2.5 Other non-European countries

2.5.1 Singapore

Singapore is one of the most advanced Asian countries in terms of BIM adaptation. The BIM Steering Committee 23, set up by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) 24 to develop instructions, began operating in 2011, and a strategic document called the "Singapore BIM Guide" was developed by BSC 2012) [ 17].

This document divides BIM implementation into three scopes:

• Results, or "CO" - what is to be produced: elements and attributes of models, representations of geometric and non-geometric properties, additional requirements for information from models - BIM added value, such as environmental simulations, lighting, sunlight and shading, schedules from models and calculations cost according to take-offs from models. Other elements include the definition of the design phases and their content, as well as the authors and users of the models;

• Processes, or "HOW" - modeling and cooperation procedures: process steps, instructions for modeling and generating information for individual industries, including a reference to the templates prepared by the Steering Committee for electronic delivery of work results, description of the procedures for coordinating multi-industry models, establishing their common beginning geometric and geographical orientation, structural division with management of subsequent changes. This scope also includes a matrix of participants' cooperation in subsequent phases of the project, as well as a description of the publication requirements for various types of documents with a list of the required formats, including their suitability in the operational phase and quality assurance. An additional value of this strategy for the process phase is the description of the procedure steps for the "build" and "design and build" contracts, unfortunately without taking into account IPD25 contracts; • Personnel / Professionals, or "WHO" - process participants: their roles in BIM processes and related responsibilities (although only the roles of the BIM manager and consultant and general contractor coordinators are listed and described). In addition, the Singapore document describes the features of the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) as a mandatory element of the processes, and defines the document regulating the results of project activities called "BIM Objective and Responsibility Matrix". The strategy includes several important elements, such as elaboration templates and a definition of a different distribution of financial compensation compared to non-BIM processes, which is consistent with the increased workload in the first phases of investment processes in the BIM methodology.

Figure 8: Changes to the Integrated Team's fee distribution system. [17]

Additionally, the strategy document includes attachments that define templates and standards, mainly for use in specific projects, but also general recommendations and practical tips. The document itself is a guideline for BIM and requires further clarification documents. Singapore's strategy was also indicated in the 2013 Building and Construction Authority (Cheng Tai Fatt) presentation called "Singapore BIM Roadmap" [18]. This document details 5 strategic steps for BIM : • The leading role of the public sector; • Formal approval, promotion of successful investments in the BIM methodology; • Removal of obstacles; • Build BIM skills and scope; • Motivating pioneers to implement BIM.

The presentation also includes suggestions of BIM mandatory for the architecture of new cubature investments above 20'000 m2 (from July 2013), industry studies for new cubature investments from 20'000 m2 (from July 2014) and for total industries for new cubature investments with an area larger than 5'000 m2 - the goal is to achieve the level of 80% BIM use on these investments (from July 2015). Summing up the analysis of the BIM implementation strategy in various countries around the world, it should be emphasized that, with the exception of Great Britain and partly Germany and Singapore (many elements are missing here, however), none of the analyzed countries has presented a substantially coherent, complete and visually clear direction for the integrated methodology for your market. Against this background, all national strategies for e.g. transport systems or geospatial information look much better.

Table 1. Elements from other countries for the Polish Road Map

United Kingdom: Push-pull strategy, high level of graphic representation of the Roadmap, initiative to build a digital country model based on related digital twins, focus on open formats in further stages of BIM implementation, public financing of implementation works (government grants), initiation of BIM standardization for ISO standards in the PAS and BS standards, basing the Polish road to BIM at the British Level 2 level, enriched with the use of digital twins, distributed technologies, Lean methodology and the ecological aspect

Spain: Different BIM implementation dates depending on the type of investment

Czech Republic: An approach based on the practical use of BIM in pilots from the beginning of the implementation process. Establishing a Steering Committee - a body that brings together top-down decision-making on BIM in Poland, with the minister for development as a leader and selected advisors, as indicated by Czech experts (based on their experience)

Estonia: Comprehensive process of digitization of public services, use of distributed processing technology for data security

Finland: Comprehensive digitization of construction, use of open formats in data exchange, high degree of prefabrication in construction

Germany: Clearly written BIM implementation strategy based on several stages and early pilot projects, introducing the concept of convergence to unify the goals of participants in construction processes.

Singapore: Public leadership for the BIM implementation process, high degree of design for large-scale fabrication and prefabrication, BIM obligation for industries and investment types, recommendation of regrouping project costs into early investment phases, motivation of BIM pioneers

3 Poland - starting point for BIM - preparing a strategy

3.1 Analysis of existing relevant documents and strategic initiatives

In recent years, several surveys were carried out in Poland, mainly by software producers, aimed at determining the level of preparation for BIM among their target groups. In addition, several documents have been published to standardize the process of introducing BIM to the Polish market. The survey, which is part of this project, indicated in point 4, also serves research purposes to create strategic directions for BIM implementation.

3.1.1 General assumptions of the BIM implementation process in the implementation of public contracts for construction works in Poland (SARP / PZITB / GUNB) (2015)

The document prepared by the Association of Polish Architects (SARP), the Polish Association of Building Engineers and Technicians (PZITB) and the General Office of Building Control (GUNB) [19] of March 2015 contains, in addition to general recommendations, also a number of applications that are still valid, despite the passage of 5 years from the creation of the study. The document also contains market statistical data helpful in implementation analyzes.

The study by SARP / PZITP / GUNB contains a suggestion to link the implementation processes with the use of funds from operational innovation support programs, such as the Intelligent Development Operational Program (2014-2020) and the Digital Poland Operational Program (2014-2020). The document proposes to combine this course of action with the procedure of amendments to the text of the Public Procurement Law. This suggestion is integrative in nature, favoring cooperation in introducing the new BIM methodology to the Polish economy.

The most important part of the document is the visualization of the BIM implementation process strategy in public investments in Poland, broken down into 5 factors: • Establishment of a BIM implementation and coordination center; • Development of standards and norms; • Preparation of draft legislative changes; • Content supervision over changes in the organization; • Supervision over pilot projects. The record of maturity of the implementation processes is as follows:

EDUCATION COOPERATION IMPLEMENTATION

The strategy itself has been divided into stages (but without giving indicative dates, as in the case of Germany): • Traditional practice (current state); • Object modeling; • Cooperation and interoperability; • Network integration.

This is a record of BIM levels (0-1-2-3) from the Bew-Richards26 wedge in Great Britain, which confirms how strong the British idea of ​​visualizing the BIM evolution process has become. An interesting, because so far not expressed nowhere, thesis put forward in the document is also the evolution of the threat to the implementation processes written as a consequence of inappropriate actions:

PARTICULARISM COST CONFORMITY

Another valuable feature of the document is the precise and proper analysis of the challenges and obstacles to BIM implementation in Poland. The upcoming changes are signaled more or less openly, such as procedural and financial transparency, constant learning, the economically motivated need to abandon the antagonisms resulting from the mutual dislike of individual groups of participants in construction processes, or the departure from the role of general designer in favor of cooperative decision-making.

For the composition of the elements of this strategic study, the most important supporting point is the necessity to introduce such changes to the standardization codification, which would enable the verification of the investment effectiveness: point 2.b Tasks (BIM implementation and coordination center).

3.1.2 KPMG / Arup report (2016)

The 2016 KPMG report prepared in cooperation with Arup at the request of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Construction [20] was an attempt to examine the Polish market in terms of the degree of preparation for investment in the BIM methodology. Its results yielded many widely recognized observations about the condition of the Polish construction industry, but they cannot be used to draw new insights into the arrangement of the current BIM roadmap for Poland, or for the BIM implementation strategy in this Roadmap.

3.1.3 PIIB Strategy Paper (2019)

In December 2019, a document was published called: "Strategy of the Polish Chamber of Civil Engineers (PIIB) in the field of BIM implementation, the place and role of the Chamber in this process and indications of ways to implement this strategy" [21]. The study lists a few key areas for further proceedings: • Digitization of the construction process; • Standardization; • Legislation; • Popularization of BIM.

The overriding goal of the PIIB strategy is to protect the interests of its members (for which the Chamber was established) and the Chamber's active participation in BIM implementation activities in Poland. The document also provides for the cooperation of all entities dealing with BIM, which is a right postulate. The study also includes other conclusions presented by the Chamber in various periods of research on BIM in the last 4 years: • Development of a government program for the implementation of BIM methodology and state support for small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of financial aid for BIM implementation; • Postulate that BIM is not mandatory for each public procurement; • Postulate of gradual implementation of BIM, starting from large investments;

Postulate to start implementing BIM from public entities and designers; • Postulate to edit Art. 10e of the Act on the Public Procurement Law on the availability and provision of electronic modeling tools for construction data.

The strategy defined by PIIB assumes actions in four selected areas:

A. Tasks in the area of ​​digitization of construction concern such aspects as the identification of obstacles in the implementation of BIM, proposals of ways to eliminate all these obstacles and specific actions of the Chamber in this direction.

B. Tasks in the area of ​​standardization include a list of activities for: - construction contracts and contracts; - BIM requirements; - model details and accuracy; - data formats; - model elements and blocks;

C. Responsibilities in the area of ​​legislation include: - provisions on administrative procedures; - construction law and other related regulations; - public procurement rules; - intellectual property law; - provisions on civil and criminal court proceedings; - BIM education and certification regulations;

D. Tasks in the area of ​​popularizing BIM include the following postulates: - implementing the basic assumptions of the PIIB social communication strategy; - BIM training; - BIM events; - publication as sources of information about BIM; - BIM software; - BIM competitions.

The list of postulates from the PIIB strategic document is a set of recommendations that, appropriately structured and written, may also be included in this Road Map, excluding elements for which regulations already exist (e.g. the Act on the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights27 [22]) and appropriate actions are taken (publications on BIM in the professional press and BIM workshops and trainings conducted by various organizations and associations).

THE PIIB DOCUMENT MAY BE CONSIDERED A SUPPLEMENTARY PREPARATION FOR THIS STRATEGIC DOCUMENT. However, it is postulated to change the wording "BIM levels" on the last page of the glossary to "BIM dimensions" so that there is no contradiction with the nomenclature of the British BIM levels for the Bew-Richards wedge, used in various documents prepared as part of this project. There can also be no equation of the open BIM direction with native file viewers.

3.1.4 Survey for the Ministry of Development (2020)

The latest survey conducted in February 2020 among various representatives of the construction industry in Poland for the purposes of this project for the Ministry of Development, the results of which were published in the document entitled "Recommendations and conclusions — stakeholder consultation", showed several trends. The 533 response sets submitted show that there is a better understanding of the BIM methodology and its impact on improving both the quality of projects and communication between participants in construction processes. On the other hand, the results of the survey revealed many contradictory demands, for example regarding the obligatory nature of BIM on the Polish market or the use of the information produced in all stages of the investment. A large percentage of respondents, even among participants who have already started introducing BIM (approx. 2/3 of respondents from this group), are concerned about the negative economic results of implementing BIM methodology for their business. There is also a group of respondents who do not plan to implement BIM. Another distinctive feature of the survey results is the discrepancy in the expected benefits of BIM when responding to different types of participants in construction processes, which indicates that not everyone speaks the same language when it comes to the new methodology. THEREFORE, WE SHOULD NOT EXPECT MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING IN THE PLANNED INTEGRATED PROCESS (FOR PILOT PROJECTS) AND FULL COOPERATION IN JUNE IN THE IMMEDIATE TIME. Hence, the greater the need for documents that will coordinate all expectations and introduce order in the implementation of BIM in Polish construction, because this is also what its digitization comes down to. Another requirement on which most respondents agreed is the need for education. BECAUSE EDUCATION FOR NEW PROCESSES IS OBVIOUS, IT WILL NOT BE SPECIFIED AS A SEPARATE ROADMAP POINT, BUT IT WILL BE AN ELEMENT SUPPORTING EVERY ASPECT OF THE BIM METHODOLOGY, especially the technological factor of data or environmental management, and environmental requirements.

3.1.5 Initiative of the Chamber of Architects of the Republic of Poland (2020)

Recently, IARP approached the Ministry of Development with an initiative to develop a coherent strategy for the digitization of the investment process. According to the declaration of the Chamber, a working group will be established with the participation of IARP and PIIB under the leadership of GUNB and the patronage of the Ministry of Development

3.1.6 BIM EU BIM Task Group Handbook (2017)

The "Handbook on the Introduction of Building Information Modeling by the European Construction Sector" is a document outlining the BIM implementation strategy and developed by the EU BIM Task Group in the language versions of the Member States28. There are, among others, general guidelines and case studies to better illustrate the expected results of efficiency improvement in the construction industry for the entire area of the European Union.

3.2 Steps to prepare a Road Map

In the process of preparing the BIM implementation strategy on the Polish market, a similar method of creating its elements was proposed as in the British strategy (Digital Plan of Work Roadmap of 8 columns of the Eynon implementation system) 29, however, to ensure greater transparency, the order was reversed. This made it easier to synthesize the elements and place their component parts on the timeline.

The following steps were adopted for the further stages of work:

• Defining the boundary conditions necessary for the full implementation of the Road Map, resulting from the current state of the Polish market and directions of global BIM development;

• Defining the constituent parts of the entire integrated process environment in construction;

• Compilation of these parts into a coherent, clear and visual system, based on the five basic types of resources formulated in the methodology project (people, finance, technology, standards and law);

Layout of the above elements on a timeline along with the estimated period of their implementation in relation to the activities of public administration bodies and other entities from the construction market in Poland;

• Inclusion of the most salient points in the statement of conditions for the success of the entire BIM implementation project for both pilot investments and further projects.

3.3 Structuring the design environment

In order to be successful at the next stage of evolution in any processes, the current stage must first be sorted out. Taking the Bew-Richards wedge as a model, for the evolution of BIM methodology, it will be BIM Level 1, i.e. traditional CAD with 3D elements for visualization. This is the most common level in Poland for a large proportion of construction projects, with few exceptions to the higher tier. Regardless of the level, it is good practice to structure project information for better management.

Each construction investment begins (skipping the business programming stage) with design data created in its first stages. It is therefore essential to create order from the outset and maintain it throughout the life of the investment so that information management has the right foundation.

In this case, it is possible to rely entirely on British recommendations. The proposed document for this purpose is PAS 1192: 2007, which visually defines the structuring of production, storage and exchange of information for the capital phase, i.e. design and construction. After a period of operation proven on the British market, these standards are slowly entering the stage of global standardization in the form of ISO standards. The ISO 19650-1 standard introduced, based on the British proposal, a graphic for the organization of the digital environment of the design process (CDE - see section 5.5.2.6) in subsequent stages: WIP (current own work)> SHARED (joint work in cooperation)> PUBLISHED (published work)> ARCHIVE (archived work)

Figure 9: CDE structure, source according to PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019

The issue of using the file naming system for the needs of specific projects or its possible extension to the entire public investment system in the country remains open. The apprenticeships in the coming months will probably show the direction of development that Polish design offices must initiate on their own or in cooperation as part of specific investments. A national system would require a broad consensus of all parties involved in investment processes. British standard BS 1192: 2007 + A: 2106, which is the basis of PN-EN ISO 19650 standards, recommended only structural schemes of file and folder names, and not specific solutions of naming systems.

It is proposed to adapt uniform and clear (containing full information already in the name) naming rules for files, models and project folders to enable better communication between participants from the very beginning, i.e. from the design part of integrated processes. It is recommended to apply the principles of structuring project information separately for individual investments.

3.4 BIM process management methods

The integrated process is characterized by a different organization than traditional processes in construction, although the course of the processes is similar. The added value of the organization of an integrated process is based on additional resources of knowledge about the process and tools for better management of production and information flow.

The Polish (but not yet Polish) standard PN-EN ISO 19650 parts 1 and 231 (parts 3 and 5 are being prepared), published in February 2019, lists sets of information to be developed by the contracting authority for individual stages of the investment carried out in the BIM methodology, imposing on contractors and subcontractors, the requirement to provide feedback on the resource being created. This is part of the successful UK approach ("pull") that defines the requirements that need to be met for the integrated process to be successful.

In the following chapters of this strategic study, there are elements corresponding to "push" actions ("from the bottom"), ie on the part of entities working in design offices and on construction sites in public investments. Tools for the implementation of tasks have been defined, which will guarantee the fulfillment of the "pull" requirements. Only then will the initial stage of Convergence (focus, gathering and similarity) mentioned above in the German strategy lead to the integration of "pull" and "push", both for the unification of activities and for facilitating cooperation.

The most important practical goal is to create motivated and committed working teams for all investment tasks, so that the elements of the investment management process in the BIM methodology indicated in the standards and norms can be successively applied.

The published standards PN-EN ISO 19650-1 and PN-EN ISO 19650-2 constitute the official Polish standards to be used as part of the investment. The content of this standard and its subsequent announced parts (PN-EN ISO 19650-3 on the operational phase of resources and PN-EN ISO 19650-5 on data security) should be assimilated and implemented in the Polish construction industry from the moment the standard is published. PKN's standardization program also includes many other BIM items that will facilitate the implementation of BIM on the Polish market.

3.5 Evolution of the work ethos

The work ethos has changed significantly over the past decades. Shortened working hours and remote work have been proposed - and in many cases implemented -, and new trends are explored to help increase efficiency by creating an optimal work environment. It is becoming obvious that the human factor is the most important resource of actors in national economies. It should be subject to special protection and enable uninterrupted personal development for all individuals. The graphic below shows the hierarchy of human values:

Figure 10: The pyramid of human needs according to Abraham Maslow.

Own study based on 32

Fulfilling all these needs is the basis for optimal human functioning in society. The basic aspects conducive to both the professional development of the human being and its integration in organizational structures is the appropriate learning climate, resulting in understanding and trust, which is the basis for commitment. This creates a development spiral, the catalyst of which is the exchange of information in the process.

THE MEANING OF A PROPER AND FULL FLOW OF INFORMATION FOR COMPLEX PROCESSES INTEGRATED IN CONSTRUCTION CANNOT BE SUFFICIENTLY UNDERLINED.

Figure 11: Relationship between the cycles of confidence building and the learning process.

Own study based on [23]

The need for cooperation of all participants in construction processes is also specially emphasized in the introduction to PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 as a key factor in the effective development of investment resources and their subsequent operation. In the introduction to the above-mentioned standard, the required values ​​are also mentioned, such as mutual understanding, trust and proper information flow in order to reduce risk, losses, controversy or misinterpretation. It is emphasized that currently a lot of expenditure is devoted to the repair of unstructured information, erroneous data management processes, solving tasks resulting from the lack of coordination of executive teams due to inadequate information flow and its inappropriate storage and use.

One of the adequate initiatives towards better integration of human power in economic entities is the decentralized method of managing the organization, the so-called turquoise management33, a concept proposed in 2014 by Frederic Laloux, and practically used and promoted in Poland, e.g. by the entrepreneur prof. Andrzej Blikle, who called it "partner democracy".

ALL THE FACTORS OF THIS STRATEGIC DOCUMENT, WHETHER THEY ARE CONDITIONS, RECOMMENDATION, OR ELEMENTS OR NODES OF THE MATRIX, SHOULD BE BASED ON THE EDUCATION AND SELF-EDUCATION OF ALL BABY METHODS.

Considering that human factor management is the most common challenge, it is recommended for each public investment to start with a few days' workshops introducing the BIM methodology and cyclical knowledge refresher training. It is the most recommended method to maintain the necessary integration of the entire design and execution team, but in the long term it must be underpinned by constant education of all participants of the processes integrated in BIM.

3.6 Legal conditions of BIM - current state

The regulation in force as at the date of preparation of this study regulating the principles of preparing and conducting public procurement procedures, i.e. the Act of January 29, 2004, Public Procurement Law (i.e. Journal of Laws of 2019, item 1843, as amended) –– from January 1 2021 will be replaced by the provisions of the Act of September 11, 2019 Public Procurement Law (Journal of Laws 2019, item 2019, as amended) - hereinafter referred to as: "Pzp". For this reason, this study contains references to the provisions of the Act of September 11, 2019.

The provisions of the Public Procurement Law were based on the regulations of the Community public procurement law resulting from Directive 2014/24 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 26, 2014 on public procurement, repealing Directive 2004/18 / EC (hereinafter: "Directive 2014/24 / EU ") and Directive 2014/25 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 26, 2014 on procurement by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal services sectors, repealing Directive 2004/17 / EC (hereinafter: "Directive 2014/25 / EU"). The provisions of the directives do not contain detailed regulations regarding the requirements for designing with the use of BIM. Nevertheless, in both directives - respectively in Art. 22 sec. 4 of Directive 2014/24 / EU and art. 40 sec. 4 of Directive 2014/25 / EU, it is indicated that: in relation to public works contracts and design contests, Member States may require the use of specific electronic tools, such as electronic construction data modeling tools or similar. At the same time, when required, contracting authorities must offer alternative means of accessing such tools until they become generally available. Importantly, apart from the above-mentioned provisions, the EU directives do not define separate, detailed requirements or in any way clearly refer to the use of electronic modeling tools for construction data by contractors.

In the Public Procurement Law, the above provisions of the directives have been implemented in Art. 69 sec. 1 and 2 Pzp. Pursuant to this provision, in the case of works contracts or design contests, the contracting authority may require the preparation and presentation of tenders or competition entries using electronic building data modeling tools or other similar tools that are not generally available, in which case the contracting authority provides the possibility of using an alternative means of access to such tools.

Analysis of the above-mentioned Community and national legislation leads to the following conclusions:

• On the basis of Directive 2014/24 / EU and 2014/25 / EU as well as acts of national law, the provisions on the applicability of BIM refer to and were placed in accordance with the above-mentioned systematics. legal acts, to the rules of communication between the contracting authority and contractors. Both Art. 22 of Directive 2014/24 / EU (and analogously art. 40 of Directive 2014/25 / EU) and the provision of art. 69 of the Public Procurement Law clearly indicate the rules of communication between the contracting authority and contractors, and not detailed rules for conducting procedures related to contracts for design services or construction works or requirements related to them. Even more emphasis is placed on linking the above-mentioned provisions with the principles of communication result from the provisions of art. 69 sec. 1 of the Public Procurement Law, which indicates the possibility of requiring contractors to prepare and present offers or competition works using electronic modeling tools for construction data, while EU directives use a broader concept: requirements, in contracts for construction works and contests, the use of electronic tools by contractors building data modeling.

