformulated UTV again. The main news lasted for one hour, in four languages, English, Swahili, French and Arabic, per a presidential decree, even though French and Arabic were never official languages in the country.[8]
The new UBC was formally launched on 19 April 2006 under the new corporate tagline "Bigger, Better".[9] The channel was also made available on the JumpTV platform shortly after, aiming at the diaspora.[10]
When he assumed office in 2016, Frank Tumwebaze, the Information and ICT Minister, established an ad-hoc committee to look into the affairs of the broadcaster. The ad-hoc committee found that UBC was in debt and had too many employees, whom it paid poorly and utilized them sub-optimally, among other infractions.[11]
A team was set up to address the short-comings. The pay-roll was reduced from 525 to 349 people. To weed out the 176 who need to be let go, all 525 members of staff were instructed to re-apply, if interested. Those who opt for retirement or early retirement would be provided with appropriate retirement packages.[11]
The Uganda Broadcasting Corporation owns five radio stations, three of them general and two of them exclusively over FM (Star FM in Luganda and Magic FM which started in mid-2008). The three core networks were the Red network (North/West Nile, in English, Alur, Kakwa, Kinubi, Lugbara, Madi and Luo), the Blue network (Central/Southern, in Runyoro-Rutoro, Luganda, Rwamba, Rukonzo, Urufumbira and Ruruli) and the Butebo network (East/Northeast, in Lusoka, Nyakarimojong, Ateso, Kumam, Lumasaba, Lunyole-Lusamia, Lugwe, Adhola, Kupsabiny and Lugwere). These networks are grouped according to the primary languages spoken in their respective areas.[4]
Since independence, control of the national radio broadcaster was strictly by the government, especially considering that when military coups and guerrilla uprisings were staged, taking over the state-owned radio was always one of the main strategic objective of the mutineers.
However, in 1990, the 45 year-old Cold War had just ended and the perception was that the capitalist West had triumphed in its battle of the will with the Communist East because of liberalism, and so free market liberalism was now the model to encourage and spread around the world.
But when Quarcoo and Pike appeared to be taking longer to arrive at a decision than expected, Katto moved quickly to secure a licence, equipment and that was how Radio Sanyu became the Katto family station.
Radio Sanyu was mainly entertainment while Capital Radio sought to differentiate itself as a more serious station, aiming at the older demographic, emphasizing news and an early programme of interviews, Desert Island Discs, copied from the BBC.
Ugandans who in recent years had resigned themselves to an increasingly stale Radio Uganda, with its programming dominated by politicians, politics and policy, were treated to a breath of fresh air.
The FM stations became a rallying point for the public, old and young and they set the national entertainment mood as well as reflected it. Social life that had felt stagnant for several years was infused with excitement and a feeling of optimism, at least in the southern half of the country.
Stiff competition grew between Radio Sanyu and Capital FM over who had the largest listening audience. The top DJs like DJ Berry, Peter Sematimba, Rasta Rob MC, Gloria Kamba and Alex Ndawula became household names, better known than most cabinet ministers and national sports stars.
When Capital Radio introduced a Saturday morning show called the Capital Gang, hosted by Patrick Quarcoo and with a panel made up of Mbarara politician Winnie Byanyima, the Monitor Editor Charles Onyango-Obbo, New Vision Corporation Secretary Patrick Kiggundu and computer supplies dealer Frank Katusiime, it set off a new national trend of political debate and discussion of major national issues.
The runaway success of Radio Sanyu and Capital Radio soon attracted attention from potential investors who not only saw a new source of profit but some also recognized the symbolic importance of owning their own station.
The first of these were the John Katuramu, the then Prime Minister of the Toro Kingdom, and the Buganda kingdom. A station, the Voice of Toro, was launched in Fort Portal town and in 1996, Central Broadcasting Services (CBS FM or Radio Buganda) was also started.
It would prove a difficult concept to execute for a station that had to compete commercially and without the public broadcaster status enjoyed by Radio Uganda, and within two years the News and Talk format was abandoned.
In the meantime, several stations were springing up in various parts of Uganda: Mega FM in Gulu, NBS FM in Jinja, Radio West in Mbarara, Step FM in Mbale, Voice of Kigezi in Kabale and many others in nearly all major towns.
By 2013, 20 years since private FM broadcasting came to Uganda, the radio market was close to saturation, with up to 117 radio stations spread all over the country and even most upcountry towns with at least two.
There were also more recreational distractions than in the 1990s, among them the Internet, several shopping malls in Kampala, beaches in Kmapala, Mukono and Entebbe, 24-hour pay television services and the Barclays English football Premier League.
Armed with this information, short broadcasts covering topics such as digging trenches, planting Napier grass (to reduce erosion and to feed livestock), maintaining buffer zones adjacent to rivers, mulching, using energy-efficient stoves, planting fruit trees, and kitchen gardening were compiled. Information on the potential impacts of climate change was also woven into the segments.
The content was broadcast by Kapchorwa Trinity Radio and presenters received intensive training on engaging with farmers and incorporating interactive tools such as beep-to-vote and SMS polling into their segments. A key component of the initiative was gathering and acting on feedback and the study identified a particularly heartwarming instance of how this translated into on-ground action. When monitoring officers found out that certain villages did not have radio connectivity, a District Assistant Forestry Officer began recording the programmes on a solar-powered radio and delivering them directly to farmers on his boda boda (motorbike).
Mango Tree has been operating in the Lango region of northern Uganda for about 10 years, where it has established strong connections with the community. Lango is a post-conflict region still recovering from 20 years of civil war. When Covid-19 closed local schools, the government decided to use radio and television broadcasts as a temporary alternative to in-school teaching.
Mango Tree, with its years of experience and local connections, wanted to take things further. They were keen to understand how lessons by radio could be improved and made more effective; and to find approaches that could potentially be scaled up across the country, and further beyond.
Because of necessary Covid-19 restrictions, it was impossible to accommodate more than about 15 children in any single listening centre. But very quickly, parents and caregivers realised they could replicate much of the learning by setting up their own, unofficial listening centres.
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