• Apart from the above-mentioned provisions, neither the EU Directives nor the Public Procurement Law have explicitly formulated the right, requirement or obligation for contracting authorities to use BIM in public procurement procedures. However, the lack of such an explicit right or obligation does not deprive contracting authorities of the right to formulate requirements for the implementation of project documentation using BIM, either as part of service contracts (preparation of design documentation) or as part of works contracts (in the form of "Design and build" or "build"). The use of BIM to prepare design documentation (construction or executive) and the use of the BIM model in the implementation of construction works or the provision of maintenance services (facility management) is only a tool for achieving the goal and determining the method of performing the subject of the contract, including the method of preparing design documentation or performing construction works using the method of electronic modeling. Moreover, from the provisions of Art. 22 of the Directive and Art. 69 of the Public Procurement Law, which concern the form of the offer and communication between the contracting authority and the contractor, the admissibility of formulating BIM requirements and preparing an offer using BIM in public procurement procedures should be exported. Since the EU legislator and the national legislator allow the possibility of submitting an offer with the use of BIM, they also allow for the formulation of requirements for the use of BIM both at the stage of preparing the offer and performing the public procurement. Regardless of the above, the use of BIM should result from the description of the requirements formulated by the contracting authority in the documentation of the procedure (specification of the terms of the contract, description of the subject of the contract) as part of a given public procurement procedure.

• Both under Community procurement law and national law, the provisions relating to the use of specific electronic tools, such as Electronic Building Data Modeling (BIM) tools, are a right and not an obligation. In other words, Member States may or may not require the use of electronic building data modeling tools. Therefore, under Polish law, requiring the contractor to use BIM tools to prepare the offer is a right, and not an obligation, of the contracting authority. Taking into account the nature of the provisions of the directive, which define the minimum standards, the above does not, however, exclude the possibility of the Polish legislator introducing a mandatory requirement as to the use of electronic modeling tools for construction data when preparing offers.

Therefore, the national regulation of public procurement does not prevent the use of BIM in public procurement, the best example of which are the procedures conducted on the basis of the Public Procurement Law, which included the use of BIM. Nevertheless, in order to popularize and apply this model to a greater extent, it may be necessary to take legislative actions in the field of Public Procurement Law and at the level of promoting BIM as part of shaping the state purchasing policy within the meaning of Art. 21 of the Public Procurement Law In accordance with the above article, the state procurement policy defines the priority activities of the Republic of Poland in the area of ​​public procurement, as well as the desired direction of activities of the awarding entities in the field of contracts awarded. Such directions relate in particular to the purchase of innovative or sustainable products and services, taking into account standardization aspects, cost calculation in the life cycle of products; disseminating good practices and purchasing tools or applying social aspects. The preparation of a draft procurement policy and the coordination of the implementation of such a policy is the responsibility of the minister responsible for the economy. Therefore, apart from legislative activities, one should consider stimulating activities aimed at disseminating BIM by shaping the purchasing policy and promoting innovation.

Regardless of the actions that may be taken on the basis of the provisions of the Public Procurement Law in the area of ​​broadly understood public procurement, the legislative system in Poland, in particular in the area of ​​digitization of administration, the process of obtaining a building permit and the conduct and supervision of the investment process, is not yet prepared for the implementation of BIM. In order to fully prepare the digitization of integrated construction processes, it is necessary to provide tools, including legal solutions, that will allow for the fullest use of the potential of the digitization of the construction process. In the long term, such legal solutions should be developed through the amendment of regulations, at the statutory or executive level, relating to the process of creating design documentation and obtaining a building permit. On the other hand, it is necessary to develop standards (e.g. construction classification, contract templates, model documents related to the investment process in BIM), taking into account the interests of all market participants, which will not hinder competition. The most important Polish legislative actions should, first of all, focus on the following three elements: a designated amount threshold; development of model documents and standard contract or model contract provisions); • Executive regulations (creation of a building classification consistent with digital BIM processes); • Preparation for the procurement of the IT34 platform aimed at motivating, technical support and education of public procurers in Poland.

Subsequently: • Amendment of the Regulation on the methods of calculating the life cycle costs of buildings and the method of presenting information on these costs 35; • Amendment of the Cybersecurity Act36, taking into account new distributed technologies. PURPOSE OF THESE CHANGES IS PREPARING FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIM IN POLISH INVESTMENTS PUBLIC IN TWO STAGES: FIRST COMMITMENT OF CERTAIN CATEGORIES OF AUTHORITIES FOR USE BIM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INVESTMENT ABOVE REFERRED TO ESTIMATED VALUE OF CONTRACT AND APPLICATION OF THE CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF OFFERS INCLUDING THE MINIMUM WEIGHT OF METHODOLOGY BIM, AND THE SECOND STAGE OF ESTABLISHMENT OF DATE OBLIGATION TO USE BIM METHODOLOGY IN ALL PUBLIC INVESTMENTS FROM A SPECIFIC LEVEL OF ESTIMATED CONTRACT VALUE.

In this way, it will be possible to prepare the construction environment for the possible introduction of the BIM obligation (which has been introduced in many countries)

It is suggested to divide the legislative activities into priority and secondary in two stages. It is recommended to amend the provisions of the Public Procurement Law, as well as to adjust the executive provisions38, which are currently based solely on the Common Procurement Vocabulary (CPV) codes - additional reference to the classification in construction projects for the Polish market is recommended. The last priority is the implementation of an IT platform to support public investments implemented in the BIM methodology, according to the specifications of this project.

3.7 The most important starting aspects - summary of the boundary conditions

• STRUCTURING THE DESIGN PROCESS;

• INTEGRATED BIM PROCESS MANAGEMENT;

• WORK (HUMAN ASPECT AND LEAN FOR CONSTRUCTION);

• LEGISLATION (ACT ON PPL, FIXED CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION).

4 The road to BIM in Poland

4.1 General strategy

In order for the modernization activities for the Polish construction industry to be fully called a "strategy for Poland" as part of the Road Map under development, they should be extended to digitization and technological progress of the entire Polish economy, similarly to the British Digital Built Britain, i.e. Digital Built Poland. ). Only then will it be possible to integrate also factors not related to construction, but appearing and functioning in the geospatial environment. The driving force behind the creation of such a strategy for Poland should be the highest levels of state administration, as it is a top-down action ("pull").

Although there is an operational program document "Digital Poland for 2014-2020" 39, developed by the Ministry of Investment and Development with the support of EU funds, it ends in 2020 and there is no continuation of it. EU funds for similar strategic goals for the years 2021-202740 have already been allocated, so it would be worth considering the preparation of a further part of the digital strategy for Poland, following the example of the discussed Czech Republic. In January 2020, the Integrated State Informatization Program41 was updated again, which is a continuation of the strategic direction of central institutions, which may be helpful in the process of BIM implementation.

This chapter and the entire project focus on the BIM strategy, as it is the most practical digitization application in construction, but it should be borne in mind that it is only part of the digital environment for Poland. BIM itself relies more on the created resources than on the human factor, more on resource delivery than on its exploitation, so the coverage of the entire investment cycle requires supplementing with further elements, not necessarily directly associated with the Building Information Modeling methodology, such as Lean or ecology. These elements are also included in this study.

Taking into account the challenges related to the implementation of BIM in many countries of the world (also indicated in the earlier parts of the document), both of a technological and general social nature, it is proposed to isolate the essence of integrated processes in the form of several elements for easier understanding of the entire BIM methodology . The basis should be as clear as possible, and in the future - in subsequent studies - more detailed guidelines should be developed on its basis. The simplest ones are the best solutions.

When implementing such a complex issue, it is impossible to avoid certain logical, technological and procedural complexities. However, this will be significantly reduced. In line with the concept of visualization, on which both BIM and Lean are based, the most far-reaching optical clarity of individual elements and the entire system of an integrated process will be used for better assimilation.

It should be noted that - especially due to the fact that only emerging technological trends are included in the Road Map - this study may become technologically obsolete even in the near future. Hence, it is recommended that this document be periodically updated every 2-3 years.

The essence of BIM processes is their integrated nature. It is impossible to enumerate all types of integration occurring in construction investments in this methodology, but a good illustration is the indication of the main focuses of integration on the example of graphics taken from the collective work "Integrating Project Delivery" [24]. The central place (OWW) here is occupied by the planned and erected High Value Object, defined by the contracting authority, surrounded by forms of comprehensive integration in the MacroBIM42, capital and operational phases. The characteristics of the above-mentioned phases are discussed later in this study.

Figure 12: Simplified structure of integrated processes43

BIM processes should be treated as sets of cooperating elements that will only bring a measurable effect (economic, social and ecological) when all their components are applied. BIM starts with the first minute of the investment process.

4.2 Matrix elements

The first task is to list and analyze all the important aspects that are part of the processes integrated on the Polish market in order to implement the BIM methodology in it. The methodology of this Road Map study assumed 5 groups of resources as a starting point: • people; • finance; • technology; • procedural standards; • the law.

In the analytical process, 8 additional elements were separated and allocated to these 5 elements, which were partially integrated and all were then structured into 3 scopes: • investment phases (work plan, MacroBIM, capital phase and operating phase); • production elements (technology, cybersecurity, lean / processes, classifications and ecology); • control factors (law / normalization, standards and finance).

In the synthesis process and for better visualization, the elements of the investment and production phases were presented as a matrix of 9 elements, four of which represent the phases of preparation and implementation of the investment (subject to the time aspect), and the remaining five support them in terms of content. The remaining 3 control factors, as occurring in each of the remaining 9 elements, were divided equally among them. The elements of the matrix contain both recognized methods and procedural standards for integrated processes in construction, but also new factors, not usually present in strategic studies for BIM. All of them are discussed in the descriptive section of the matrix elements. By presenting the elements of the Road Map in a structured way, it will be possible to list and evaluate the workload (marked as matrix nodes - chapters 1 and 1) necessary to be ready for the mandatory implementation of BIM in a few years. Below is a list of the necessary elements to complete the "BIM for Poland" matrix. They will be used to build a structure for the use of BIM in Polish construction in the future.

Investment phases (each with the necessary training): • 1 - Work plan (guidance strategies, such as this document for the Road Map or the strategy "Poland 2030. The Third Wave of Modernity" 44; Polish BIM standards; new definition of investment phases; ICT development; roles in BIM processes; investments in research and development activities; cooperation between industry and academia; full-time studies; working on "win-win" contracts; definition of pilot projects; media work to promote BIM in Poland); • 2 - MacroBIM (programming of the construction investment; SWZ (Contract Terms Specification) + BIM; BIM Protocol; Target Cost and new types of cooperation contracts; Systems & Design Thinking); • 3 - Capital phase (design and execution - provision of the "asset delivery" resource: pre-contract BEP + BEP; AIR + OIR + PIR + EIR; MIDP + TIDP45; Risk register and risk management; automation - prefabrication; PIM - Project Information Model); • 4 - Operational phase (Facility Management in the phase of business operations and operation of the facility for the entire life of the investment resource - "asset management": COBie; AIM - Asset Information Model; Digital Twins; Life Cycle Assessment; recommended study: Digitally Built Poland (on Digital Built Britain pattern) 46

Substantive basis (with necessary training): • A - Technology (top-down and bottom-up initiatives; structuring and standardization of information - standards; CDE; software and hardware; Big Data; Edge Computing; open formats and technological support); • B - Cybersecurity (GDPR; copyright; DLT - Distributed Ledger Technology - distributed processing; Cybersecurity reports); • C - Lean methods (methods of lossless processing of a construction investment: human factor - Integrated Team; Lean tools from industry - TPS - Toyota Production System; Agile - agile methods - Scrum; TVD - Target Value Design; LPS - Last Planner® System47 - schedules ; CbA - Choosing by Advantages); • D - Classification, LOG / LOI (standards for classification; construction classification for Poland; LOD = LOG + LOI; Decoupling - separation of geometric and alphanumeric information; object libraries); • E - Ecology (Sustainable Development; Circular Economy - Circular Economy; Low-emission and Energy Efficiency; PED - Positive Energy Districts; Bottom-up Initiatives).

The matrix assumes an additional phase in the investment process, called MacroBIM48 (BIM at the investment programming stage), which is to secure the investment in economic terms. This phase does not yet function in investment processes in Poland, but ultimately it is suggested to introduce it for the benefit of every construction investment, be it public or private. As it is a new element, it requires a special description also in this schematic overview. This is the financial programming phase of the investment. In this Roadmap, the MacroBIM phase is part of the procurement. In its assumption, MacroBIM is a phase in which contractors present a solid concept or a functional system based on the client's requirements, formulated in the SWZ document with elements of the BIM methodology. Together with the concept, the contractors submit an index calculation of the facility (there are catalogs prepared especially for this purpose). The index calculation is then verified with market prices. Price indices, apart from the schematic solid and functional concept, constitute a significant part of the bids submitted. They are used to assess whether the investment is feasible within the contracting authority's budget. In the event of a positive evaluation and acceptance of the proposed concept by the contracting authority, these indicators are used to negotiate the Target Cost of the planned project between the contractors who submit initial offers49 and the contracting authority. It should be noted that the most advantageous offer still does not guarantee the implementation of the investment, but should be obtained like any market product, with the participation of bidders in the investment process after the initial selection and with the involvement at the earliest possible stage, in addition to designers, also specialist engineers, contractors and future users resource.

An important difference of such a procedure50 in relation to the currently most frequently used procedure for awarding a public contract, i.e. open tender, is its two-stage method, ensuring a thorough verification of the profitability of the investment and the possibility of clarifying the offer and negotiating the Target Cost. Another advantage of this stage is the financial savings for all parties in the event that the project is found to be unprofitable, as well as the possibility of adjusting the client's expectations in order to adjust the investment goal to the funds allocated for its implementation. The selection system will also make it possible to limit the number of bidders in order to select the contractor of the investment task in terms of content, economy and organization. An example of an investment that was rejected by the City Council after the analysis of the concept by architect Frank Gehry is the project of the Festival and Congress Center for the New Center of Łódź51. And although this concept was beyond the scope of MacroBIM's intended goal in this document, the principle underlying its evaluation is based on similar assumptions to avoid the risk of overpaying for a future, finished object. Certainly, the introduction of a separate phase of MacroBIM would create a new type of business relationship in construction, as it would require close cooperation already at the offer stage of both designers and contractors of construction works and future users. The second element of the matrix, unprecedented in foreign strategies, is the Lean ecosystem, which has already entered the industry for good (Lean Industry), and has been making its way into Lean Construction for over a dozen years. Ecology and classifications are a logical complement to the consideration of environmental and automation goals in construction processes, especially prefabrication, delivery and logistics.

Figure 13: Matrix of elements of the BIM implementation strategy in Poland as part of the Road Map. Own study

The list of elements is not closed, it is possible to supplement the matrix with a larger number of parts in the future and to redistribute them under new conditions. In addition to the simplicity of the system, its flexibility is also important. The matrix nodes A1 - E4 (paragraphs 6 and 7 of this document) are named only for better orientation and not as an established standard. For all elements of the matrix, both the legislative and normative as well as customary and cultural basis have been established. The aim is to structure all the data and, as a result, to facilitate the assimilation of the Road Map by the entire construction market, which in Poland consists of around half a million participants (- 420'000 - data for Q1 2019) 52, including many for whom the language Polish is not the mother tongue. As the proposed approach to the digitization of construction in this form has not been presented anywhere so far, some elements will require further actions to fix them in Polish construction (legally or customarily), so that they can be considered stable in the entire system. These elements are generally familiar to integrated investments, but so far have not been presented in such a way and in such a summary.

Figure 14: Summary of phases of providing and managing an investment resource carried out in the BIM methodology. Own study

It is true that individual investment phases are also subject to integration and partial overlapping (as can be seen in the above graphic, showing the investment progress over time and the approximate size proportions of its phases), nevertheless, for the purposes of visualizing the Road Map strategy, they will be separated and presented separately, taking into account at the same time, their different nature and substantive basis. An "asset" is defined in the ISO standard as the target product of a construction or infrastructure investment together with the subsequent management process throughout its life cycle. It is an illustration of the idea of ​​proceeding with the investment on the principle: "Begin with the end in mind" [25], which is a challenge for designers, for whom the product is usually not a resource, but still their own project. Here you can separate the phase of creating a resource and the phase of managing it. It will also make it easier to define nodes at the intersections of matrix elements for individual analysis. This is to focus activities that standardize specific sections of the investment process. This will strengthen the structure of the entire system and will be a step towards creating a visual workshop - the domain of the Lean ecosystem.

Summing up the general description of the whole matrix, it should be emphasized that it is understood not as a list of any elements from which you can choose your own kit, but as a target system. MUCH WILL BE BASED ON NORMS, TECHNOLOGY OR ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS, WHEN IT WILL NOT BE INCLUDED IN HUMAN PERSPECTIVE IN INTEGRATED PROCESSES OR CLASSIFICATIONS OR OPTIMAL NECESSARY CIRCUMSTANCES WILL NOT BE DEVELOPED. THE SYSTEM WILL BE FULLY FUNCTIONAL ONLY AS A WHOLE. THE PRESENTED MATRIX DOES NOT ARE BIG CHANGES IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES COMPARED WITH TRADITIONAL METHODS. ITS COMPOSED ITEMS ARE ONLY INTENDED TO IMPROVE PREVIOUS ACTIVITIES IN TERMS OF EFFICIENCY, ECONOMICITY, COOPERATION AND INFORMATION FLOW.

5 Detailed matrix elements

5.1 Work plan for Poland (this document and related strategic documents)

Figure 15: Work Plan - the first matrix element for the investment time phases. Own study

5.1.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

The work plan has no standardization or legislative basis. It will contain, above all, this Road Map, but also all documents and programs (e.g. Standardization of Digital Innovation Hubs services to support digital transformation of enterprises "under the Minister's Program for the years 2019-2021 entitled" Industry 4.0 ") 53 54 emerging or just emerging in Poland, which will direct the development of BIM strategically, i.e. enabling a comprehensive view of the BIM methodology. Many of these documents may not obtain the status of BIM in Poland, but some will certainly be included in the widely recognized set of key studies towards creating a methodology for cooperation and integration in Polish construction.

BECAUSE POLAND IS ONLY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE STANDARDIZATION ROUTE AND STANDARDIZING BIM METHODOLOGY, THIS MATRIX ELEMENT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AN OPEN SET, TO FILL IN THE FUTURE FUTURE.

5.1.2 Description

It can be assumed that the Polish Work Plan55 uses the structure of the British Digital Plan of Work (DPoW) 56, as it also includes the specification of investment phases. The Polish Plan also provides for the development of basic guidelines that should be adopted or yet to be prepared so that the integrated investment process can begin at all and continue to be properly conducted.

5.1.2.1 BIM standardization for Poland

• Adoption of ISO standards, which are a translation of the global BIM standards created on the basis of British PAS and BS, respectively and adequately for all nine matrix elements, is obligatory for the successful application of the BIM methodology in construction and infrastructure investments. BIM standardization is a strategy that covers all areas of creating information for integrated processes. The graphic below, illustrating the BIM standardization environment, comes from the JRC technical report "Building Information Modeling (BIM) standardization" [26] from 2017, endorsed by the European Union

Figure 16: BIM Standardization Platform. [26]

• Adoption and adaptation of current and future global strategies in the areas of ecology, technology, data security and others, undertaken in consultation with current political circles in Poland; • Adoption of the matrix structuring arrangements in this document; • Adopt future regulatory documents and standards as part of the flexible fulfillment of the strategic structure.

5.1.2.2 Boundary conditions from chapter 3 of this document

• Structuring of the current BIM level 1 (CAD) according to the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard; • Adoption of mental readiness for changes in the methods of managing the project environment (according to the PN-EN ISO19650 series of standards and other standards organizing the design and execution process); • Support for the evolution of the work ethic (gaining trust, cooperation, learning and transparency); • Legislative changes supporting the development of BIM (the PPL Act, including the preparation of a draft purchasing policy, the Construction Law Act and regulations concerning construction investments); Creation of specifications and purchase of an IT platform supporting the implementation of investments in the BIM methodology according to the concept developed in another part of this project.

5.1.2.3 Additional investment phase

• Phase of investment programming and economic verification of its subject. This means the separation of an additional pre-capital stage (programming and verification), called MacroBIM, from the capital phase. The aim of this new phase is economic verification of the investment in the public procurement procedure58. The result of this analysis is either continuation of the procedure in the same procedure (which goes to the capital phase), or termination of the procedure and abandonment of the investment idea 59; • The capital phase (design and execution), creating unity with the MacroBIM phase. The MacroBIM phase is part of the procurement procedure and not the pre-initiation phase; • The exploitation phase with the disposal of the resource (demolition or restoration / expansion).

5.1.2.4 Changes in the environment of the construction industry and public administration

• Establishment of a Steering Committee for managing the implementation of BIM in the Polish economy, suggested in earlier studies. It is to be a body gathering "top-down" decision-making in BIM in Poland, with the minister for development as a leader and selected advisors; • Establishing similar units organizing work in BIM in government and local government administration units related to the investment and construction process; • Increasing expenditure on the Research and Development industry, because without its participation it will not be possible to support BIM processes technologically; • Establishing closer cooperation between industry and academia; • Establishment and implementation of regular BIM study programs at technical universities in Poland, but also at all mid-level technical schools related to construction.

5.1.2.5 Definition of roles of participants of processes integrated in the BIM methodology

Table 2. BIM modeler (information modeling):

Modeling of digital information about the created resource, both geometric-topological and alphanumeric, data export to IFC60 format; The most technologically advanced process participant in terms of data handling for the PIM61 information model; Any industry creating and evaluating a digital asset information model; Technical / support for BIM programs, knowledge of the stages of creating a resource on the construction site

Table 3. BIM Coordinator (control and provision of modeled information):

Coordination of the model in terms of information content, correctness of IFC parameters and methods of data exchange with other process participants; Expert in open information exchange formats and tasks in design industries; Any industry creating and evaluating a digital asset information model; Higher or secondary technical / support for all information exchange formats for a specific investment;

Table 4. BIM manager (distribution of the provided information among participants):

Coordination and management of the technological side of BIM processes in cooperation with all participants, managing information about the resource in all design models (open formats based on ISO standards - see section 5.5.2.5); Expert in the requirements for a design model for execution purposes; The specialist's preferred role for each of the three main parties: procurer, project team and executive team; Higher technical or bachelor's degree / troubleshooting, soft skills, task coordination of construction industries

Table 5. BIM leader (lean information management in the BIM methodology):

Coordination of all parts of the process in the BIM integrated methodology between all participants, regardless of the industry, technological advancement or stage of the process; Expert in the entire process integrated in the BIM methodology; One specialist for the entire investment, any affiliation, also external, a member of the Core Group62; Higher, not necessarily technical or bachelor's degree / obstacle removal, soft skills, manager of digital construction processes and Lean tasks

5.1.2.6 Accepting additional orders supplementing the Plan

• Supporting the development of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) - constant technological progress - this will be particularly important in the element of this matrix called Cybersecurity;

• Game Theory, dealing with mathematical models of strategic interactions between decision-makers in all kinds of processes, sees the future in "win-win" relationships, ie in benefits for all parties to the relationship. It resulted from research on the results of available types of role-playing games (Role Playing Games) conducted in the 1960s and 1970s at the University of Michigan (Robert Axelrod) 63. Long-range (thousands of times) and beyond error, characters with a conflict-avoiding profile and promoting the goals of unanimity and profit for each side through a collaborative attitude have achieved the best results. Such an attitude requires mutual understanding, listening skills, empathy and trust, which are also the basis of the processes in the BIM methodology and have been included in the boundary conditions for the strategic matrix. It is recommended to adopt and implement a systematic approach to achieving "win-win" balance in business transactions, based on the Lean "continuous improvement" model, also included in the first Polish BIM PN-EN ISO 19650 standards.

5.1.2.7 Pilot projects

The task of public entities is to define and prepare specific public investments as pilot projects for their implementation in the BIM methodology using appropriate incentive contracts and standards, written in another part of this study ("Construction investment management in BIM methodology - proposal for BIM document templates").

5.1.2.8 Media work on the promotion of BIM and its implementation strategy

Propagating BIM in the media, during industry conferences or through publications devoted to this issue as part of the BIM implementation strategy in Poland.

5.1.2.9 Training

The work plan does not provide for additional training in its component parts, but it is required to create official documents describing all the recorded dependencies and giving the direction of the BIM implementation process in Poland by central and local entities. Implementation activities should be initiated and coordinated both bottom-up and top-down.

5.2 MacroBIM - investment programming

5.2.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• The idea of the initial investment phase is included in the strategic document prepared by the British Chamber of Architects RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) 64, commonly known as the Digital Plan of Work (DPoW), but its potential seems to be nowhere used. DPoW describes the BIM activities for the successive stages of the investment in a smooth, homogeneous process characterized by the provision of partial project information, called Data Drops, at each stage of the system except for the first stage of development of the project strategy. The concept of DPoW, however, does not provide for an early, separate economic evaluation of the project to avoid financial mistakes65. It is decided either by the conditions for launching a separate MacroBIM or by the contracting authority at your own risk;

Figure 18: Digital Plan of Work (DPoW) 2019 release66

The second requirement for MacroBIM is the project plan developed by the contracting authority in the form of documents required by the ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard to define the terms of the investment. The only difference between OIR-PIR-AIR-EIR67 for the MacroBIM phase compared to the capital phase is that the contractor does not need to define these types of requirements (coordination with the contracting authority's requirements will be necessary in the capital phase to develop common requirements for the entire investment); • PAS 91: 2013 + A1: 2017 is a British document aimed at securing the ordering party by requiring answers to PQQ (Pre-Qualification Questionnaire) 68 questions by the contractor joining the procedure in the MacroBIM phase. The qualification requirements may be extended by the contracting authority to obtain the required quality of tenders and their authors. • A - The first required range of questions relates to: bidder identification, financial information, business status and professional qualifications, and the entity's safety and health policy. • B - The second set is optional and covers the policies of competitiveness, environmental, process management quality and qualifications in the BIM methodology. • C - The third required set of questions concerns the qualifications of entities when they participate in public tenders for both the civil and military sectors.

This document has not yet been elevated to a British Standard (BS) and is therefore not an ISO standard for BIM. Nevertheless, its standardization should be expected, as it is still updated and its nature favors early control over the investment process. Taking into account the nature of the MacroBIM phase, this would be the first opportunity for the contracting authority to assess the suitability of offers in the procedure in terms of organization.

5.2.2 Description

The isolation and appropriate treatment of the MacroBIM phase are key to ensuring the economic security of all types of projects, especially those involving large financial resources, and the predetermined size and / or scale of difficulties should constitute the boundary conditions for launching this procedure.

There are several written attempts in the world to guarantee the economy of investments, but nowhere has this been clearly separated from the construction processes. The closest to this is the document developed by the government agencies in Great Britain in 2014, presenting the contract models Integrated Project Insurance and the Two Stage Open Book [27]. In addition, King's College London published a document on the creation of two stages: to verify the bidding teams and then to carry out the appropriate investment [28].

The Polish strategic study SARP / GUNB / PZITB of 2015 [19] mentioned in chapter 3.1.1 introduces the postulate of economic evaluation of public investments, but without formulating further concrete proposals for implementation steps.

THE MACROBIM PHASE IS AN ELEMENT OF THE RESOURCE PURCHASE PROCESS, WHICH INCLUDES THE DELIVERY OF THE PROGRAM CONCEPT (DESIGN AND EXECUTION) WITH THE PROPOSED INDICATIVE TOTAL INVESTMENT COST. MACROBIM IS AN ORDER PROCESSING STAGE AND DIFFERENTLY FROM TRADITIONAL PURCHASING PROCESSES, BASICALLY. HOWEVER, HOWEVER, IN THIS PROCESS LIKES THE STRESS DIFFERENTLY ON THE PREPARATION OF THE INVESTMENT, SO AS TO ENSURE ITS ECONOMIC SAFETY 69.

MacroBIM consists of the following steps: • Announcement of the procedure with the determination of the client's needs and requirements; • Conducting a selection in order to select the number of participants / tenderers specified by the contracting authority who will be invited to submit initial offers including the concept of investment implementation with its financial evaluation; • If the initial offers significantly differ from the budget, the contracting authority should be able to cancel the procedure; • Conducting negotiations between the contracting authority and participants70 regarding initial bids or bids submitted during negotiations, which include the Target Cost negotiations; • Invitation to submit and submission of final bids; • The MacroBIM phase ends with the delivery to the ordering party of a conceptual solution (described later in this chapter) with the determination of the Target Cost (see further point 5.2.2.3); • The contracting authority assesses both the substantive quality of the schematic concept and its economic value. The selected solution (offer) with the agreed Target Cost serves as the basis for the capital phase (design and execution).

In order to increase interest in the procedure, the contracting authority should provide for the reimbursement of the costs of participation in the procedure for contractors who were invited to submit initial offers71. The reimbursement of the costs of participation in the proceedings is admissible under the provisions of the Act on Public Procurement Law72, and such a practice would certainly contribute to increasing the competitiveness of the proceedings. The concept of each bidder should be developed in the form of cooperation between the maximum possible number of all relevant entities that will be involved in the implementation of the construction investment, both at the design and execution stage (Joint Venture), including future users, similar to multilateral contracts for an integrated design phase -construction and operational proper investment. However, incentive multilateral contracts will not be relevant until the next (capital) phase. An additional goal of the separated MacroBIM is to establish the principles of cooperation in the evaluation phase, along with the schemes of this cooperation in the second implementation phase, where the proper management of human resources is already crucial for the success of the project. MacroBIM does not have to be a general obligation, but it should be required for risky investments or complex and complicated ventures with a budget exceeding 10 million Euro. Taking into account the legal solutions provided for in the new Act, the procedure with the use of MacroBIM seems possible using the negotiated procedure with publication (152-168 PPL) or, alternatively, the competitive dialogue procedure73. The negotiated procedure may be used for contracts involving works, supplies or services involving design or innovative solutions, as well as for contracts which, due to their nature, degree of complexity or due to the risks associated with construction works, supplies or services, cannot be granted in a different procedure. The use of the MacroBIM model according to the concept presented above may, however, require legislative changes at the PP level in order to allow the contracting authority to cancel the procedure if the value of initial bids significantly exceeds the estimated cost of the contract.74 Another reason for distinguishing MacroBIM is the need to negotiate the Target Cost so that it becomes the basic economic criterion for investment.

The implementation of the MacroBIM phase is possible under the public procurement under two conditions: • The contract covers the investment concept as the first stage of the entire investment process and its economic evaluation, based on the conceptual model of max. LOD 100 for solids, LOD 200 for the functional model (more about LOD in chapter 5.8.2.3) and other cost indicators. The effect of the MacroBIM phase is the so-called Target Cost. Completion of the MacroBIM phase does not have to mean automatic transition to the next, i.e. actual implementation; • In the preparation of each offer concept and its financial evaluation, as far as possible, as part of multilateral cooperation, all potential entities involved in the process of providing investment resources should be involved in order to make the economic calculations as realistic as possible. The current level of technology also allows for the creation of an energy economy calculation from solid and functional models, which is also an element of the general calculation of the resource's life costs, as a supplement to the economic offer. These and similar simulations and analyzes should usually start each process in the BIM methodology, and not appear only in the further stages of the investment process.

The graphic below shows an example of a conceptual model (volumes and areas of grouped functions) for the purpose of evaluating the index investment costs in the MacroBIM phase.

Figure 19: Example of maximum model accuracy for delivery in the MacroBIM75 phase

It is a recommendation with the maximum degree of saturation with information, it is NOT RECOMMENDED TO USE A MORE ACCURATE RECORD OF CONCEPT PROGRAMMING FOR INDICATORS. In most cases, even grouped functions on individual floors of the facility would suffice, as this corresponds to the criteria and methods of estimation (m2, m3, gross / net) from index prices bulletins. The graphic below shows the flow of activities in the investment process using the MacroBIM phase for the economic evaluation of the investment. Figure 20: Illustration of the investment process using the MacroBIM phase. Own study.

5.2.2.1 Systems & Design Thinking

The MacroBIM phase should start with the structuring of the organization of entities participating in this initial investment phase, first of all with the introduction of the principles of Systems Thinking 76 about the intended project. It is the basis of an integrated organization, one of the four pillars of integrated processes, and a good way to understand the complexity of the investment environment.

Another method of creating organizational governance in construction investments is the Design Thinking approach 77. It is about a holistic (holistic) analysis of all factors included in the investment under development, with the participation of the largest possible number of participants involved in the provision and exploitation of the future resource. The better these analyzes are carried out, the more accurate the evaluation result will be.

There are professional tools developed for this purpose. CIFE (Center for Integrated Facility Engineering) 78 has created a matrix called POP (Product - Organization - Process) 79 to visually assist in this analysis. This matrix has 9 fields in the 3x3 system for the intersecting vertical areas (the mentioned Product, Organization and Process) and horizontal areas (Function, Form / Structure and Behavior, i.e. operating procedures). The matrix is ​​the product of focusing the solution development process in the following sequence: • Understanding the function, or what role is the resource supposed to play? • How is the resource supposed to function to fulfill the expected role? • What physical structure (form) will satisfy the first two conditions?

An example of a POP matrix for the Integrated Team is presented below. Separate POP matrices are possible for other participants in investment processes, such as business for the contracting authority, organizational for the project team or the end user.

Table 6. An example of the application of the POP matrix for activities of the Integrated Team80. Own study based on [24]

Function: What quality-building activities is the high value resource expected to provide? What are our goals? How will we achieve them? What do we need to control? What will we produce (range, quality)?

Form: Which rooms, components and systems should be in the facility? Who will decide on quality and value? How are we going to organize? What methods will the team use? What will their steps be?

Behavior: What predictions will we make? What measures will we use for them? What will the results be measurable for the entire team? What will be the measures of production and its results?

The next phase of developing investor's guidelines for the creation of the types of required information about the created investment resource specified in the PN-EN ISO 19650-1 standard also has appropriate and helpful visual tools. They are derived from the Lean methodology (hereinafter referred to in section 5.7.2), but functionally fit into the process of implementing BIM goals for a specific investment. I am talking about a tool called Value Stream Mapping 81, which allows you to visually save and analyze schematic implementation procedures in a construction investment. Below is a summary of exemplary (not yet standardized) icons and symbols in order to create investment programming diagrams in the MacroBIM phase. This is another proof that in integrated processes the elements overlap and overlap.

Figure 21: Set of icons and symbols for creating graphical Value Stream Mappings. 82

5.2.2.2 Investor requirements (SWZ + BIM)

In the development of another part of the project with document templates to be developed by the contracting authority. These templates are based on the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard and constitute the entire package of information requirements that the contracting authority prepares before starting the investment. The information requirements should already be presented to bidders in the MacroBIM phase. Their form, consulted with the contractor, is the basis for the required information about the resource in the process of its creation and delivery, i.e. in the capital phase.

5.2.2.3 Target Cost

The idea and principles of extrapolating the Target Cost, i.e. the basic economic criterion of the investment, were best presented graphically in the presentation of the Haahtel team at the forum organized by the Lean Construction Institute in January 2016. Below is my own graphic based on a Finnish source83:

Figure 22: Extrapolation scheme for the Target Cost from among the available design solutions. [29]

TARGET COST SHOULD BE THE STARTING POINT OF ANY INVESTMENT PROCEDURED IN BIM.

From the possible base of design solutions for the pre-design (conceptual) phase, only those remaining after applying two criteria to their combination: the minimum quality of the design solution and the concept of maximum Target Cost assumed in the evaluation process are selected and evaluated. Evaluation of the concept assumes index calculations for m2 of gross / net function, m3 of cubic capacity, unit calculations, others that can be obtained from solid models (without any definitions of building partitions or openings) and a list of groups of functions (without division into individual room use). The indicative cost is extrapolated in the minimum-maximum range (price lists containing indicative costs may be helpful), and then verified by the bidder with market costs for investments of a similar type. This verification includes a proposal for the Target Cost of the investment, presented as the final product in the MacroBIM phase of the procedure. If the offer is accepted, the Target Cost is then determined in negotiations with the contracting authority as the basis for further proceedings. It is a design approach that is based on a fixed cost, not a cost calculation for the resulting design. In order for this proposal to be realistic, it must take into account not only design solutions, but also executive, organizational and operational solutions. Hence, it is recommended to create multi-industry teams that prepare cost offers in the MacroBIM phase. Ultimately, for the implementation of BIM in Poland, it is recommended to adopt gradually other contracts than "design-build" or "build", which are not recommended from the perspective of the Target Cost service, because they do not ensure full cooperation and the pursuit of a common goal for all investment participants84. We are talking about multilateral contracts created especially for BIM.

The task of the contracting authority at the end of the MacroBIM stage is: • either to reject the idea of ​​an investment when the Target Cost proposed by the bidders in the MacroBIM phase exceeds the contracting authority's investment capacity (no promise of improvement during the negotiations); • or start negotiating the final Target Cost, which will apply to the capital phase of the investment carried out by the multi-discipline design, execution and operation team that won the procedure in the MacroBIM phase.

The chapter on Lean (point 5.7) presents methods of monitoring the Target Cost in order to prevent its increase.

5.2.2.4 Contracts for BIM

Contracts concluded under the provisions of the Public Procurement Law are of a civil law nature (Article 8 (1) of the Public Procurement Law). The above means that the public procurement contract is subject to contractual freedom under Art. 353 (1) of the Civil Code, with restrictions resulting from the provisions of the Public Procurement Law, i.e. the form or rules for amending the provisions of a public procurement contract.

Despite the aforementioned principle of contractual freedom of the parties, public procurement contracts are generally in the nature of adhesive contracts, the provisions of which are shaped in favor of the party that is the author of the contract (here, the contracting authority). The problem of the lack of ensuring or at least the disturbance of the contractual balance of the parties occurs regardless of the contract model used, both on the basis of contracts drawn up entirely independently by the ordering parties for the implementation of a specific investment as well as on the basis of contracts based on contract templates - e.g. FIDIC contract templates - tailored to the needs a given investment. Similarly, an imbalance of the parties' contractual balance can be observed regardless of the construction project implementation model used, whether in the "build" formula (the contractor performs the object on the basis of the design documentation provided by the contracting authority) or "design and build" (for the preparation of project documentation and investment the contractor is responsible) 85. In the context of the above comments, the regulations provided for in Art. 431 and subsequent acts of the Public Procurement Law, from which results, inter alia, obligation of the parties to cooperate in the performance of the contract, prohibition of the use of abusive clauses or the obligation to define the principles of valorization of the contractor's remuneration.

THE ENVESTMENT IMPLEMENTATION MODEL BASED ON ALL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION RISKS TO BE TRANSFERRED TO THE CONTRACTOR MAY NOT BE A PRACTICE MODEL FOR BIM-BASED INVESTMENTS.

In its assumption, BIM is to support the implementation of investments based on integrated and partnership cooperation of the parties, and as research shows, the greatest benefits were brought by the investment implementation model based on the earliest involvement of the contractor [30] From an organizational and functional point of view, information modeling can ensure better coordination and monitoring in all phases of investment implementation, from planning to procurement and implementation. Importantly, it may reduce the need to make changes and modifications at the execution stage, which may be critical in the context of cooperation between participants in the investment process. For this reason, contractual provisions are essential for the use of BIM, as long as they properly regulate, inter alia, matters of: (i) time limits for submitting and approving design information and other data; (ii) collision detection, early warning and risk management; (iii) intellectual property rights86 (chapter from the book [31]) As practice shows, it is the introduction of changes in the course of investment implementation, and consequently the occurrence of delays and increasing investment implementation costs, which often causes the greatest controversy and is the cause of disputes between the investor and the contractor.

functioning model. For this to happen, several elements of such investment agreements are needed: • Multilateral, ie one common agreement for all parties; • To avoid conflicts and foster cooperation: introducing the waiver of mutual claims (except for third party claims and willful misconduct); • Introduction of the basic criterion for economic evaluation of an investment in the form of the Target Cost, developed in the MacroBIM phase, then monitored throughout the duration of the investment; • Introducing an incentive in the form of a financial cushion to be shared between the parties (Core Group members or another instruction) if the resource is delivered on time and at the Target Cost or to cover losses in the event of failure to meet them 87; • Introduction of a jointly defined Risk Register, methods of managing this catalog and methods of joint removal of existing threats; • Introduction of an obligation to establish a Core Group, managing the investment in the phase of creating and delivering the resource, consisting of representatives of the main contractors (design + construction) and the ordering party.

Such integrated contracts therefore constitute a risk-sharing system which aims to reduce the overall risk of the investment being realized. There are patterns of such contracts in the world. The best known are: • IPD - Integrated Project Delivery (developed by Hanson Bridgett LLP from U.S.A.88 - Standard Multi-Party Agreement); • PA - Project Alliancing; • CLP - Cost Led Procurement; • IPI - Integrated Project Insurance; • 2SOB - Two Stage Open Book [27]; • EBP - Early BIM Partnering; • AIA C191 / 195 - AIA (American Architects' Organization) contract families; • Consensus DOCS 300.

There are also several other proposals for similar forms of agreements, close to the optimal joint venture solution, and therefore aimed at achieving a common goal and achieving joint profits or joint coverage of losses, while limiting the blaming of either party for failure for joint responsibility. This is all the more important because process standards should not only favor the client - building motivated and committed teams is equally important. Motivation can be achieved by meeting human needs according to the Maslow pyramid mentioned in chapter 3.5 and ensuring a share in the profits of the entire enterprise (see the type of division in the footnote). This factor is particularly important in Poland, where the fees for projects and profits of contractors have fallen significantly below the standards of developed countries. Project remuneration is often below 1% of the value of the entire investment, which does not bode well for introducing BIM in Polish investments, not only public ones. The financial incentives of integrated contracts will partially reduce these disproportions, also in the case of profits for contractors 89. The FIDIC-based contracts currently used in Polish public investments are not intended for the purpose of implementing integrated investments, as they do not ensure integration by themselves due to the constraints protecting both sides, but mainly the client. These are antagonistic-type contracts that are not conducive to building trust or transparency, regardless of which of their many forms is chosen for the investment. Meanwhile, in global reports on completed and completed investment processes in the BIM methodology, the trust factor is in the first place in the table of positive experiences gained (eg 90 or [32]). The trust between the parties to the contract built on the basis of coordination of activities as well as response and risk management systems leads to greater efficiency of BIM and the implementation of the investment itself 91.

The MacroBIM phase concerns the conceptualization of the client's assumptions and their economic evaluation without further design or execution studies. The recommended form of a multilateral agreement will be useful for the bidder already in the MacroBIM phase to obtain substantive input and opinions of specialists who can jointly use their experience to prepare the investment concept and its Target Cost. Such forms of multilateral agreements are yet to emerge, as the MacroBIM phase and the investment itself in the BIM methodology are new proposals for the Polish construction market. Establishing a standard contract or contract model for a BIM investment will play an important role in promoting this investment delivery model. As indicated in the literature, the issues regarding the lack of contract templates and standards in the investment process constitute one of the main legal barriers to the application of the BIM92 model. For this reason, it is necessary to develop standard contracts or at least model contractual clauses that can be used in public procurement contracts.

The amendment to the Construction Law, with the planned entry into force in September 2020, will additionally strengthen the need to separate the economic verification phase of the investment, because through the formal requirement to provide three types of project: land development design, construction design and technical design, the design phase and its technical design will significantly extend cost, but it will be a proposal to achieve increased quality and accuracy of the design. This will automatically allow you to better estimate the profitability of the investment. This is similar to the BIM regrouping of work into the initial stages of the investment. Typical for the BIM methodology, providing partial studies of Data Drops will facilitate early indicator calculations. If the traditional method is applied to investment processes, it will take a long time to issue the first official design study, which will make it impossible to make a timely profitability calculation before the investment process starts for good.

5.2.2.5 Training

It is suggested to conduct training for the investment evaluation phase, including methods of estimating index costs on the basis of solid models and functional systems, as well as extrapolation of the potential life cycle costs of the facility to its lifetime. In the future, this function will be taken over by the role of a cost estimator in the BIM methodology, operating on design models.

Figure 23: Capital phase - third matrix element for investment time phases. Own study

5.3.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• Act of September 11, 2019 Public Procurement Law (Journal of Laws 2019, item 2019), with particular emphasis on Art. 101-103 of the New PZPU relating to the preparation of the description of the subject of the contract, min. for construction works, including by reference to Polish Standards transposing European standards and international standards; art. 239-247 of Nowa PZPU, relating to the tender evaluation criteria;

• Standards series ISO 19650 on information management using BIM: PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 - Concepts and principles, PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019 - Production and resource transfer. The TK59 Technology Committee of the ISO organization has published a series of ISO 19650 global standards, based on the British PAS and BS models from the 1192 series (on the handling of construction processes in the BIM methodology), with parts devoted to managing information about the resources created in these processes. The capital phase is the “production” and resource transfer phase in the design and manufacturing process and this is the topic of this chapter. One of the characteristics of this part of the series of standards is the introduction of the so-called Risk register, i.e. a developed central catalog of possible risks for a specific investment. The risk register also appears in the ISO Guide 73: 2009, ISO 31000: 2009 standards, described below, so it is a smooth continuation of the development of investment risk management in construction. In combination with multilateral contracts for integrated investments, this will enable optimal and joint management of risk situations for investments, which in turn will facilitate the formation of future-oriented (although already present in the world) joint venture contracts with the waiver of mutual claims by the parties to the contract;

• ISO / IEC 31010: 2019 standard on Risk management - Risk assessment techniques. Related older standards are AS / NZS ISO 31000: 2009 (Risk management framework) and ISO Guide 73: 2009 (Risk management).

5.3.2 Description

When the MacroBIM evaluation phase is successful, you can start to mobilize funds for the implementation of the project idea. The provisions of the Public Procurement Law do not prevent the use of BIM in public procurement procedures. Regardless of the type of contract (services or construction works) and regardless of the investment implementation formula, the basis for the application of BIM and the determination of obligations related to the use of this formula will be the requirements specified by the contracting authority (investor) in the procurement documentation.

The legal basis for formulating such requirements will be:

1.Art. 99 of the Public Procurement Law, according to which the contracting authority: • describes the subject of the contract in an unambiguous and exhaustive manner, using sufficiently precise and understandable terms, taking into account the requirements and circumstances that may affect the preparation of the offer. • defines in the description of the subject of the contract the required characteristics of supplies, services or works - importantly, these characteristics may refer in particular to a specific process, production method, implementation of the required supplies, services or works, or to a specific process of another stage of their life cycle even if these factors are not essential to them, provided they are related to the subject-matter of the contract and proportionate to its value and objectives. • may specify in the description of the subject of the contract the necessity to transfer the proprietary copyrights or grant a license.

2.Art. 101 of the Public Procurement Law - according to which the subject of the contract is described by (inter alia): • specifying performance or functionality requirements, including environmental requirements; • reference to the required characteristics of the material, product or service, including by reference to: - Polish Standards transposing European standards, - standards of other Member States of the European Economic Area transposing European standards, - international standards, - technical specifications, compliance with which is not obligatory , adopted by a standardization body specialized in drawing up technical specifications for repeated and continuous use, - other technical reference systems established by the European standardization organizations; - reference to standards, European technical assessments, technical specifications and technical reference systems, and by reference to performance or functional requirements for selected characteristics.

3.Art. 102 paragraph 1 point 10) - 13) Public Procurement Law - in the case of a contract for construction works, the contracting authority specifies in the description of the subject of the contract for construction works the required features of the material, product or service, corresponding to the intended use by the contracting authority, which may relate in particular to: • specific design and costing principles; • conditions for testing, inspection and acceptance of building objects; • construction methods and techniques; • any other technical conditions.

4.Art. 103 Public Procurement Law - contracts for construction works are described by means of design documentation and technical specifications for the performance and acceptance of construction works, while for investments carried out in the "design and build" formula, the contracting authority describes the subject of the contract using a functional and utility program. On the basis of the provisions of the Public Procurement Law, it is the contracting authorities who define the requirements for the description of the subject of the contract, essential features to be met, including the requirements for design or other technical conditions. It should be noted that the provisions specifying the requirements for the description of the subject of the contract, in particular with regard to construction works (Art. 102 (1) of the PPL), are open catalog - which is indicated by the use of the phrase "in particular". Thus, the contracting authority may define additional requirements and parameters on its own, as long as the basic principles of the description of the subject of the contract, relating to the requirement of an unambiguous and comprehensive description, are not violated in a way that does not hinder fair competition (Art. 99 of the Public Procurement Law).

Moreover, pursuant to Art. 101 of the Public Procurement Law, the requirements for the subject of the contract - including the required features of the service - may be specified by reference to the requirements of Polish Standards transposing European standards, international standards and even technical specifications, compliance with which is not obligatory, provided that they have been adopted by a specialized institution in the development of technical specifications for repeated and continuous use. When describing the subject of the contract by referring to standards, technical assessments or technical specifications and technical reference systems, the contracting authority is obliged to indicate that it allows solutions equivalent to the described ones. Regulations relating to the description of the subject of the contract are a key, but not the only factor that may be important for the dissemination of BIM. Regardless of the requirements concerning the description of the subject of the contract, for the dissemination of the application of this model, it is also necessary to take into account which evaluation criteria the contracting authority will use when selecting the best offer. The implementation of the BIM methodology ensures the rationalization of public procurement, reduces the risk and costs as well as information asymmetries, therefore the use of the BIM methodology in the public procurement procedure may be of strategic importance, inter alia, for the evaluation of the most economically advantageous offer [33].

The award criteria are one of the key issues both under Directive 2014/24 / EU and the Polish public procurement regulation, where emphasis is placed on non-price criteria for evaluating tenders and giving priority to the concept of "best value for money". in the preamble to Directive 2014/24 / EU, “the decision to award a contract should not, however, be based solely on non-cost criteria. The qualitative criteria should therefore be supplemented by a cost criterion which, at the discretion of the contracting authority, could be either a price or a cost-effectiveness approach, such as life-cycle costing ”(see recitals 90 and 92 of the preamble to Directive 2014/24 / EU). The cost-effectiveness approach should be understood here as internal costs directly related to a given contract, and external costs, understood e.g. as costs related to the environmental impact of a given contract, including factors other than price that will affect the total value of a given contract. the contract, both from the point of view of the contracting authority and the beneficiaries of the contract in question, which can be entered as a cash value. As an example of such an approach, Art. 67 sec. 2 of Directive 2014/24 / EU points directly to the life cycle cost accounting. Following the regulation resulting from the provisions of Directive 2014/24 / EU on the basis of the provisions of art. 242 and subsequent PPL, the criteria for selecting the most advantageous offer are indicated, based on the quality criterion and the price or cost criterion. The quality criteria that may be applied by the awarding entity may refer to quality, understood as technical parameters, social aspects, environmental aspects, including energy efficiency of the subject of the contract, innovative aspects; organization, professional qualifications and experience of persons designated to perform the contract, if they may have a significant impact on the quality of the contract, after-sales service, technical assistance, delivery conditions such as the date, method or time of delivery, and the period of implementation. In the context of the application and promotion of the BIM model, special attention should be paid to the possibility of applying qualitative criteria for selecting the offer related to innovative and environmental aspects as well as professional qualifications and experience of persons designated to perform the contract. The above-mentioned qualitative criteria are purely exemplary, and their catalog under the provisions of the Act is open. This means that the contracting authority may apply other quality criteria, provided that they are related to the subject of the contract and do not refer to the properties of the contractor itself, in particular its economic, technical or financial credibility.

Importantly, one of the criteria for selecting the most advantageous offer may be a cost criterion based on the cost-effectiveness method, which is life cycle costing. According to Art. 245 Public Procurement Law, it may cover, to an appropriate extent, some or all costs incurred during the life cycle of construction works. In particular, these may be costs incurred by the contracting authority or other users over the entire "life" of the project, e.g. operating costs, energy and other resources consumption and costs attributed to environmental externalities, i.e. the costs of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants and other costs related to climate change mitigation.

Wieloletnia praktyka stosowania kryteriów oceny ofert na gruncie zamówień publicznych wskazała jednoznacznie, że preferowanym i faworyzowanym przez zamawiających kryterium wyboru oferty jest cena. [Urząd Zamówień Publicznych, Raport dotyczący kryteriów oceny ofert - wpływ zmian wprowadzonych nowelizacjami ustawy Prawo zamówień publicznych z dnia 29 sierpnia 2014 r. i z dnia 22 czerwca 2016 r. na stosowanie pozacenowych kryteriów ofert w postępowaniach o zamówienie publiczne, Warszawa, maj 2017]. Dopiero zmiany legislacyjne wprowadzone w ustawie w 2014, a następnie, w związku z implementacją Dyrektywy 2014/24/UE, w 2016 r., z których wynikały ograniczenia w stosowaniu kryterium ceny jako jedynego kryetrium oceny ofert lub kryterium o wadze wyższej niż 60% [obecnie art. 246 ust. 2 Pzp] pozwoliły na spopularyzowanie stosowania kryteriów pozacenowych. Przed zmianą prawa dokonaną w 2014 r. kryterium ceny – jako jedyne kryterium oceny ofert stosowano w ok. 76% postępowań na roboty budowlane o wartości powyżej progów UE, po zmianie prawa, odsetek ten wynosił już tylko 15% w 2015 r., a po nowelizacji w 2016 r. 10%. Jak wynika ze statystyk wskazanych w ww. raporcie zamawiający „chętnie” stosują kryteria inne niż cena - co wynika jednak nie tyle z dostrzeżenia korzyści płynących z dywersyfikacji kryteriów oceny ofert, co z obowiązku nałożonego przepisami ustawy. Te same statystyki pokazują również, że pomimo szerokiego wachlarza kryteriów oceny, jakie mogą zostać zastosowane najczęściej stosowane są „proste” kryteria tj. „termin realizacji zamówienia”, warunki lub termin gwarancji oraz warunki płatności. Upowszechnienie stosowania BIM będzie wymagało położenie większego nacisku na stosowanie kryteriów pozacenowych powiązanych z BIM jako elementem zamówienia lub kryterium kosztów, które zastosowanie BIM może zoptymalizować, szczególnie w kontekście kosztów cyklu życia projektu. Jak zostało wskazane powyżej przepisy Pzp obligują zamawiających do stosowania kryteriów pozacenowych. niemniej jednak dotychczasowa praktyka stosowania pozacenowych kryteriów oceny ofert wskazuje, że preferowane jest stosowanie prostych kryteriów wspomnianych powyżej. Co więcej, w praktyce udzielania zamówień zastosowanie kryteriów pozacenowych tj. skrócenie terminu wykonania (z okresem minimalny określonym przez zamawiającego) lub wydłużenie terminu gwarancji (z terminem maksymalnym wskazanym przez zamawiającego) prowadzi do sytuacji, w której wszyscy wykonawcy deklarują analogiczne terminy, a tym samym uzyskują identyczną punktację w ramach kryteriów oceny. W konsekwencji, jedynym kryterium, które decyduje o wyborze oferty jest cena.

W PIERWSZYM ETAPIE WDRAŻANIA BIM REKOMENDOWANE JEST PRZYGOTOWANIE PROJEKTU POLITYKI ZAKUPOWEJ W RAMACH PZP, W KTÓRYM OKREŚLI SIĘ OBOWIĄZEK ZASTOSOWANIA METODYKI BIM W INWESTYCJACH PUBLICZNYCH O SZACUNKOWEJ WARTOŚCI PRZEKRACZAJĄCEJ 10 MILIONÓW EURO, REALIZOWANYCH PRZEZ INSTYTUCJE ADMINISTRACJI RZĄDOWEJ, JAK RÓWNIEZ NARZĘDZI EGZEKWOWANIA I PROMOWANIA STOSOWANIA METODYKI BIM. DODATKOWO REKOMENDOWANE JEST ZOBOWIĄZANIE ZAMAWIAJACYCH DO STOSOWANIA POZACENOWYCH KRYTERIÓW OCENY OFERT ZWIĄZANYCH Z BIM O WADZE MINIMALNEJ 20%. W DRUGIM ETAPIE OBOWIĄZKIEM ZASTOSOWANIA METODYKI BIM W INWESTYCJACH O SZACUNKOWEJ WARTOŚCI PRZEKRACZAJĄCEJ 10 MILIONÓW EURO ZOSTANĄ OBJĘCI WSZYSCY ZAMAWIAJĄCY PUBLICZNI. DOCELOWO, OBOWIĄZKIEM ZASTOSOWANIA METODYKI BIM ZOSTANĄ OBJĘCI WSZYSCY ZAMAWIAJĄCY PUBLICZNI NIEZALEŻNIE OD WARTOŚCI INWESTYCJI.

Takie działania legislacyjne, podobnie jak określenie maksymalnego progu kryterium ceny (60%) powinny przynieść pozytywny efekt w upowszechnianiu kryteriów związanych z BIM. Co do zasady katalog kryteriów pozacenowych jest katalogiem otwartym, a w jego ramach zamawiający samodzielnie dobierają rodzaj i wagę kryterium pozacenowego. Jak wskazuje praktyka, również w dotychczasowych postępowaniach o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego z wykorzystaniem BIM dominują kryteria związane z doświadczeniem personelu. W celu zdywersyfikowania kryteriów związanych z BIM należy rozważyć określenie możliwych do zastosowania kryteriów poprzez promowanie dobrych praktyk i wzorcowych dokumentów. Alternatywnie, należy również rozważyć zmiany legislacyjne z wykorzystaniem przepisów wykonawczych określonych w art. 244 Pzp. Zgodnie ze wskazanym przepisem minister właściwy do spraw gospodarki określa w drodze rozporządzenia, inne niż cena kryteria oceny ofert, które mają zastosowanie w odniesieniu do niektórych rodzajów zamówień, oraz sposób opisania i oceny tych kryteriów. Celowość określenia kryteriów na poziomie przepisów wykonawczych wymaga jednak dalszej analizy, z uwzględnieniem charakteru zamówień opartych o BIM np. w kontekście wykorzystania jako kryterium oceny kosztów, w tym kosztów cyklu życia.

5.3.2.1 PIR / OIR / EIR / AIR 93

The abbreviations indicated in the title mean the lists of structured information required by the contracting authority in the field of project information (PIR - Project Information Requirements), organizational information (OIR - Organization Information Requirements), the very method of information exchange (EIR - Exchange Information Requirements) or information requirements. about the future resource (AIR - Asset Information Requirements). They are recorded by the contracting authority and communicated to the executive team as information requirements throughout the investment period. The scope of information for each of the above forms of requirements is described in the text of the PN-EN ISO 19650 series of standards, and more precisely elaborated in another part of this project. All these information sets are linked in a single system with both digital investment products in the BIM methodology: PIM (Project Information Model) and AIM (Asset Information Model). Their mutual dependence is illustrated in the following graphic, developed on the basis of the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard:

Figure 24: List of information requirements for the investment process in the BIM94 methodology

The information requirements of the participants in the investment process do not arise only on the part of the ordering party. The PLQ (Plain Language Questions) tool is a method by which the contractor can obtain answers from the contracting authority in order to formulate their own organizational (OIR) and design (PIR) requirements. Only then are the sets of requirements processed into OIR, PIR and AIR for the entire investment. There are also tools that record all these documents in the form of the content of the online portal, and at a later stage make it possible to control the compliance of the investment procedure with the resulting initial conditions (SHIFT95). The investment process in the BIM methodology is a collaborative process and is characterized by both top-down ("pull") and bottom-up ("push") actions to create an atmosphere of transparency, conducive to building trust and generating commitment of the entire Integrated Team

5.3.2.2 PIM – Project Information Model (Model Projektowy)

It is the final digital information product in the design phase, used in the investment process to build a resource. PIM is a complete set of information collected during the design phase, supplemented with data from workshop models of subcontractors and suppliers as well as the (general) contractor's own contribution, therefore it is an IT resource rich in collected data for each investment. PIM is still the basis for AIM, i.e. the model for managing the built resource during its operation, which is cleared of unnecessary information from the resource supply phase, and enriched with operational data. The form of PIM provided to the contracting authority is a geometry model in the IFC format suggested in global BIM strategies (e.g. Czech) with alphanumeric information, or integrated with geometry, or, which is another development bus, separated for its separate management without the need to deal with data geometrical. In addition, there may be additional forms of data in the form of video files or material samples in accordance with the specification of information types from the PN-EN ISO 19650 standard, stored in the CDE platform of a given investment. The degree of saturation with PIM information according to LOD reaches the As-Built level (as-built documentation), i.e. - depending on the design arrangements - LOD 500 or LOD 600 (more about LOD in the section: Classifications, point 5.8.2.3.)

5.3.2.3 MIDP / TIDP

These are plans for providing information on the part of the contractor regarding the stages of the design and execution process, saved as a schedule of the Master Information Delivery Plan and plans of individual tasks (Task Information Delivery Plan). These requirements should be undertaken both by the entire Integrated Team and by Task Teams. The method of organizing the Integrated Team and task forces and the possibility of their visualization are discussed in the chapter on Lean - point 5.7.2. The MIDP master plan and the TIDP task plans should be coordinated with the LastPlanner® System schedule set due to the better adaptation of Lean plans to the execution capabilities of the task teams on the one hand, but on the other hand in terms of timely control of the entire investment for which MIDP is responsible. At best, MIDP becomes the Master Plan of the Lean ecosystem. It is a process integrating activity, another of the four pillars of BIM methodology integration.

THE PROCESS OF WORKFLOW IN AN INTEGRATED APPROACH BEGINS FROM THE CREATION, ACCEPTANCE AND START OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MIDP, AND TIDP'S ITERATIONS. THEIR CONDITION IS A CLOSE CO-OPERATION BY ALL PARTICIPANTS OF THE PROCESS, BEST IN A COLLOCATION, OR IN ONE ROOM, CALLED BIG ROOM. THIS IS A LOCATION WHERE THE CURRENT INVESTMENT TASKS ARE SOLVED JOINLY AND IN REAL TIME.

The division into traditional phases of a construction investment gives way to the sequence of providing information about the created resource with regular transfer of partial effects in the form of the so-called Data Drops96, whether it is in the design or construction phase. This corresponds to the type of work in Agile methodology (more about Agile in the section devoted to Lean - point 5.7.2.8). The Data Drops schedule should be proposed by the contractor in a contractual BIM Performance Plan (BEP) based on the client's expected information sets for specific purposes. Organization at the executive level is a bottom-up method of meeting the imposed top-down requirements and thus leading to an understanding of the tasks to be performed. This is the only way to create a common ground that integrates all sides of the processes. In the BIM strategy for Germany, such integration is called convergence (focusing interests and goals in the form of a common information plane), and the proper exchange of information itself can ensure the involvement of teams and gain their trust.

5.3.2.4 Pre-contract BEP (BIM Execution Plan)

Pre-contract BIM Performance Plan (BEP pre-contract) is the first contribution of the executive team (design + construction work) to meet the requirements of the contracting authority, included in the SWZ with BIM conditions (the previous British name is EIR - Employer's Information Requirements - the contracting authority's requirements, currently adopted in this form for a different designation by the BIM standards from the ISO 19650 series) and BIM Protocol. Templates of such documents are the subject of another part of this study ("Construction investment management in BIM methodology - proposal of document templates").

5.3.2.5 Risk Register

It is the optimal form of managing investment risks in contracts, not only integrated ones. The risk register is created as a tabular electronic catalog with the participation of all parties to the investment and thus provides a complete list of possible threats, recorded from all possible perspectives. It is also the wording from ISO standards dealing with the hazards of risk, which is indicated in point 5.3.1. The cooperative nature of contracts in BIM investments is also able to ensure collective risk management under shared responsibility. The condition of success is an appropriate contractual environment, because only in the form of a shared, economic interest may there be a willingness to closely cooperate in removing the resulting threats.

5.3.2.6 Automation and prefabrication

The economic goal of digitizing construction processes is to automate products along the lines of industrial production processes. There are two methods of implementing this assumption: • prefabrication - a method available and used in the construction industry in Poland today, but not yet to the extent that it is possible; • 3D printing of objects - a method currently not implemented in Poland in the construction industry, used by some countries to print construction objects, eg the People's Republic of China.

The need to automate construction processes has resulted in a design method strictly for fabrication to avoid losses in production processes in construction. This method is called DfMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) 97, i.e. designing with construction production and assembly in mind. It consists in simplifying the design of the components of complex systems so that they can be easily manufactured and then assembled into the created building object. Thus, it is one of the Lean Manufacturing tools. While the DfMA method is implemented all over the world, Asian countries, especially Singapore (Hong Kong or Malaysia) have advanced the automation of construction even more. In Singapore, an automation method called PPVC (Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction) 98 has been developed, consisting in prefabricating and equipping elements that are entire office or residential units. Its basis is primarily strict modularity. The graphic below shows the 3 phases of PPVC from the Hong Kong study: a factory-cast element, then fitted with installations and building elements, and a finishing phase, even before transport to the construction site. One of the difficulties in such cases is the need to adapt to the regulations regarding the transport of such large-format elements to the assembly site.

Figure 25: Three stages of prefabrication of a PPVC large-space element (HongKong). [34]

In Singapore, it is a standard method of construction processes, and the requirements set by the regulations require a minimum of 65% PPVC use for residential buildings to be erected. The time savings expected in this way are presented in the graphic from the presentation of the representative of the Singapore Institute of Technology. The first red bar represents the traditional approach to building the facility, the second - shows the PPVC approach.

Figure 26: Comparing the duration of a traditional process with a process using PPVC elements. [35]

The graphic below shows an apartment prepared for production in the PPVC method

Figure 27: Example of a digital model of modularized, prefabricated and finished large-space parts of an apartment for subsequent assembly. [34]

Figure 28: Apartment block model detailing the parts prepared on site and prefabricated as PPVC (marked in blue). [35] This Road Map recommends the fastest possible implementation of similar automation processes in the Polish construction industry in order to reduce losses and accelerate the stage of creating and delivering an investment resource.

5.3.2.7 Training

Cyclical trainings will be the most advanced trainings of all trainings for the BIM methodology due to the high integration of the human factor and interpersonal relations in the implementation of the tasks of the design and execution phase. It is suggested to involve practitioners in construction investments with experience of integrated investments. Theorists are not the best training providers in this phase. The first training of this type should be conducted as a several-day workshop in order to familiarize all participants of the process with the elements of the BIM methodology at the very beginning of the investment.

5.4 Operational phase

Figure 29: Operational phase - fourth matrix element for the investment time phases. Own study

5.4.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

The PN-EN ISO 19650-3 standard on the management of the transferred resource (not yet published, under development). It is a future normative standard for the operational phase of construction or infrastructure investments using the BIM methodology in Poland; • A series of standards ISO 15686 (Building Construction - Service Life Planning) on ​​resource life planning, especially ISO 15686-4: 2014 (Part 4: Service Life Planning using Building Information Modeling) on ​​the use of BIM for this purpose, mentioning COBie99 as an alternative tabular data representation for this purpose;

• The series of ISO 5500X standards on resource management methods of any type (the Polish version is expected as announced in the text of the standard) published since 2014 was not prepared for the BIM methodology. It was created on the basis of the British PAS 55 from 2004. In parallel with ISO 55000: 2014, another standard from this series was published - ISO 55001: 2014 - containing requirements for resource management systems. Another standard in the 5500X series (ISO 55002: 2018) contains the rules for the application of the 55001 standard, and in 2019 the ISO / TS 55010: 2019 standard was published with further improvements in resource management for financial and non-financial factors. It is not yet certain whether the ISO 5500X series will be included in the "BIM standards" package or whether resource management methods in the construction industry will be the subject of another in the ISO 19650 series. The ISO TC251 Technical Committee does not provide a binding answer100;

• The British standard BS 1192-4, which was to evolve into ISO 19650-4, specifies the information format for asset management during the exploitation phase, the operational phase of this chapter. It is a dataset called COBie (Construction Operations Building information exchange). Most likely, however, the publication of ISO 19650-4 in this form will not take place, as the COBie format is a subset of the data of another IFC format, which in turn has been a global standard for several years, so a repeated COBie standardization would not be justified;

• Standard ISO / ICE / IEEE 15288: 2015 (Systems and software engineering - System life-cycle processes) on the procedural framework for describing the life cycle of man-made systems, also as individual products or services provided by them;

• ISO 3700X series of standards for Smart Cities.

5.4.2 Description

5.4.2.1 AIM – Asset Information Model

Simultaneously with the PIM model (although depending on the form and provisions of the contract), the contracting authority is provided with the resource model (AIM) for the operational and operational period. This model is cleared of unnecessary information gathered during the creation and delivery of the resource (capital phase). This is dealt with by the party that was given such a task in the contract. Currently, the most technologically mature procedure for creating an exploitation model consists of four basic steps: • Eliminating unnecessary information for resource management. These are information such as data on supply chain management during resource creation, on logistic coordination, on schedules for project data transfers, or on the development and subsequent dismantling of construction site elements; • Supplementing the AIM model with data on Facility Management. This includes information on the operating instructions for built-in and free-standing equipment, dates of periodic inspections, expiration of warranty periods, manufacturer's information or other relevant data. Standards from the 19650 series define and recommend the creation of AIM already in the capital phase as a parallel information model to PIM (see section 5.3.2.1). In order to create an AIM, the data of the design model are completed in the form of a text LOI, preferably separated from the geometry (see "decoupling", section 5.8.2.3.). The format of the final record of such data is COBie (Construction Operations Building information exchange - see further section 5.4. 2.2); • Supplementing the model with plugins for collecting information readings from all embedded sensors, cameras and other data generators in the physical resource; • Creation of a digital model called Digital Twin, which is a true digital copy of a physical resource and receives remote information from the "physical twin" via Internet links about its current state regarding all embedded systems, installations and devices (see further point 5.4. 2.3).

5.4.2.2 COBie (Construction Operations Building information exchange)

COBie is one of the forms of transferring sets of information about the delivered resource for its lifetime, generally known as XXXie. Other XXXies are e.g. SPARKie (information about electrical systems), HVACie (about heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems), BAMie (about building automation systems), WSie (about water systems), LCie (about resource life cycle management), QTie ( about data for take-offs), etc. The most important of these sets is the COBie data format for asset utilization management. They are a subset of the IFC format (called MVD - Model View Definition, which is the data portion of the complete digital asset information model prepared for a specific purpose, in this case, operational management). Setting the correct options for exporting the design model to IFC will ensure that COBie is communicated appropriately for further resource management by the procuring agency. Specialized computer applications (both commercial and free) convert IFC models with COBie data into Excel files (or XML files imported into Excel). A characteristic feature of the COBie file, saved in the XLS (X) format, is the specific color of the columns with different types of information. There are four of these colors (graphic below):

Figure 30: The appearance of the Excel file with COBie tables. Own study

The yellow and orange colors represent the necessary data taken from BIM creation and management programs by automating the identification keys of internal database rows received as a result of system queries. This is data that designers and consultant engineers saved during the design process in the PIM model or when creating information for the AIM model. Information with a purple background is automatically generated by the computer program, green fields indicate optional data. COBie consists of 19 tables in an Excel file, and their structure consists of three ranges (tables for design, execution and general data). The most important for operational information are the Type and Component tables. COBie data compiles tables that summarize all information.

Figure 31: Structure of COBie information collected in 3 scopes and 19 tables101

As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, the COBie format is not directly standardized and is not translated into other languages, table descriptions remain in English. Nevertheless, its use on the Polish road to BIM is recommended in this Roadmap for the following reasons: • It is a subset (ie it is completely included in the information structures) of the IFC format, which in turn is subject to ISO 16739-1: 2018 standardization; • Can be obtained from any application with export to IFC format; • It is an open and non-commercial format; • There is no other ready and commonly used format, adapted to support the operational data of a construction or infrastructure resource created in the BIM methodology.

5.4.2.3 Digital Twins

It is a digital form of resource representation with the highest degree of technological development. Digital Twin together with the physical twin enable both resource management from anywhere on earth and processing of all kinds of information, including the so-called Big Data104, a stream of unstructured data flowing from the asset's equipment components continuously and 24 hours a day. The digital twin in conjunction with the distributed processing technology (Distributed Ledger Technology - chapter on cybersecurity) are an integral part of the Polish Road Map for BIM in order to ensure the security of sensitive data flowing in both directions between a physical object and its digital counterpart. Examples of current Digital Twin applications are such highly technological environments as airports (the Dutch Schiphol105 or the American La Guardia106). The information may come from sensors of equipment elements, electrical network receivers, embedded installation and environmental systems, communication and transport infrastructure, CCTV systems and any other sources of information of the types listed in the standard 19650-1. Digital Twins actually require a constant flow of information. The management of this data is a comprehensive process based on ICT security (cybersecurity). Lean rules, i.e. loss reduction and lean management, also apply to the operation of digital twins. Digital Twin resembles a digital spatial design model, provided with multiple interfaces for receiving information streams both from its own environment and via network links to the entire Internet of Things. It is therefore an intelligent object that is also subject to the evolution of machine learning. There are four levels of development for digital twins: • Pre-Digital Twin: a digital system model with extensive technology and the ability to manage technical risks, but with no physical equivalent and no ability to extract data from a physical environment, or machine learning at any level (operator or environmental); • Digital Twin: digital counterpart of a physical twin, acquiring information from its physical counterpart, monitoring its operational status, technical health and updating it, but not having machine learning capabilities; • Adaptive Digital Twin: digital equivalent of a physical twin, having an adaptive interface, unlike Digital Twin having the ability to update the physical counterpart in real time and the ability to machine learning at the operator level; • Intelligent Digital Twin: with additional machine learning capability at all levels.

The graphic below illustrates the evolutionary maturation process of the relationship between both twins:

Figure 32: Phases in the evolution of the digital twin 107

Digital Twins are subject to constant development, while at the same time entailing the evolution of the quality of physical resources and their mutual relations. This process systematically utilizes emerging technologies, and strategically fits the idea of Smart Cities, where in digitized city quarters intelligent objects remain in various types and at different levels of mutual technological relations. In the meantime, there were suggestions to rename the twin to "Digital Twinning" to emphasize its dynamic nature and its ever-changing status108 (Aidan Mercer, bSI).

5.4.2.4 Life-Cycle Assessment

Estimating the costs of the Life Cycle of resources should be effective and carried out from the very beginning of the investment, i.e. from the MacroBIM phase. Operating costs in combination with personnel costs of the facility operating phase constitute the vast majority of capital expenditure. During the resource creation and delivery process, you can only calculate the operating costs of the resource itself. Personnel costs will be included in the contracting authority's operational and business strategy.

The graphic below summarizes the economic effects of the entire life cycle of the resource (30-40 years) in construction investments sequentially for the scopes (assuming 100% of the cost of operation and resource management over this period): • Project (2%); • Construction completion (20%); • Operation and management (100%); • operating costs (4,000%); • Assumed business profits (5000% +). Figure 33: Asset lifecycle cost statement. [36]

Therefore, the key activity for the stage of creating and delivering a resource is to ensure that it is economically viable, because this is the capital phase that is influenced by it. All activities related to the monitoring of the Target Cost during the creation and delivery of the resource also include decisions that will affect the economic phase of resource management. Target Value Design with its decisions based on the greatest benefit (CbA) is the best tool for this purpose, provided that the future exploitation expenditure of the asset is part of the analyzed activities. Saving at the expense of reducing the functionality of TVD will entail creating many unknowns for the future of the resource, also affecting its operating costs. Using technologically advanced Digital Twins with lean management based on Lean principles is an extension of Target Value Design methods to the operational phase of the resource and an increasingly common direction for the future of resources in the construction industry. All investment phases for the contracting authority's business model for the entire life cycle of the resource can be written in the form of a sequence consistent with the CDE stages according to the graphics from the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard. It remains an open question whether the CDE environment will be used by the contracting authority in the operational and operational phase, or whether it ends its functionality with the handover of the ready resource according to the 19650-1 / 2 standards.

Figure 34: Summary of digital capital phase environment with extension to operational phase 109

The BIM level 3 specification for open information exchange formats (IFC-IFD-IDM) from the Bew-Richards wedge fragment was adopted as the basis for this direction, according to which the final state is to work together on open, editable formats in one environment of the "cloud" "Or its next future form. The evolution of the IFC format also follows this direction, and the KEY is the SECURITY OF SAVED INFORMATION FOR THE WHOLE LIFE CYCLE OF A RESOURCE BY NORMING ITS PHYSICAL FORM BY THE ISO STANDARD

5.4.2.5 Digital Built Poland

The Polish strategic document for activities until 2030 was developed by the Ministry of Administration and Digitization and adopted by a resolution of the Council of Ministers in February 2013. This document is called "Long-term National Development Strategy. Poland 2030. The Third Wave of Modernity ”110 in Chapter 4, Objective 5, describes the directions of creating a Digital Poland. In the long term, the document recommends the following measures for building a digital society: • supporting investments in broadband infrastructure to ensure universal, high-quality access to the Internet; building digital competences and implementing universal digital education; • ensuring the supply of high-quality content available online; • creating favorable legal conditions for the development of the electronic services market; • gathering, storing, securing and sharing traditional resource data in electronic form.

The document is the basis for the concept of digitizing the entire territory of Poland, as adopted by the British strategic document Digital Built Britain [2]. In the continuation of the strategy in the following years, it is recommended to indicate a coherent system, digitally managed by authorized entities, taking into account other possible areas for the needs of Digital Poland and further implementation guidelines. Another strategic document "Strategy for responsible development until 2020 (with a perspective until 2030)" [38] was adopted by a resolution of the Council of Ministers in February 2017. This study was a continuation of the "Responsible Development Plan" adopted by the Council of Ministers in February 2016, the strategic guidelines of which of twelve inter-ministerial teams were approved in July 2016 by the Coordination Committee for Development Policy.

The document includes, among others the digitization strategy, which is based on the guidelines of the previous study, but was supplemented with several aspects important for the success of the implementation of the BIM methodology (the graphics come from the document in question): • Cybersecurity as part of building the information society; • Energy (Smart Grid) Energy (Smartgrid)

In 2015, the demand for energy amounted to 13.5 billion tonnes of oil equivalent (in 2000 it was 10 billion tonnes). Over 81% of energy was produced from coal, oil and gas; The use of Smart Grid technology - improvement of energy flow between energy producers and consumers; Usage examples; • Power quality measurement; • Reading customers' counters; • Energy tariff switching; • Home appliances control; • Fraud detection

Figure 36: The energy part of the strategy. [38]

Transport and logistics (Intelligent Transport Systems) Intelligent logistics centers which, thanks to the use of information technology, allow access to information in real time, enable analysis and processing of information, remembered by participants in the supply chain, for example the UPS RFID network. Examples of use; • Increasing the capacity of the street network on average 22.5%; • improvement of road safety (reduction of the number of accidents by an average of 60%); • Reduction of travel time and energy consumption (by nearly 60%); • Reduction of combustion emissions by an average of 40%; • Improvement of travel comfort and traffic conditions; • Reduction of road fleet management costs; • Reduction of costs related to the maintenance and renovation of the pavement; • Increasing economic benefits in the region.

Figure 37: The transport and logistics part of the strategy. [38]

Smart cities, buildings and vehicles: Smart cities combines the intelligent use of modern technologies and innovative systems with potential institutions and research centers living in companies; Intelligent buildings enabling remote control of temperature, ventilation with building lighting, RTV / household appliances and control of safety and consumption of utilities; Usage examples; • Monitoring of air pollution; • Realization of the idea of ​​intelligent buildings; • Implementation of intelligent vehicles; • Support for people with disabilities; • Generating warnings against natural disasters

Figure 38: Part of the strategy on smart cities, buildings and vehicles. [38]

• This study does not yet take into account the digitization guidelines essential for a complete picture of a multi-dimensional digital Poland, such as geospatial elements, ground and underground infrastructure or natural water reservoirs. The European Union has allocated funds for strategic studies for the years 2021-2027111. Due to the fact that the Polish general strategy (2014-2020) is about to end the scope of its effectiveness, and the long-term (2030) defines the general direction of digitization in a general way, it is recommended to apply for funding for the continuation of this project with a proposal of specific actions in all of the above-mentioned in ranges. In order to prepare the market for comprehensive activities in the construction industry, it is recommended to develop a strategic document limited to the task of digitizing the entire territory of Poland. In this way, activities could be focused and directed for better efficiency. A step in the right direction is the aforementioned Integrated State Informatization Program, adopted in 2014 and updated every few years. As the target form of parts of Poland digitized in this way, it is advisable to use intelligent functionality and machine learning of the advanced evolutionary level of Digital Twins placed on the web. For example, the British CDDB (Center for Digital Built Britain) from the University of Cambridge developed a strategy for the use of Digital Twins called "The Gemini Principles" [39] with a recommendation to create a digital twin for the whole of Great Britain, consisting of smaller Twins.

5.4.2.6 Training

The industry most involved in the operational phase of investments is the broadly understood Facility Management and all training in this direction should be directed to these specialists. This training should also include Lean elements, especially lean management and loss reduction ("muda") principles, as well as Lean Six Sigma112 principles in operational processes. These trainings will be supplemented in the future with tutorials on how to use the rich functionalities of Digital Twins. It is recommended to prepare industry specialists by their own professional organizations so that they can conduct professional training themselves in the field of intelligent resources operation. An alternative would be to outsource resource management to external economic operators that will take advantage of this emerging long-term market segment.

5.5 Technology

Figure 39: Technology - first substantive matrix element. Own study

5.5.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• The current direction of BIM standardization for Poland is a series of standards called PN-EN ISO 19650. It is a series of publications containing a structured (first in Great Britain) and then standardized world standard for investing in integrated BIM methodology;

• On the part of computer software, the ISO 16739-1: 2018 normative standard is an open information exchange format called IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) 113 and the related BCF (BIM Collaboration Format) and CityGML, which is an implementation of GML (Geography Markup Language - ISO TC211 and OGC) for the handling of geospatial information. Worldwide BIM implementation strategies (UK, Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden etc.) rely on IFC as the primary format for information exchange. As part of the integration of CityGML with BIM (until a common information format for BIM and geospatial is created in the next version of IFC 5), a BIM add-on for CityGML called "GeoBIM" [40] was developed; ISO / IEC 21823 series of standards - (Internet of Things (IoT) - Interoperability for internet of things systems) for the Internet of Things: ISO / IEC 21823-1: 2019 (Part 1: Framework), ISO / IEC 21823-2 (Part 2 : Transport interoperability) - under development; ISO / IEC 30141: 2018 (Internet of Things (IoT) - Reference Architecture).

5.5.2 Description

The technological factor has the richest literature from all the elements present in this project. It consists of both strategic studies and recommendations, as well as already developed standards, in force in individual countries, as well as their communities, such as the European Union. It also covers all documents that have already been developed in Poland for normative or standardization purposes, are currently being developed or will appear in the near future. The basic element of technology, regardless of whether it is analogue or digital, is information. Its current and announced future forms are listed and analyzed in the following paragraphs.

5.5.2.1 Information structuring

Figure 40: The Bew-Richards Wedge, a central component of the UK BIM implementation strategy 114

As can be seen from the UK wedge graphic above, the evolution of BIM is moving towards managing design, construction and operational processes as a whole. It should be understood not to work on files, CAD drawings or even BIM models, but to manage the information base about a given investment for the entire period of its existence and operations, i.e. a data-driven process. There are several types of information gathering and storage: • Unstructured, ie chaotic - data as it flows in is deposited at the recipient in any way, without any specific storage structure. Selecting the necessary information from this set is a very demanding task; • Partially structured, object-oriented - there are protocols for data storage that are based on object-oriented programming (JSON, XML, Python and other higher object-oriented programming languages ​​such as Java). The data is collected here in types of objects and their instances (instances of these objects created for this purpose). The required information is obtained through programming interfaces, the so-called API (Application Programming Interface); • Structured - higher level of data storage, eg using simple relations or schemas enriched with semantic queries (like Triplestore) or other multimodel (like graphs with their relations, nodes, attributes and labels), generally known as relational databases. Information is called from them by system queries, such as SQL (Structured Query Language) 115; • Personalized - a comprehensive method of storing information from dedicated and controlled data sets for a specific purpose (eg Digital Twins - see section 5.4.2.3). Currently, we are dealing with a constantly increasing stream of information generated in the world, accumulating in the inflow of the so-called real-time reading every second. Big Data. Information is monitored live here and obtained from a digital object, which is a true digital copy of the real counterpart. An example of the use of a personalized method of data storage can be digital twins of Tesla electric cars116, created individually for each manufactured vehicle and used for remote monitoring and possible modification of its current state at every moment of operation.

5.5.2.2 Evaluation of existing information

On the one hand, there is a tendency to structure information, but on the other hand, there is an up-to-date stream of information in everyday life and in the economy, which belongs to all four types listed in 5.5.2.1, and it should be assumed that this will continue for some time. The ISO standard for BIM 19650-1: 2019 in point 4 Asset and project information, perspectives and collaborative working, point 4.1 Principles emphasizes the existence of unstructured information in the PIM (project model in the capital phase) and AIM (resource model for the operational phase) models ( e.g. documents, video or audio recordings). The current state of technology forces the management of all types of information, including completely raw information, such as the soil samples mentioned later in the Standard and products in an unstructured form. The future, however, is the standard for all types of information. This is a conservative suggestion of the standard, but taking into account analog data, but which should be changed according to the diagram of progressive maturity of information management for level 3 presented in the Standard. In search of an efficient and flexible system for evaluating data of any type, especially information from sensors in real time , data for machine learning, information analysis from relational databases or support for artificial intelligence as well as virtual and augmented reality (AI / VR / AR), various concepts appear around the world. The most promising model seems to be the so-called Lakehouse117 - graphic below - representing a logical evolution of information management. The first step was the so-called Data Warehouse, i.e. a data reporting and analysis system that is the basis of business intelligence. However, it was not optimized to handle unstructured data such as audio files, videos, images or text, typical for e.g. the development of artificial intelligence (AI). To fill this gap, a combination of many Data Warehouses was used with the model of the newly created concept of Data Lake (data lake - data repository system in natural formats, such as blobs or files of any format) and systems for streaming, graphs or databases for images. The result was not optimal as it slowed down the flow of information. The Lakehouse concept emerged from the data lake as an antidote to the deficiencies and is a synthesis of the above systems for comprehensive information handling of all types.

Figure 41: Evolution of digital information formats and ways to manage them 118

5.5.2.3 Standardized information

The standardization of information that has already been structured is to standardize it. The general principle of creating a standard for any economic field is to first structure the resources / data / format / form of information as possible, and after the period of satisfactory functioning of the created structure on the market, a standardization document is developed. It is the responsibility of the regulatory bodies in each country. In Poland, it is the Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN) with its executive structures (Technical Committees), and in the world it is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), responsible for most of the world's standards in the form of ISO standards (approx. 17'000). The standardized information for the BIM methodology has been published in the form of a series of PN-EN ISO 19650 standards described in points 5.3.1 and 5.4.1). The Lean chapter of this document (point 5.7) indicates the methods of organizing the contractor in construction, which are equivalent to the normative requirements, but from the bottom-up ("push") side. These methods visualize and synchronize activities in accordance with the principles of Convergence, a common level of management of the resulting information about the subject of investment.

5.5.2.4 Big Data

According to the 2015 chart from the upriser.com portal, following the Gordon Moore rule119, the amount of information in the world will double every two years over the next decade120, and for the following years, the increase is estimated not linear, arithmetic, but geometric. Managing this data stream, which is growing every year, requires no longer individual actions, but a comprehensive approach.

The set of tools for handling this stream, flowing continuously and with increasing intensity, are many existing and developing technologies: • IoT (Internet of Things - Internet of Things) - a new definition of the Internet network, based on greater data throughput and new technologies of data processing. Its mass and integrated application in the economy is assumed; • Cloud Computing - existing solutions for central, non-local and remote data processing; Edge Computing (architecture of distributed IT resources), also known as Fog Computing (fog computing) - the evolution of information processing, combining remote and local processing with the use of intelligent gateways; • Distributed Ledger Technology (See section 5.6.2.3) - to distribute information processing processes across multiple network devices, leveraging their calculation power and increasing data security by dispersing their control centers; • 5G network - a new technology of wireless networks with increased frequency and intensity, conducive to handling a larger stream of information. Its functionality is to be guaranteed by a new satellite network. It is also a source of much controversy regarding its alleged health effects. It is currently being researched and tested in Poland, as well as its first application trials.

Big Data is one of the types of information used in investment processes in construction, listed in the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard. Thus, in a strategic document, such as this one, it is assumed to prepare tools for handling and this type of information using the above-mentioned technologies. The Blockchain distributed processing (DLT) tool (5.6) is discussed in more detail in the cybersecurity matrix element.

5.5.2.5 Use of open standards and formats

Information in integrated processes also uses computer programs to generate and analyze it. There are two types of computer file formats. The first is the so-called native formats, specific to individual software developers, generally technologically proprietary and rarely compatible with native formats of other manufacturers. The second type of information format is the so-called open format, available to any user, also in the form of source code. For the BIM methodology, the IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) format, based on the older STEP format, was developed in cooperation with many companies in the mid-90s of the last century. Both are based on the ISO standard (16739 and 10303 respectively) and therefore constitute a safe form of information generation and exchange. Related, because also open data handling formats, are eg BCF (BIM Collaboration Format) 121 for the correction processes of BIM models in the form of questions and answers to remove any ambiguities or errors in the design and implementation phase. The advantage of open formats is their lightness, resulting in small dimensions of model files, carrying information about the designed resource. The IFC format, developed and certified for computer applications by the not-for-profit buildingSMART International organization, is a guarantee of meeting another requirement of integrated processes: the so-called interoperability. The English term "interoperability" means lossless collaboration in the exchange of information between any computer software that is certified for the import and / or export of IFC files. At the end of April 2020, buildingSMART International in its roadmap [41] announced the creation of a new open format called IDS (Information Delivery Specification). This format, in the form of machine-readable data sets from the model, is intended to define the information requirements and the manner in which their replacement is to take place.

5.5.2.6 CDE (Common Data Environment)

The principles of creating a digital environment for the investment procedure are included in the first two parts of the PN-EN ISO 19650 standard. The function of ensuring CDE is assigned to the contracting authority, but the standard enables both the contractor and a separate entity to fulfill this function. In this case, this entity must become part of the Integrated Team, with all its rights and obligations. CDE is a digital investment environment in its creation and resource delivery phase. It is not yet required at the MacroBIM stage, but since the principal entity responsible for CDE delivery is the contracting authority (although it is also possible for the contractor and even third parties to deliver and service CDE), the earlier it appears in the investment process, the better. The CDE system is available on the basis of access roles and includes at least the functions of a project information repository and a communication platform. Additional functionalities are possible, such as comparing files and models, and the possibility of electronic (and other) orders, depending on the model and price, usually monthly or annual rentals for individuals or groups. The topic of CDE is described in more detail in another part of this project ("Construction investment management in the BIM methodology - proposal of document templates").

5.5.2.7 Technological support, workshops

Another function, but present and valid for all elements of this strategic matrix, is continuous support in the form of adequate training and courses. BIM has a chance to be fully implemented when participants of construction processes at all levels adopt the technological, normative and social principles of integrated processes. For this purpose, it is recommended to conduct periodic training, also while investing in the BIM methodology. There are many entities in Poland that train participants of integrated processes specializing in the openBIM methodology (i.e. based on IFC, BCF or COBie formats standardized by ISO).

5.6 Cybersecurity

Figure 42: Cybersecurity - The second element of the matrix in terms of merit. Own study

5.6.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (general regulation on data protection ); • Act of 10 May 2018 on the protection of personal data (Journal of Laws of 2019, item 1781) 122;

• Act of 5 July 2018 on the national cybersecurity system (Journal of Laws 2018, item 1560) [42]. The proposed amendments concern the introduction of a more secure than the traditional system of single servers distributed processing technology (DLT), already used by global and Polish public entities;

• Act of February 4, 1994 on copyright and related rights (Journal of Laws of 2019, No. 24, item 1231) 123;

• PN-EN ISO 19650-5 standard on the security of information management: "Security-minded approach to information management" (published as a Polish standard announced by PKN). In a letter to the presidents and secretaries of the national ISO organizations of November 6, 2017, ISO Secretary General Sergio Mujica presented the technology committee action plan for IEC, ITU and ISO standards, including research on the introduction of DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology - distributed processing technology) to standards related to data security and identification management124;

• A series of ISO / IEC 2700X (Information security management systems) standards for information security (approx. 50 documents);

• PwC report from 2018 "Cyber-roulette in Polish. Why do companies count on luck when fighting cybercriminals ”[43]. This report is a real look at the state of application of digital security principles applied by Polish economic entities.

5.6.2 Description

Cybersecurity is closely related to digital technology. This is a factor that should be specified for any steps towards the evolution of integration in construction processes. It is not so much about computer software elements and packages supporting BIM processes, but their technological foundation, especially the directions of its development (ICT - Information and Communication Technologies). It is generally known that computer software for creating, analyzing and managing in the technological sphere of BIM methodology is not yet perfect. However, they are subject to constant development, using the latest technologies appearing on the market. Likewise, the strategic activities of implementing BIM on the Polish market in the form of a Road Map should leave room for technological development, supporting integrated processes.

5.6.2.1 GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)

The nature of the data provided in BIM - including personal data (including authors of project studies, identification of people using CDE platforms, etc.), it is necessary to comply with generally applicable laws, including the GDPR Regulation.

5.6.2.2 Copyright

The provisions of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights of February 4, 1994 (see section 5.6.1) very broadly define the subject that is subject to protection under the above-mentioned the law. According to Art. 1 clause 1 of the Act, the subject of copyright is any manifestation of creative activity of an individual nature, established in any form, regardless of its value, purpose and manner of expression, i.e. a work. In art. 1 clause 2 above the Act indicates works subject to protection, which include, inter alia, works expressed with graphic signs, or architectural, architectural, urban and urban works. Importantly, the catalog of works that are subject to copyright, as defined in Art. 1 clause 2 is exemplary and open, which means that a work to be protected may, in principle, be any manifestation of creative activity. Similarly, derivative works will also be protected, including compilations of other people's works and collections, e.g. in the form of a database. In the context of BIM, the aforementioned definition of a "set" as a database fulfilling the features of a work may be of particular importance. As a rule, the issues related to the use of BIM and the development of project documentation in digital form in the context of copyright protection will be analogous to the classic preparation of a project in an analog (paper) form. Thus, the parties to the investment process will have to ensure, inter alia, for the transfer of proprietary copyrights to individual parts of the work or for granting a license to use the work in specific fields of use as well as for authorizing the parties to the contract to exercise personal rights. Due to the similarities and analogies between the design documentation prepared in the BIM model and classic documentation, the current regulations in the field of copyright and industrial property rights do not stand in the way of using BIM in Poland. Correct determination of the rights and obligations of the parties related to the transfer of copyright or the granting of a license will be contractual and should be reflected in the provisions of the contract.

Copyright is one of the oldest legislative forms in the package related to the implemented BIM, but not necessarily properly applied in investment contracts in construction. There are two main aspects to these rights: • The personal rights of authors are non-transferable and belong to the authors as an individual. These rights extend up to 70 years after the author's death and can be enforced by their heirs in the form provided for in the act. Any other interpretations are inconsistent with the text of the act, and Article 58 par. 1 of the Civil Code, declares a legal act contrary to the act invalid; • Property rights are subject to any contract, but the period for which they are to be valid must be specified. It cannot be an indefinite use of the created works by other entities.

When it comes to the right to works in BIM processes (mainly projects, especially files with a model of solutions for a given industry), the IFC format in the current, certified form of IFC2x3 is not editable (MVD CV 2.0 - Model View Definition - Coordination View 2.0) 125 and ensures all copyrights to the creator. When IFC4 certification becomes as common as it is now for IFC2x3 and the format is established as the new standard, a strict distinction should be made: direct, working exchange between certain industries in order to create their own industry models); • IFC4 MVD RV (non-editable Reference View) as the format required for resource delivery (for the Published work stage, ie work completed and submitted to the common CDE repository, available to all participants in the process by access role).

Native formats, due to their editable nature, do not guarantee any protection of copyright.

5.6.2.3 DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology)

The latest (although existing since 2008) significant global achievement in this field is the Distributed Ledger technology called Blockchain126. It is based on the concept of decentralization of the Internet, as we know it today, i.e. based on a certain number of physical servers that process and forward the information received. Blockchain assumes the transfer of all information processing power to electronic devices in the network, not necessarily even computers or smartphones, but devices with significant processor power. All transactions are broken into blocks and parceled out on devices on the network - hence the Blockchain blockchain. In order to be able to modify an already existing transaction for any purpose, be it financial or otherwise, all blocks distributed in the network would have to be modified, which practically does not seem possible. Each modification adds a new timecode with a new identifier to the block, and the block is removed from the blockchain for that transaction as it thus becomes another foreign entity. All transactions are visible on the web to all online users, but only as timecode global identifiers, without disclosing any details of these operations. The graphic below of the Santander Group financial group shows the difference between the financial transaction processes in a centralized and distributed (Distributed Ledger) system 127.

Figure 43: The difference between traditional centralized information processing and the use of a distributed system for this purpose.128

A more visual representation of the details of the distributed system data distribution process is shown in the figure below. The third (top right) and fourth (bottom left) parts of the process show the block publication and subsequent verification (approval) in the network. In this way, another link is added to the blockchain with closely related transaction identification codes (the new transaction receives the code reference of the previous link from the block).

Figure 44: Flowchart of inserting an information block into a distributed system 129

The level of security of Blockchain-based applications thus corresponds much better than traditional Internet security to the current GDPR requirements and data protection issues important in construction processes, accumulated in long design, construction and operation processes, particularly sensitive in public contracts financed by taxpayers. This is especially important for Big Data information flowing in a continuous stream and in both directions from a digital twin to a physical equivalent in technological facilities of national strategic importance (airports, energy networks). Therefore, the recommendation to use DLT technology has become a component of the Road Map for Poland. The advantages of this safer data processing are appreciated by not only users who "dig" new cryptocurrency objects in the processes of sharing the power of processors, but also local and national governments. The following are examples of the use of distributed processing technology in public administration 130: • combating corruption (Singapore); • citizen payments (UK); • Accounting (UK, Dubai, U.S.A. Delaware and Vermont); • contracts (U.S.A. Delaware and Vermont states); • identification, notary authentication, registration (Estonia); • public safety, supply network (Australia); • real estate trade (Sweden); • voting systems (Denmark, Ukraine); • Land deeds (U.S.A. Georgia).

The advantages of this development have already been noticed in Poland. The Polish Credit Information Bureau (BIK S.A.) announced in May 2018 that it would place the registers of customer accounts of Polish banks that are BIK shareholders in the blockchain environment, as the first country in the world131. In 2019, the Billon capital group, cooperating in this area with BIK, obtained a license from the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) to carry out operations on electronic currency (e-money) throughout the European Union 132. The Blockchain functionality covers an ever wider range of the market, in addition to safe information exchange over the network, secure remote management of resources and their sensitive data in IoT (Internet of Things) and secure online payments, as well as the functionality of the so-called Smart Contracts133, i.e. computer verification of contract data in civil law contracts.

5.6.2.4 Training as a service

Periodic training in business and public entities should be carried out as commercial services by external cybersecurity specialists with the participation of local IT specialists of the company. Such training, in addition to the analysis of data protection methods, should also include test digital break-ins for practical testing of the entire digital security system in a given company or institution. The form of services should entail the responsibility of the training entity for the improvements in cybersecurity proposed in a specific case and for maintaining confidentiality in relation to the entire information secured during the service, not only sensitive information. According to the PwC report from 2018, the need for such services is universal.

5.7 Lean ecosystem

Figure 45: Lean - the third element of the matrix in terms of merit, also means bottom-up processes. Own study

5.7.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

There is neither a normative nor a legislative basis for this ecosystem. Lean methods do work though. More and more branches of the economy of many countries around the world introduce this system to their processes, despite many critical attitudes towards the lack of measurable criteria for the effectiveness of the Lean methodology, detailed descriptions of data collection and their evaluation or documented case studies; • One of the most important documents, developed to establish the link between Lean methods and construction processes, is published in London in 2013 by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (CIRIA) “Implementing Lean in construction. Lean construction and BIM ”[44]. It is one of a series of documents (CIRIA Lean guides, No. 725) dealing with the implementation of Lean methods in various sectors of the economy. There are also other documents of this type; • In order for Lean tools to be fully used for monitoring the cost of living of investment resources (especially TVD - Target Value Design, described in section 5.7.2.12) for Polish public investments, the correct definition of methods for calculating these costs should be brought as soon as possible. The existing tool for this purpose - the Regulation of the Minister of Investment and Development of 11 July 2018 on the method of calculating the life cycle costs of buildings and the method of presenting information on these costs (Journal of Laws 2018, item 1357) 134 requires amendment to clarify the methodology calculations and guidelines for presenting information about these costs. • The amendment should include: 1. Extending the list of proposed elements of the facilities to all the resources significant from the point of view of life cycle costs (especially teletechnical systems, CCTV, building automation, sensors for digital twins), 2. Using examples for illustration of requirements, 3 Presentation a realistic method of calculating these costs, and not, for example, the range of use cycles 1-10 (or 1-15) for unspecified 'other' elements, 4 Defining methods of presenting these costs (e.g. graphically, graphically, tabularly), as in the title of the regulation .

5.7.2 Description

The term "Lean Construction" first appeared in 1992 (Lauri Koskela135). The critical point of Lean thinking is the focus on value: “Often however, value creation is seen as equal to cost reduction. This represents a common yet critical shortcoming of the understanding of lean. " 136 Over the years, Lean Construction has been understood as a set of tools and practices aimed at reducing waste and introducing a production control method called the Last Planner® System into construction processes, as it is considered a set of concepts, principles and tools based on the literature on the subject of TPS (Toyota Production System), such as pull planning, defect source analysis and many others. However, there is no established strategy or normative documents in Japanese sources, hence the aforementioned lack of Lean standardization. Lean Construction is an adaptation of Lean methods and tools, already used in industry under the names Lean Industry or Lean Manufacturing (Lean Thinking + Industry 4.0). An additional contribution are several methods specially designed for the construction industry by the Lean Construction Institute138 and proposed with a new name. Many scientific studies also propose a new version of the name, enriched with sustainable experiences: SLC (Sustainable Lean Construction) 139. Lean Construction is one of the methods of managing construction processes, and from others (such as PMBOK140, PRINCE2141 or Simultaneous Management) it is distinguished by greater dynamics , leaner bureaucracy and holistic (holistic) approach, hence its increasing popularity. Characteristics of the Lean Construction methodology are presented in the table below:

Table 7. Characteristics of the Lean Construction methodology, ie Lean in construction. [45]

Lean Construction is based on production theories Adapts the TFV model (Transformation - Flow - Value) and Lean Thinking Treats construction as one of a kind projects, on-site production and temporary multi-organization Integrates the "planning management" approach with the "organization management" approach Promotes systems work structuring and production planning Promotes production planning and focuses on work flow stabilization Treats project management as a reduction of randomness Assumes that in practice some randomities are caused by improper order and bad decisions Assumes that randomness can be managed and focuses on reduction variables before starting production (contracting). Adaptation of Lean tools, based on the philosophy of the Toyota Production System (TPS), is progressing in construction all over the world and this development should not be underestimated. In addition, one of the Lean tools called PDCA has already found its way to the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard, and the text of the standard mentions the so-called "Continual improvement" (continuous improvement), which is the basis of the Kaizen Lean method, consisting in the constant improvement of activities, procedural steps and entire processes. PDCA is gradually recognized as the basis of any method of process management (Kevin W. Knight - "ISO 3100: 2009 ; ISO / IEC 31010 & ISO Guide 73: 2009, International Standards for the Management of Risk ”) [46]. The graphic below comes from the above-mentioned presentation.

Figure 46: Flow chart of the PDCA cycle (Plan - Do - Check - Adjust) as the basis of management systems. [46]

The foundations and necessary aspects of the Lean methodology in production processes are: • Early integration of all process participants; • Collocation in one place (big room); • Technological support; • Visualization of the idea of ​​the process.

Lean for Industry and Construction covers the following tools, which are discussed later in this document: • Visual labeling and the 5S visual workbench (paragraphs 5.7.2.1 and 5.7.2.2); • Value stream mapping (paragraph 5.7.2.3); • Strategy A3 (section 5.7.2.4); • Elimination of 8 sources of losses - Japanese "muda" (point 5.7.2.5); • PDCA strategy (section 5.7.2.6); • 5xWhy? (paragraph 5.7.2.7); • Agile and Scrum elements (points 5.7.2.8 and 5.7.2.9); • Fish bone diagram (paragraph 5.7.2.10); • Target Value Design (point 5.7.2.12); • Choosing by Advantages (clause 5.7.2.11); • Last Planner® System (paragraph 5.7.2.13).

The last three tools have been prepared especially for construction processes, and the last one has even received a registration mark reserved by the Lean Construction Institute.

In the Polish construction industry, several factors can be identified that hinder the full application of the Lean methodology, for example: • procedural and contractual factors; • cultural and behavioral factors; • separation of design / execution processes; • lack of support from high-level management; • the executive team's lack of focus on quality for the client and on the value of the process.

It can be assumed that as the implementation of the BIM methodology progresses, it will also become easier to implement Lean (BIM is sometimes presented as one of the Lean elements) in the process of information exchange and professional development required by the integrated methodology. Nevertheless, consistent education of all construction entities at all levels of their involvement in the implementation processes should become a permanent requirement.

The aim is to change the awareness of investment processing from the traditional approach to full integration and cooperation. This is a difficult task because it requires a change of mentality and is the biggest unknown both in investment processes in construction and in any type of activity in societies.

The functionality enabled by the Lean tools developed especially for the construction industry (Target Value Design, Choosing by Advantages and Last Planner® System) is the best "bottom-up" response to the "top-down" requirements for integrated processes included in the PN-EN ISO 19650 series and other standards. This will facilitate the convergence of both directions of activities in order to better cooperation and mutual understanding through a complete visualization of the entire design and implementation process.

5.7.2.1 Visual labeling

It consists in labeling the places where tools are available in the workplace with a short description. This activity aims to create a bridge between the mental model of work and its reality, to illustrate the physical "What?" and facilitating the "How To Do?" In addition, it helps to create the impression of obviousness and dispel ambiguities, enabling quick decision-making, also by colleagues.

5.7.2.2 5S (visual workshop)

5S is a way of organizing your own workshop consisting in starting work every day knowing where the sorted individual tools are located and at the same time sharing this knowledge with other colleagues.

The system consists of 5 activities whose names begin with the letter "S", also in Polish (hence the name of the tool): • Sorting objects at the workplace; • Systematics - finding places for these objects (+ labeling from the previous tool); • Cleaning - daily storage of these facilities; • Standardization - establishing these activities a daily rule; • Self-discipline - maintaining this order.

5.7.2.3 Value Stream Mapping

It is one of the most important tools for improving production processes. It involves analyzing faulty procedures and finding the correct steps for them to remove negative effects. This process consists of 7 activities: • Identification of a defective factor in the production process; • Definition and recording of all related items and entities; • Record the defective procedure step by step and submit the report to all entities; • Record of the procedure with all activities in FlowChart; • Identifying the time needed for malfunctions and collecting feedback from all actors; • Development of a new procedure to eliminate defects; • New FlowChart with record of differences between both procedures.

In some BIM and Lean studies, it is recommended to establish a Value Stream Mapping Manager role for construction investments for analyzing how procedures are being followed, correcting malfunctions and implementing new, improved flows. It is a good method of bottom-up control of BIM processes, described and recommended top-down in standardization documents. Below is a graphic of an exemplary diagram of investment processes in construction, drawn with the use of VSM mapping symbols and icons (presented in section 5.2.2.1). Electronic tools exist for this purpose, but the analog use of boards or even sheets of paper on the wall with post-it notes showing the elements of the process is also widely used.

Figure 47: Electronic use of Value Stream Mapping symbols to create a diagram of construction processes for correction. [47]

5.7.2.4 A3 strategy

It consists in writing down the entire company's strategy with action plans on one A3 sheet (hence its name). The A3 strategy can also be written for a specific activity or task, not only for global directions of development, its application is universal. It consists of several points • Definition of the direction of the company's development; • Definition of the distance that separates the company from achieving the goal; • Establishing intermediate goals to reduce this distance; • Definition of activities for the implementation of intermediate goals.

5.7.2.5 Elimination of eight sources of losses (Japanese "Muda")

The basic tool in the Toyota Production System strategy and the essence of the whole Lean direction: REDUCTION OF PRODUCTION LOSSES. Other goals were added to the original strategy in later years. The processes include 8 types of losses: • Overproduction - eg involvement of many teams in the development of concepts / bids for procedures introduced under the open tendering procedure; • Stocks - eg overstating the demand for materials (execution stage) due to the adopted safety factors and / or loss rates (inadequate to actual needs); • Quality defects - eg project collisions, inconsistencies between industry projects, introducing design changes at the investment implementation stage at the expense of the quality of the final product (in order to achieve savings); • Unnecessary traffic - e.g. lack of coordination of works carried out by different units / contractors (duplication of the same activities by different contractors), lack of structured data storage models and file naming systems (project documentation), the need to search binders and / or directories for the right information (including their revision); • Redundant transport - eg lack of detailed planning of delivery logistics (eg planning of delivery schedules in relation to the maximum load capacity of vehicles to optimize the number of journeys); • Repetition, excessive processing - eg extensive approval chain, eg of reports, documentation; • Waiting - eg excessive bureaucracy (waiting for a decision or approval), planning and logistic errors (waiting for the delivery of materials for construction); • Human potential - eg insufficient use of human potential. Failure to use employees' unique skills or knowledge. Failure to take into account ideas and suggestions of employees in improving processes and reducing losses.

5.7.2.6 Strategia PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Adjust / Act)

The most popular tool from the Lean palette is present in the daily practice of process management, as well as in the text of the BIM standards from the ISO 19650 series. It is one of the best methods of implementing and testing procedures in executive processes regardless of the business sector. PDCA was developed for the purpose of quality control in a Physical Asset Management (PAM) physical environment. As an example: both the British management standard PAS 55 and its ISO 5500X series of standards have been saved as one page summary views in PDCA format in the South African university study "Correlating the content and context of PAS 55 with the ISO 55000 series "[48].

Figure 48: Diagram of the ISO 5500X series of standards presented as one page in the PDCA method record. [48]

The components of the PDCA are: • P (Plan) - Issue identification and analysis; • D (Do) - definition of the solution and its introduction; • C (Check) - checking the implementation of the results (feedback); • A (Adjust, sometimes also known as Act) - correction of a proposed solution and making it a standard.

5.7.2.7 5xWhy?

Although it resembles a series of questions asked by children, it is a recognized professional tool for analyzing how to find the essence of a defect in processes. It is based on an iterative interrogation technique using the phrase "Why?". Most often, the answer to the fifth question reveals the source of the defect. The effects (responses) are recorded either in the form of a fishbone diagram (see also paragraph 5.7.2.10) or in tabular form. 5xWhy question system? was developed by Toyota's chief engineer, Taiichi Ohno.

5.7.2.8 Agile

It is not a typical Lean tool, but due to its effectiveness and similar features, it can be considered close to Lean. Agile was created in response to the PMBOK and PRINCE2 management systems that have been present on the market for a long time, which are, however, relatively rigid and bureaucratic methods of conducting production processes. Agile works especially well in processes that are sometimes unpredictable, such as in the construction industry, but also works well in continuous work procedures. The system comes from the production of computer programs (software development). Agile breaks down larger projects into small, manageable chunks called iterations (with repeatability in time loops). The system groups all participants in the process to generate the greatest value for the customer through cost control, quality control and procedural transparency. The guarantee of success is open communication, dedicated teams and good planning. The Agile system has several characteristics that constitute its essence: • Collaboration; • Intensive exchange of knowledge; • Teamwork - team work; • Commitment to the end user (CUSTOMER FOCUS, as opposed to Lean in manufacturing which focuses on reducing waste); • Early approval of design solutions; • Production and delivery of partial content (iteration) of the product.

5.7.2.9 Scrum

Agile derivative system (also derived from software programming), consisting in project management by dividing the process into short ranges, called sprints, to which Lean methods such as PDCA are applied. The difference from the usual, continuous and linear production process, referred to as a waterfall (waterfall or cascade process) is the introduction of sub-processes for easier management and for obtaining specific results in the form of completed stages of creating the final product / resource.

5.7.2.10 Fishbone

A tool known from production processes around the world. The diagram was created by the Japanese management theorist Kaoru Ishikawa142. It visually shows the sources of defects in the form of a cause-and-effect system of the main and secondary causes of defects leading to the occurrence of the analyzed defect (presented in the form of a fish head).

Figure 49: Fishbone diagram. Own study based on 143

The root cause analysis begins with finding the effect (defect) down to its causes, covering all possible causes of the defect. There are 5 main categories of environmental causes and determinants (known as 5M + E): Manpower, Methods, Machinery, Materials, Management and the Environment.

5.7.2.11 Choosing by Advantages (CbA)

It is a method of making decisions based on the criterion of the greatest possible benefits. A characteristic feature of this management system, derived from the work of Jim Suhr144, is the structured method of decision making. The decision is based on the importance of its benefits and it is made using tools such as A3 strategy analysis and Integrated Team feedback. In this system, decisions are furthermore documented for future reference. The CbA tool has several process steps that are applied in a loop (see graphic below): • Identifying alternative proposals; • definition of factors; • Criteria definition: “we need it / we want it” for each factor; • Description of the attributes of each of the alternatives; • Identification of the benefits of each option; • Decide on the validity of each benefit; • Cost evaluation.

This tool is optimally used when analyzing alternatives in another Lean tool: Target Value Design, described in the next section.

Figure 50: The cyclical decision making process based on the greatest value. 145

5.7.2.12 Target Value Design

It is, in addition to the Last Planner® System, one of the two most important Lean tools, specially developed for the construction industry. It is used to monitor the Target Cost (see the MacroBIM phase - point 5.2) in the form of selecting the best alternative solutions for the entire life cycle cost of the investment, when there is a need to make adjustments to the inflow of funds from the investment budget pool. This is the case, for example, in cases where for some reason it is necessary to use a more expensive solution in one place - then the task is to find the optimal cheaper solution elsewhere. The responsibility is the Target Cost with its incentive cushion, so also the interest of each member of the Core Group. TVD differs from Value Engineering, which is common on Polish construction sites (looking for the cheapest solutions, mainly in favor of the general contractor, usually to divide the surplus with the contracting authority), that decisions are qualified, made together with each group member using a validation tool, selecting the largest Benefits (CbA), and the solution is selected from a pool of options acceptable to everyone. In the event of a clear objection by the contracting authority, it may be necessary to revise the Target Cost.

A CHARACTERISTIC OF THE APPLICATION OF TARGET VALUE DESIGN IS THE CONSTANT PRESENCE OF ALL PARTICIPANTS OF THE PRIMARY GROUP INVESTMENT PROCESS UNTIL THE TIME OF COMMISSIONING THE ASSET.

It is a process different from the so-called author's supervision, when individuals appear sporadically and periodically on the construction site for coordination meetings or for the resolution of identified anomalies. Changing the financing of processes in the BIM methodology must also take into account the expenditure on this cooperation, which is aimed at optimizing design solutions and thus saving the client the operating costs of the investment resource in the future.

TVD is a continuous process and consists of 3 main parts, the condition is a defined Target Cost and a formed team from the decision-making Core Group: • Identification and analysis of the element / system causing the increase in costs; • Commonly agreed solution definition based on possible alternative options (using the CbA tool) and its introduction; • Check the implementation of the results with further cost analysis. Budget monitoring assumes both quick (ad hoc) and thorough cost control. • TVD is therefore a costing tool by continuously monitoring the actual cost of an investment. The difference between traditional costing (each time after the Schematic Design, Design Documentation and Executive Documentation stages) and the TVD system is visually presented in the graphic below. TVD is only possible with actual, not only declared, transparency of the project and processes.

Figure 51: Comparing the Use of Costing in Traditional Process and Using Target Value Design. 146

The second task of designers at the Target Value Design cooperation stage is to update the AIM147 model (matching IFC exports of industry models to the state consistent with the physical condition of the object). The AIM model, in addition to the resource itself, is the main goal of the task of creating and delivering a resource according to the PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019 standard.

5.7.2.13 Last Planner® System

Besides TVD, it is the most important Lean tool for construction processes. Its basis is a Lean tool for production called Project Scheduling (PS), which provides a system of schedules for execution processes with different granularities of time. The goal is to develop cooperation and teamwork for the win-win model (everyone wins). The set of Project Scheduling schedules includes: • Master Schedule - the main investment implementation plan; • Six-Week Schedule - a 6-week plan, with a retrospective and revision character for the introduction of new tasks; • Weekly Schedule - a specific action plan for a given week; • Weekly Scorecard - weekly report on completion of each weekly plan; • Separate review of continuous improvement (CI - Continuous Improvement - the term also appears in the text of the BIM standard - PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019, point 5.2 of the standard text).

Based on the above schedule system, the Last Planner® system was created, created especially for the construction industry by specialists from the Lean Construction Institute. LP®S schedules can be used as tools for the implementation of TIDP and general MIDP task plans, because they visually and clearly introduce task executive teams into investment activities. The plan system includes: • MASTER SCHEDULE - the main investment implementation plan, as in the Project Scheduling system - this corresponds to the general schedule of the construction investment MIDP - Master Information Delivery Plan (PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019 standard, point 5.4.5 of the text standards); • PHASE PULL PLANNING - it is a division of the Master plan into 12-16 week phases, monitoring the implementation of tasks in the PDCA method, using this time interval to check the functionality of the solutions before they become standard; • SIX WEEK LOOK AHEAD - a 6-week plan (being a sub-division of the Phase Pull plan), undertaken with a written promise of performance by executive teams; • WEEKLY WORK PLANS - specific fulfillment of promises from the 6-week plan for each week, monitored with the use of the PPC table (Percent Promises Completed), i.e. the percentage of the promises made. Each weekly plan is set up in the form of one fixed, adjustable board in the construction office (there are a total of 6 for the entire 6-week plan, standing side by side) with a vertical division into individual days. In the fields of days, members of task teams indicate (most often using post-it notes) tasks to be performed and completed - similar to the visual procedure of Scrum tasks (it is also a form of recording tasks required for TIDP - Task Information Delivery Plan, PN-EN ISO 19650 standard -2: 2019, point 5.4.4 of the standard text). Such a way of visualizing activities on boards divided into time intervals is called the Kanban method148, and it was developed by Toyota in the 1940s of the last century. For the next new 6-week plan, the boards of the previous plan are removed to the archive (or archived in another way, e.g. digital) so that there are always 6 for the current 6-week plan in the construction office. This is the best method of bottom-up "push" organization to meet the requirements of the BIM standard, included in the series of PN-EN ISO 19650 standards (treated as "pull"); • DAILY HUDDLES - these are meetings before and / or at the end of the working day with a summary of the day's tasks.

THE MOST IMPORTANT ADVANTAGE OF THE LAST PLANNER® SYSTEM IS THE METHOD OF PREPARING TASKS FOR PERFORMANCE. IT IS BASED ON A COOPERATIVE PLANNING, ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TASKS AND THE COLLECTION OF REALISTIC PERFORMANCE PROMISES, WHICH BECOMING THEM PERFORMABLE. LAST PLANNER® SYSTEM IS NOT A PROCESS THAT DIFFERENCES ESPECIALLY TO TRADITIONAL IMPLEMENTATION STAGES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, ITS ESSENCE AND STRENGTH IS BUT THE WAY IN WHICH PERFORMANCE TASKS ARE PREPARED AND PROCESSED.

In case of failure to keep the promises, use e.g. the Lean 5x tool. Why? can easily detect the cause and permanently eliminate the defect by registering it. Last Planner® should begin for retail planning immediately after the commencement of the investment implementation works, after the Master Plan is broken down into its components. Properly prepared Weekly Work Plans: • Should have well-defined weekly work schedules with all required tools and resources provided; • All foreseen difficulties should be previously identified and removed in a cooperative process; • The work to be done should be set in the correct sequence; • Individual works should be scaled to the executive capabilities of task teams.

The graphic below summarizes all types of the tool's schedule with a list of the types of commitments related to their fulfillment.

Figure 52: Graphical listing of all schedule types in the Last Planner® System for Production Control (full method name). [49]

The list in this chapter does not exhaust all Lean tools, but the most important of them are presented. In general, the Lean system should be introduced from the very beginning, after the formation of the decision-making Core Group (A + B in the graphic below), the extended Integrated Team (A + B + C) and the appointment of task teams. These tasks and their structure also correspond to the methods of structuring the organization of the entire investment provided for in the BIM standards (ISO 19650 series) (graphic from the text of the standard below). The goal is to create harmony in the form of introducing an equivalent of a bottom-up organization for top-down requirements imposed by global, but also Polish, standards for BIM. In this way, it will be easiest to obtain the basis for the necessary cooperation of all participants in construction processes carried out in the BIM methodology.

Figure 53: Illustration of the structure of the Integrated Team149

The comparison of the dependencies in the Last Planner® System (graphic below) with the elements of the above graphic from the BIM standard in force in Poland shows great structural similarities. Both of these systems are compatible with each other, which will facilitate the integration of top-down and bottom-up actions for optimal results.

Figure 54: Illustration of the structure of an Integrated Team in the Lean methodology (Last Planner®). [50]

Due to its visualization and task planning capabilities, the Last Planner® System also works well in the design process. The condition is, however, the participation of all possible participants in the investment process in order to ensure the quality of the developed design solutions and adopted systems for the future resource. The process begins with the definition of milestones and then goes into finer granulation of tasks solved like Weekly Work Plans in the implementation process. In the first phase, alternative options are jointly developed, which then in subsequent phases are subject to the related uncertainty as to design solutions. There are universal Lean tools for the operational phase, as well as the method of eliminating 8 sources of losses, as well as tools specially developed for this purpose. One of them is a combination of the Six Sigma method, developed by Motorola150, and used to eliminate defects in manufactured elements, with Lean methods, which eliminate other defects in the processes. This tool is called Lean Six Sigma and its purpose is to enable lossless resource management and servicing processes.

5.7.2.14 Training

• Applying Lean methods should start with an introductory workshop. It is recommended to combine a Lean workshop with an initiating BIM workshop of several days at the beginning of investment processes to create harmony in the activities and organization from the top, imposed by standards and norms, with the bottom-up one, resulting from self-organization and integration of the executive entity. This will allow you to start cooperation and gain mutual trust.

5.8 Object classification and saturation with information

Figure 55: Classification (LOG / LOI) - the fourth element of the matrix in terms of merit. Own study

5.8.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• Act of September 11, 2019 Public Procurement Law (Journal of Laws 2019, item 2019) 151, with particular emphasis on Art. 101-103 relating to the preparation of the description of the subject of the contract, min. for construction works, including by reference to Polish Standards transposing European standards and international standards;

• ISO 6707-1: 2017 (Buildings and civil engineering works - Vocabulary - Part 1: General terms) - it is a terminology dictionary for building and engineering facilities;

• A series of standards ISO 12006 (Organization of information about a building structure): ISO 12006-2: 2015 (Part 2: Framework for classification, Polish version of PN-EN ISO 12006-2: 2005) - in addition to ISO / IEC 81246-2 and ISO 81346-12 one of the three main standards on which classification systems in construction for BIM methodology are based; PN-EN ISO 12006-3: 2016 (Part 3: Object-oriented data schema), which is responsible for the standardization of data exchange dictionaries such as IFD (International Framework for Dictionaries) and its further implementation of bSDD (buildingSMART Data Dictionary);

• ISO 704: 2009 (Terminology work - Principles and methods) - the basis for the revision of the ISO / IEC 81346-2 standard from 2019;

• Series of standards ISO / IEC 81346 (Industrial systems, installations and equipment and industrial products. Structure rules and reference markings): ISO / IEC 81346-1: 2009 (Part 1: Basic rules); PN-EN IEC 81346-2: 2019 (Classification of objects and class codes) - the second of the three standards on which the construction classification systems for BIM are based; ISO / TS 81346-3: 2012 (Part 3: Application rules for a reference designation system); ISO 81346-12: 2018 (Part 12: Construction works and building services) - Part 12 of the 81346 series of standards, which includes, inter alia, all technological systems used in construction, unlike part 2, on building elements and components, the third base standard for classification systems;

• Regulations for the construction industry, containing a reference to the CPV152 dictionary when referring to the construction classification system, including: Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of May 18, 2004 on the determination of methods and bases for drawing up the investor's cost estimate, calculating the planned costs of design works and the planned costs of construction works specified in the functional and operational program (Journal of Laws No. 130, item 1389) 153; Regulation of the Minister of Infrastructure of September 2, 2004 on the detailed scope and form of design documentation, technical specifications for the execution and acceptance of construction works and the functional and utility program (Journal of Laws of 2013, item 1129) 154.

• Above. the ordinances constitute implementing acts issued pursuant to Art. 33 paragraph. 3 and art. 31. Paragraph 4 PZPU. In connection with the entry into force, on January 1, 2021, of the New PZPU, the above-mentioned the ordinance should be replaced by analogous implementing provisions issued on the basis of statutory delegation under Art. art. 34 sec. 2 of the New PZPU, constituting the basis for determining, by way of a regulation, the methods and grounds for preparing the investor's cost estimate and calculating the planned costs of design works and the planned costs of construction works specified in the functional and operational program, taking into account technical, technological and organizational data affecting the value of the contract and art. 103 sec. 4 of the New PZPU - to define, by way of a regulation, the detailed scope and form of design documentation, technical specifications for the execution and acceptance of construction works and the functional and operational program, taking into account the type of construction works, as well as the names and codes of the Common Procurement Vocabulary.

THE CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION FOR POLAND SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED AT LEAST AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE COMMON PROCUREMENT VOCABULARY (CPV) IN THE ABOVE LEGAL ACTS, AND IN THE FUTURE ALTERNATIVE;

• A series of ISO 29481 standards (Building information models - Information delivery manual), both parts have already been issued as Polish standards PN-EN ISO 29481-1: 2017 (Part 1: Methodology and format) and PN-EN ISO 29481-2: 2012 (Part 2: Interaction framework). Both of the above-mentioned ISO 12006-3 and ISO 29481 standards, together with the standard standardizing the IFC format (ISO 16739), form a relationship triangle for describing elements in construction objects created on machines, i.e. by computer. The following illustration from buildingSMART resources visualizes this concept, called the "Three Pillars of Interoperability":

Figure 56: Structure of the format, dictionary and methods of information exchange in the Open BIM.155 environment

This relationship also includes the following two ISO standards (No. 23386 and 23387), which describe data templates for manufacturers / suppliers and link everything to the basic standards for BIM from the ISO 19650 series. white paper (sponsored by: buildingSMART International, Cobuilder, GS1 and Construction Products Europe) by Digital Supply Chains in the Built Environment (DSCiBE), published in October 2019.

Figure 57: Structure of the set of standards corresponding to the structure of the information standard in Open BIM. [51]

• Standard ISO 23386: 2020 (Building information modeling and other digital processes used in construction - Methodology to describe, author and maintain properties in interconnected data dictionaries) on the exchange of information about the digital version of an investment resource in construction between computer applications and digital formats, published in year 2020;

• Standard ISO / FDIS 23387 (Building information modeling (BIM) - Data templates for construction objects used in the life cycle of any built asset - Concepts and principles) on data templates for building elements used in the life cycle of resources - the standard is under development;

• The EU digitization development program Horizon 2020. As part of one of its parts for the development of ICT, the DigiPlace platform for the digitization of European construction (H2020-EU.2.1.1.) Is being created.

5.8.2 Description

5.8.2.1 Building classification

Classification systems for construction, including classification systems for BIM, are subject to standardization regulations. They can be divided into three groups according to their different characteristics. In each group, there are two classifications with an opposite approach [52]:

A. Due to the application: - Analytical (systematics of physical phenomena that provides the basis for their explanation, prediction and understanding, based on the isolation of real objects or phenomena. An example is the classification of the Animal Kingdom, with orders, types, species, etc.); - Documentaries.

B. Due to the structure (number of division rules applied at each level): - Enumerative, otherwise enumerating, monohierarchical classifications (they offer comprehensive, closed catalogs of classes and subclasses); - Faceted classifications, in other words: aspect or analytical-synthetic (poly-hierarchical).

C. Due to the scope of application (the volume of the semantic field): - General, in other words: universal, refer to objects characterized by properties whose values ​​are general and not limited to one object or investment process. Examples are building parts: wall, ceiling etc; - Special or specialized focuses on specific fields / facilities. They apply to objects characterized by properties whose values ​​are limited to one object or investment process. An example of such a set of objects can be room numbers in a building.

Faceted classifications (Colon Classification) [52] allow only simple classes based on one division criterion, and for complex classes, syntheses of simple classes are used. This system has become a standard for all construction and infrastructure classifications in the world. There is a close relationship between classifications and identifications of objects and products on the one hand, and the hierarchical structure of the entire investment object in construction and its parts on the other. In turn, the structure of the hierarchical heritage of parameters underlies both the data transfer formats developed in the last decades in the BIM methodology (IFC, BCF) 156 and the levels of information saturation of modeled component objects. It can be said that it is a coherent and integrated system, corresponding with its advancement level to the progress of the investment process, starting from the programming of the project, through the concept, design, and execution to the preparation of resources for use in the business process. The graphic below shows schematically the mentioned dependencies.

Figure 58: Structure of IFC units in relation to the scopes of classification, identification and information use area in the MacroBIM phase. 157

The black rectangles illustrate the principle of inheritance for the IFC format units, which is the primary design data carrier for geometry, topology, and any related text data in the BIM methodology. The classification itself is a system that ends in the last step with no-name products (LOD 300 or 350 according to BIMforum), without identifying any manufacturer and its product, which corresponds to the required nature of public procurement.

5.8.2.2 Identification of products

In order for the classification system to work practically and be helpful for all participants of construction processes, its elements and representations should contain the complete code from the root of the classification tree (information about the project and its location) to specific model objects and their physical equivalents. The ordering codes of physical products (LOD 400+ for identification systems) should also indicate exactly where in the building a given product is to be built in, based on the classification code from the Design Model (PIM) with an added identification code. Only then is the information complete, understandable and useful for each participant in the investment process at any stage, including operational and maintenance. There are various systems for product identification, the largest global reach of which is the non-commercial GS1158. GS1 codes for products are determined by, for example, GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) or SGTIN (Serialized GTIN) for product series. In order for the GTIN code to be able to clearly identify the product purchased in the construction process to be incorporated into a physical object, it must be connected with the so-called Digital Link with the product type (no-name) from the classification system in force in Poland.

In order for the representation of a specific physical product to become part of the digital PIM model, and then AIM, and, as a result, Digital Twin for remote service of a specific investment resource, the procedure assumes mapping information sets: • First, a given element of the model for which a specific product is to appear on the construction site , it should be mapped to the building classification system based on the IFC class hierarchy - the classification levels correspond to the IFC inheritance levels - i.e. a given element, created in the model by the designer, receives a building classification code; • As the classification code for this element is compatible with its IFC data, it is mapped to the bSDD format (this format is an implementation of the IFD format, based on ISO 12006-3: 2007) (see Standards list at the beginning of this chapter) for reference to real products through a mapping matrix, which is bSDD (buildingSMART Data Dictionary, created for buildingSMART by the Norwegian company Catenda). Mapping is done by combining both identifiers: for IFC and for bSDD. The identifiers have the form of unique GUIDs (Global Unique IDentifier) ​​and are called IfcGuid and IfdGuid, because bSDD belongs to the IFD set (ISO 12006-3); • When the GUID of a design model element has an IfdGuid added for mapping between other world construction classifications and the world of physical products, it is possible to "map" the product code eg in the form of e.g. GTIN (when dealing with the GS1 standard) by assigning it to the bSDD GUID. This way, it is known where the product or material sent to the construction site is to be incorporated. The combination of these identifiers retains this information for the lifetime of the resource.

BECAUSE THERE IS NO THIS BUILDING CLASSIFICATION FOR PRODUCT CODE MAPPING IN POLAND, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE A SMOOTH DIGITAL SUPPLY CHAIN ​​PROCESS. DESCRIBED ABOVE, DO NOT COPY RATIOS ARE ALSO POSSIBLE, because there is tight integration ORDERED ON THE SQUARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS representation MODEL PROJECT INVESTMENT AND THE SAME OBJECT OR WITH PHYSICAL OR ITS DIGITAL TWIN (TWIN DIGITAL) FOR SUBSEQUENT, REMOTE OPERATION.

Work on the international coordination of digitization and standardization of the supply chain in construction is carried out by several public and corporate entities (including GS1, CoBuilder, buildingSMART International, the Norwegian public resource management agency Statsbygg, CEN and ISO standardization organizations and IBM, Siemens) as part of DSCiBE (Digital Supply Chain in the Built Environment), established in March 2019159. In September of the same year, the DigiPlace160 platform was created on the basis of the EU fund, the task of which is to develop a roadmap for the creation of a pan-European digital construction platform as part of ICT development in the Horizon 2020 program (H2020-EU.2.1.1.).

5.8.2.3 Elements saturation levels with LOD information

As it results from section 5.8.2.1, the classification codes are related to the degree of saturation with information about objects, called LOD (Level of Development). This information is divided into: • LOG (Level of Geometry) - this is a modification of the original wording for 2D / 3D and topological geometric information as another LOD (Level of Detail), the correction has been proposed in many documents around the world ( e.g. in Czech strategic studies, other German and Swiss studies) to avoid confusion between the two LOD concepts; • LOI (Level of Information) - alphanumeric (text) information.

The basic structure of saturating objects with information assumed five levels:

• LOD 100 - corresponds to the conceptual, programmatic model;

• LOD 200 - corresponds to the schematic design phase;

• LOD 300 - corresponds to the retail (construction) project phase;

• LOD 400 - corresponds to the detailed (technical) design phase;

• LOD 500 - Corresponds to the As-Built phase.

Model elements such as walls, ceilings, windows, doors, stairs, conduits, cable routes, air handling units, built-in or movable equipment etc. do not appear in models from the LOD 100 level, but in their respective subsequent design phases. Hence, their modeling at all LOD levels is unnecessary - three (sometimes even two, without a schematic step) are enough, according to the following practical application for the required model geometry milestones (for the LOI text information stages, there may be additional divisions, proposals for "data dumps" ( the so-called Data Drops) are the scope of another part of this project ("Construction investment management in the BIM methodology - proposal of document templates").

• 1. Data Drop (for approval by the contracting authority and for further negotiation of the Target Cost in the MacroBIM phase): information in solid models of the form or function (+ index costs) LOD 100 (without presenting any building elements except solids);

• 2. Data Drop (to be accepted by the contracting authority): reduced information on the level of the schematic design of LOD 200 (schematic representation of only some building elements, important for the illustration of the functional and formal layout diagram);

• 3. Data Drop (for approval by the contracting authority): more detailed information on the level of the construction project LOD 300 (quality of the construction design with all construction elements required to be prepared for the office);

• 4. Data Drop: precise information on the technical design level of LOD 400 (technical design quality, maximum achievable accuracy of building elements in a digital model);

• 5. Data Drop: the LOD 500 phase is completed with workshop models of manufacturers and fabrication in the so-called a federated model in IFC format for the management of on-site contracting.

• The recommended levels of saturation of the model with information are dictated by the following reasons:

• In the concept phase and in many cases also in the schematic design, the building elements are not present at all and will not occur;

• The addressee of this type of modeling granulation requirements are primarily design offices. In the face of the necessity to provide design models in regular iterations (so-called Data Drops), it is unrealistic to change the accuracy of all elements of often complex models four times during the project duration. This can be wasteful for many design offices, especially the smaller ones;

• The LOD 500 accuracy level can be achieved by combining an upgraded LOD 400 with the provided workshop models of manufacturers, suppliers and factory owners;

• It is pointless to complicate the management of information about the emerging resource. The BIM methodology is complex anyway, you need to get rid of excess information.

In the amendment to the Construction Law, planned for autumn 2020, both the construction design and the technical (executive) design are to be introduced as an official design, submitted for approval or documentation of the investment phases in poviat building authorities. LOD 300 and LOD 400 levels will be able to be switched during the generation of documentation from the 3D model in a properly conducted design process to present a more schematic representation of the design idea in the construction project and more detailed information in the required technical design. In the meantime, there were attempts to introduce further granularities, such as LOD 150, LOD 350 or LOD 600 for the As-Built documentation phase, as well as shortening the names to LOD 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (for CityGML, the information format , used in infrastructure projects), but the main principle of the phasing of the investment development phase is still maintained. Currently, both types of information (LOG and LOI) are modeled by designers in the form of intelligent BIM objects in industry models. It is doubtful with such data recording that the information usually does not have to have the same level of saturation for a given object. On the part of buildingSMART, it has been proposed to completely separate these two types of information in order to better manage BIM data and, for example, add alphanumeric information to geometric models from special repositories, based on a classification system (relational tables such as Attributes or Parameters). An accompanying benefit of such an additional classification element (in the form of an Attributes / Parameters table), which is absent, for example, in the British Uniclass 2015 classification, is the removal of additional levels for similar object types in order to record only the different attributes. Thus, the classification code for the "family" of elements is one and the same, and the difference is brought about by the attributes, which simplifies the information system. Modern classifications for BIM maintain a constant number of levels of the object class hierarchy in favor of using extensive repositories of their attributes. The following comparative graphic is from the 2019 TECHreport TR02 report of the Australian government and industrial not-for-profit organization Natspec [53]:

Figure 59: Comparing a building classification system with a system based on the reduction of hierarchical levels in the BIM methodology. [53]

How to manage the recording of separated geometric and text information has not yet been fully developed, but there are already applications that provide complete separation of the two types of data. The planned benefits of such a separation, called Decoupling161, are significant: • First of all, the size of model files for collaboration will be significantly reduced; • This would facilitate early collaboration of multiple engineering entities (and the end user or future asset manager) to model alphanumeric data for their own needs, while designers would work on the visual layer of geometry; • Alphanumeric information can be saved in lightweight ASCII files, which will facilitate the revision control of their subsequent versions; • Creation programs will focus on their purpose for modeling the geometry of objects, which will facilitate the reuse of models and their parts in other similar projects in the future as library parts; • The geometry cleared of text ballast and created in BIM applications will facilitate the definition of the IFC format specification and the certification of its subsequent versions for these applications; • Maintaining a different level of information saturation for geometric / topological and text data will be greatly simplified; • In accordance with the provisions of the procedures for providing information about the resource in the PN-EN ISO 19650-1 standard, the PIM model (Project Information Model) will be used to create a model for resource management AIM (Asset Information Model), cleared of unnecessary ballast of both types of data generated in the process resource design and implementation. The process will become much easier due to the segregation of information.

THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE ON WHICH THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR BIM, NOT ONLY CLASSIFICATION, IS FOLLOWING UNNECESSARY COMPLEXITY.

5.8.2.4 Building classification for Poland

There is no construction classification tailored to the needs of the BIM methodology in Poland. Existing classification catalogs do not comply with hierarchical class inheritance and the IFC format standard, which is the basis of all world classifications.

THE POLISH CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, COMPATIBLE WITH THE HIERARCHICAL METHOD OF INHERITANCE OF CLASSES AND COMPLIANT WITH THE PROVISIONS OF ISO NORMS, IS NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT THE FULL VERSION OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES IN THE BIM METHOD IN POLAND.

The consequence of the lack of Polish classification is the lack of adequate systems for systematizing objects and construction works in official regulations for the construction industry. Currently, a CPV dictionary is included in them, which serves different purposes than hierarchical BIM classification for all elements in the created investment resource. Currently in the so-called Product Room of the Polish branch (the so-called chapter) of the buildingSMART International organization, work is underway to select the best classification option, in line with the BIM methodology for the Polish market. The biggest challenge is that there are currently 3 ISO standard standards for classification systems (12006-2, 81346-2, 81346-12) and none of them is optimal, as they lack a clear definition of hierarchical structure. So the choice is not easy. For example, during the work on the classification for Sweden, two alternative options were proposed in 2016: one based on the 12006-2 standard with three levels of inheritance, and the other based on the 81346-2 standard with two levels [54]. The latter option was chosen, although standard 81346-12 for complex building systems was also considered. In the face of such doubts, the result of classification works carried out in Poland by bSPL is also not a foregone conclusion (as of spring 2020).

5.8.2.5 Training

Training in classification systems should be related to the basics of the information management system about LOD objects, but also with information about the stages of the investment process from programming and conceptualization to the resource exploitation phase. Therefore, practitioners of Integrated Processes in construction are recommended as training entities.

5.9 Ecology

Figure 60: Ecology - The fifth element of the matrix in terms of merit. Own study

5.9.1 Legal and normative ecosystem

• Act of September 11, 2019, Public Procurement Law (Journal of Laws 2019, item 2019), with particular emphasis on the provisions relating to the principles of awarding public contracts, including Art. 17 sec. 1 point 2), i.e. awarding contracts in a manner ensuring the best procurement results, including social, environmental and economic effects; requirements of the contracting authority and description of the subject of the contract: art. 101 paragraph. 1 point 1) (taking environmental aspects into account), Art. 102 paragraph 1 point 1) (determination of the environmental and climate impact levels), tender evaluation criteria: Art. 242 paragraph. 2 points 3) and 4) (qualitative criteria for the evaluation of tenders relating to environmental aspects, including energy efficiency of the subject of the contract and aspects of innovation); art. 245 (applying a life cycle costing cost criterion covering some or all of the costs incurred during the life cycle of a product, service or works);

• Act of October 3, 2008 on the provision of information on the environment and its protection, public participation in environmental protection and on environmental impact assessments (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 283) 162;

• "National plan for energy and climate for 2021-2030" (NECP) published in version 4.1. on 18 December 2019 by the Ministry of State Assets [55];

Figure 61: Legislative structure of the NECP program. [55]

• NECP was created in response to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the governance of the Energy Union and climate action163;

• The energy strategy plan "A European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan)" published on 22 November 2007 by the Commission of the European Communities (COM (2007) 723 final) 164;

• The Commission communication published on 28 November 2018 to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, entitled "A Clean Planet for All." A European long-term strategic vision for a thriving, modern, competitive and climate neutral economy "(COM (2018) 773 final) 165;

• Published on March 11, 2020, the European Commission communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled "A new EU action plan for the circular economy for a cleaner and more competitive Europe" with an annex (COM (2020) 98 final) 166;

• The basis for the above circular economy plan (Circular Economy) is the European Commission's communication to the same addressees, published on December 11, 2019, called The European Green Deal (COM (2019) 640 final) [56], which is a strategic ecological road map for the whole of Europe;

• The Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD) (2010/31 / EU) (2010/31 / EU), published on May 19, 2010, 167;

• Published on October 25, 2012, Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125 / EC and 2010/30 / EU and repealing Directives 2004/8 / EC and 2006/32 / EC (EED) 2012 / 27 / UE) 168;

• Standard ISO / DIS 22057 (Enabling use of Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) at construction works level using building information modeling BIM), on managing the use of environmental product declarations (EPD) (environmental declaration based on the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)). The document is being prepared;

• MFCA (Material flow accounting - General framework) standards in the ISO 1400X series of standards: ISO 14001: 2015 (Environmental management systems - Requirements with guidance for use), ISO 14051: 2011 (Environmental management - Material flow cost accounting - General framework) and ISO 14052 : 2017 (Environmental management - Material flow cost accounting - Guidance for practical implementation in a supply chain) On environmental and energy costs of materials.

5.9.2 Description

In recent years, environmental awareness has grown exponentially. Currently, passive measures initiated by governmental organizations and NGOs are not enough, active measures are needed not only in order to prevent, but even to save our environment. The second reason for adopting an ecological economy is the healthy need to be energy self-sufficient for ourselves and for future generations. At the same time, this would mean ensuring energy security in the event of possible environmental or man-made disasters. The ecological system already includes many initiatives, both global and domestic, but all of them are based on care for the environment in which we live. Significant emphasis is placed on the so-called green public procurement, whereby public authorities can procure goods, services and works that have a lower environmental impact throughout their life cycle than goods, services and works with identical purposes as would otherwise be procured. As the European Commission points out: Green public procurement can provide public authorities with financial savings - especially taking into account the costs of the ordered products or services throughout their life cycle, and not only through the prism of the purchase price. For example, purchasing products that use low energy or water can help you reduce your utility bills significantly. Reducing the amount of hazardous substances in purchased products can reduce the costs of their disposal. Authorities implementing GPP will be better equipped to meet evolving environmental challenges as well as to meet political and binding targets for reducing CO2 emissions and increasing energy efficiency and in other areas of environmental policy.

Green Public Procurement: Public procurement can serve as a tool for shaping the production and purchasing preferences of not only public but also private entities. Requiring potential contractors to meet specific environmental requirements will translate into the range of services they offer, and consequently into the growth of ecological solutions on the market. Importantly, green procurement places great emphasis on including the entire life cycle of a given product, service or works in procurement costs, not just the cost of purchasing them. Such action, in turn, contributes to more economical and effective spending of public funds by entities that use them, which is in line with the principles contained in the Public Finance Act. A clear example of instruments promoting pro-ecological solutions is Directive 2012/27 / EU on energy efficiency169. As indicated in the preamble to the above-mentioned of the Directive (point 15): the public sector is an important driver of market transformation towards more energy-efficient products, buildings and services, and in changing energy consumption behavior by citizens and businesses. At the same time, Member States should ensure that public institutions purchase products, services and buildings with very good energy performance (Article 6 (1) of the directive). Importantly, Polish public procurement law regulates the possibility of taking into account environmental aspects at various stages of the procedure (as part of the description of the subject of the contract or tender evaluation criteria). However, the above provisions are regulated in a way that grants the contracting authority more rights than imposes real obligations on it. The most common non-binding instrument is GPP criteria (the so-called GPP criteria). They provide public institutions with requirements, conditions and criteria, as well as contractual provisions that they can directly introduce into the documentation of conducted proceedings. In Poland, GPP criteria have not been published at the national level so far, nevertheless the Public Procurement Office is taking intensive measures to promote European guidelines. For many European countries, the GPP criteria are the starting point for the development of regulations at the national level to contribute to more frequent consideration of environmental aspects by awarding entities. Creating a statutory obligation to take into account certain environmental requirements as part of public procurement is certainly an effective instrument for implementing green public procurement. However, each time the application of strict measures requires their proper preparation 170.

5.9.2.1 Sustainability

The concept of sustainable development was first discussed extensively in the 1987 UN report, Our Common Future, known as the Brundtland Report [57] after the head of the WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) commission. The key to understanding this direction is social responsibility for all development activities in all areas of our lives. In the following years, many strategic foundation documents were developed, which summarized the factors influencing sustainable activities. The graphic below shows the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) pyramid, or corporate social responsibility, addressed to big business. The goal is to generate profits with the resources created, but also taking into account the other two effects of BIM processes: social and environmental. Paradoxically, the global economic crisis, which started in 2007 and lasted for several years, had a large impact on increasing awareness of both these types of responsibility. Figure 62: Pyramid of corporate social responsibility CSR. 171

One of the studies systematizing all sustainability factors was the report of the British academy "A Complete Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainability" (Piercy and Brammer 2012). They compiled a list of sustainability dimensions that was cited in another study, Enablers for Sustainable Lean Construction in India 172:

• D1 - Environment;

• D2 - Workforce;

• D3 - Supply Chain;

• D4 - Community;

• D5 - Governance;

• D6 - Quality Issues;

• D7 - Contractual Arrangement - an additional dimension.

On the basis of this matrix, Piercy and Brammer analyzed the factors included in each of the 7 dimensions for diagnosing the effectiveness of implementing Lean principles and sustainable development for examples of specific entities from various branches of the economy. There are many sustainable design initiatives, one of the most ecologically advanced is the so-called Cradle-to Cradle Design, which is based on two fluid and interlocking cycles: biological and technological. It is a so-called regenerative (that is, refreshing, renewing and reviving own energy and materials) design of products and systems. In this process, the production material is treated as food in an environment of healthy, safe metabolism.

Figure 63: Cradle-2-Cradle Integration Principle of Biological and Technological Processes 173

5.9.2.2 Circular Economy

It is a production process that minimizes the environmental impact of the products used and created. Ingredient selection and design are required to enable the reuse of products used in the processes. The circular economy model assumes that the value of products, materials and resources will be kept in the economy for as long as possible, in order to minimize waste generation. Mentioned in the normative part of the chapter EU circular economy plan (98 final) (ANNEX to the COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS A new EU action plan for a circular economy for a cleaner and more competitive Europe) [58 ] has an implementation strategy summarized in the table, which clearly defines the legislative basis, value chain, principles and scope of activities as well as procedural steps to achieve the state of environmentally friendly economic processes

Figure 64 Implementation strategy of circular economy, part 1. [58]

Figure 65: Implementation strategy of circular economy, part 2. [58]

Figure 66: Implementation strategy of circular economy, part 3. [58]

In Poland, the authority responsible for coordinating the implementation of the circular economy strategy is the Ministry of Development174. On September 10, 2019, the Council of Ministers adopted a resolution on the adoption of the "Roadmap for transformation towards a circular economy", thus giving the green light to conducting the circular economy initiative in our country. Earlier (in 2017), the Ministry of the Environment initiated a pilot program called "Circular economy in the commune", as amended in 2019175, financed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. By 2020, three communes were to take part in it: Łukowica (Małopolskie Voivodeship), Tuczno (Zachodniopomorskie Voivodeship) and Wieluń (Łódzkie Voivodeship), but the program was later extended to two more communes: Krasnobród (Lublin Voivodeship) and Sokoły (podlaskie voivodeship). The EU legal tool supporting the transition to a circular economy is the so-called The waste package (adopted by the EU on May 22, 2018), i.e. the amendment to the waste management directives 176.

5.9.2.3 Low emission and energy efficiency

It is one of the recently discussed points of the European environmental strategies as it ties in with the energy foundations of national regional economies. The European Union has already published many plans and directives in this direction (see the list at the beginning of the chapter), and their general goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and thus reduce the carbon footprint by 2050. Among the EU studies, those concerning construction industry, but this branch of the economy cannot be viewed in isolation from the entire economy. Currently, Poland has obtained a special status on this matter, but it does not fit into the common agreement of other EU countries, so its correction should be expected in the future. However, this correction will require replacement solutions in order not to slow down the economy, hence it is impossible to predict the date of the exchange rate changes. Another program is the EU energy efficiency program for the results of the construction industry's activities, i.e. the resources built (Directives 2010/31 / EU and 2012/27 / EU - see section 5.9.1). Analyzes of the energy economy have been carried out for Polish cubature facilities (because this is what they are mainly about) for a long time and these changes have become a permanent part of Polish building regulations. First of all, these are the "Technical Conditions", which include the EU provisions on the energy efficiency of buildings in a multi-stage program of changes to the target state in 2021) 177. Relevant EU units monitor the progress of the energy efficiency strategy by issuing reports, such as use of resources and energy ", published in January 2019 by the European Construction Sector Observatory [59]. This study summarizes the results of the application of national regulations based on the EU and resembles the existing directives to maintain the direction of development.

5.9.2.4 PED (Positive Energy Districts)

PEDs have been launched in the EU SET-Plan (see section 5.9.1) and are ultimately zero-carbon and zero-carbon urban environments with the added goal of over-producing energy for use in local and central grids. This requires close coordination of the performance of buildings, the lifestyle of their users, the characteristics of local energy networks, mobility rules and ICT 178 functionality. This project is based on the activity of one of the 10 fields of involvement of the SET Plan, called "Smart Cities and Communities" (plan number 3.2). . This activity is aimed at creating 100 areas of sustainable PED urbanization by 2025 in the countries associated with the EU JPI. The scope of activities is planning, implementation and replication of the created resource in subsequent locations. It also has an impact on urban planning, which makes this concept part of the competence of the construction economy. Projects on this basis are already being developed, such as a proposal for a building for 200,000 users, meeting all PED requirements and equipped with high-tech systems. This is the concept of the so-called the vertical city of the Luca Curci Architects team (Bari, Italy) named THE LINK:

Figure 67: Visualization of THE LINK - the vertical city of the project by the Italian team Luca Curci Architects. 179

Similar concepts, although without an ecological context and with the uncompromising nature of modernism, already existed in the past, e.g. in 1925, the Swiss architect Le Corbusier proposed a complex of skyscrapers for 3 million inhabitants for the reconstruction of the center of Paris (the so-called Voisin Plan - graphic below). This proves that development is based on known foundations.

Figure 68: Plan Voisin model for the center of Paris - Le Corbusier. 180

The JPI (Joint Programming Initiative) Urban Europe project was formed in 2010 on the basis of the EU SET (Strategic Energy Technology) Plan (see chapter introduction) with funding obtained from the Horizon 2020 program as one of the EU instruments called Joint Programming launched by the Union in 2008. The initiative aims to improve the quality of urban life in Europe 181. 20 countries participate in JPI Urban Europe, 14 of which are full members (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden and the United Kingdom), and 6 countries have observer status (Estonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Turkey). Several further countries participate in the EU JPI on a project basis. The initiative's portfolio includes over 70 projects in the field of ecology and environmental protection with a total funding of over EUR 100 million, and cooperation in the field of ecology with countries outside Europe. One of the current projects is the initiative of the aforementioned PED. In November 2019, another project was launched, financed by the European Commission from the Horizon 2020 program, called ATELIER182, which is an organization of two cities: Amsterdam and Bilbao. The initiative also plans to create and replicate PEDs at these two locations. These cities have been joined as partners by another 6 (Bratislava, Budapest, Copenhagen, Krakow, Matosinhos and Riga) that are planning a replica of PEDs in their own locations.

5.9.2.5 Bottom-up activities for sustainable development

In response to top-down regulations, responsible private and social entities initiate activities to protect the environment, achieve energy efficiency and social responsibility for human activity. The list of these initiatives is growing every year and it will not be possible to list them all, because the list is dynamic and no one should be omitted here.

5.9.2.6 Training

There are internet portals in Poland dealing with ecological phenomena and movements. They offer a wealth of thematic literature, and often also training. Engineers' representatives, affiliated in regional and national professional chambers, also offer training for their members in the field of environmental issues. Similar initiatives have been implemented by public entities such as the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management or the Ministry of Climate 183

6 Matrix knots - introductory remarks

Figure 69: List of matrix nodes. Own study

The orthogonal, non-linear structure of the individual elements of the matrix produces points of intersection at the nodes common to the intersecting elements. These are the points where the two domains combine their specifications for maximum interoperability. The matrix node typology is a completely open system, as is the matrix itself. The task of this document is not a detailed description of all elements of the entire road to BIM implementation in Poland, but to create an environment that will facilitate the implementation of BIM in our country. Nodes in their current form should be treated as homogeneous packets that will both find their place on the timeline and will be instructed to treat them as task units to be executed. In the event of a correction of the content of nodes, the timeline presented in point 8 should also be corrected. In the next chapter, solutions for filling nodes with tasks, their schedule, recompensated responsibilities and necessary financial outlays, as far as possible to estimate them, will be proposed. The most important thing, however, is the knowledge of what place particular elements of the system have in the entire Road Map and the processes integrated in construction. The nodes, in addition to the usual color palette, also have field signatures (like on a chessboard) to enable the presentation of the document in any organizational environment and user, and to better illustrate their distribution on the timeline. In the 3D view (point 8), the solids of nodes represent the amount of work that needs to be done and the time that needs to be spent in order for a given node to reach maturity in the BIM system. Tasks in individual nodes do not have a chronology of implementation, but for order and for the application of their results in pilot projects, they should be read in the chronology of the columns (i.e. stages of the process integrated in the BIM methodology), so the tasks, e.g. C1, should precede the tasks in C2, then follow the tasks C3 and further C4 The following graphic is adopted for the implementation advancement level of individual node components (next chapter):

black: Deployment of the node's component has not yet started

gray: The node's component deployment is in progress

white: Component deployment of the node reached has been reached

Figure 70: Graphical description of task tables in nodes. Own study

For the assessment of financial outlays and the activation of other resources, it has been adopted, where possible, to divide them into three levels using bold print: Black text indicates low outlays. Average print runs are marked in orange. High volumes are marked in red. However, it should be noted that these are estimates that do not take into account the size or financial capabilities of the entity responsible for the performance of the task.

TO UPDATE THIS ROAD MAP STRATEGIC DOCUMENT, PLEASE PERFORM REGULAR REVIEWS OF THE STATUS OF THE MATRIX NODE ELEMENTS IN THE 2-3 YEAR MODE. IT IS RECOMMENDED TO ANALYZE ALL NODES FOR THE FULL IMAGE OF THE BIM IMPLEMENTATION AT THE TIME OF THE REPORT UPDATE.

7 Matrix knots in detail

7.1 Node A1 (Technology in the Work Plan)

Figure 71: Node A1. Own study

Table 8. Package A1

1. Adoption of BIM standards for Poland (PN-EN ISO 19650 series), published so far. Regular monitoring of new announced solutions in this area in order to prepare for implementation by the construction market; Getting acquainted with the documents explaining the functionality of the standards, and then their implementation; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Low cost rank - purchase and reading normative documents, practical training; Task teams for the implementation of standardization. Workload, depending on the scale of activities; Internal and external training.

2. A media campaign promoting the BIM Road Map and the BIM implementation process in Poland; Top-down propagation. Support for promotion at the central level should provide an impulse for bottom-up activities; Minister responsible for economy as a leader; Average cost rank - costs of media presence; Implementation of tasks by the media unit for BIM promotion or a team of people responsible for this area delegated from the already existing organizational unit for promotion. The amount of work depends on the scale of activities.

3. Adoption of open formats and Open BIM principles, interoperability and simple diagrams for information exchange in the BIM methodology; Mental shift to a different organization of work; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Average cost rank - changes to the procedures currently functioning in the field of communication and information exchange; External and internal training; Information campaigns; Decision-makers, Change Leaders 184. The amount of work depends on the scale of activities.

4. Structuring of the CAD environment in construction investments in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard. Mental switch to a different work organization; Design offices; Average cost rank - changes to customary procedures; Change Leaders, Technologists. Workload, depending on the scale of activities (implementation of standard information structures); Internal and external training.

5. Establishing a Steering Committee for BIM Implementation; Minister responsible for economy as a leader in consultation with key ministries; Cost rank low - creation of a working group; Delegating specialists / coordinators of activities in institutions to the organizational structure of the Committee, ensuring the consistency of work on BIM implementation, average monthly commitment depending on the intensity of work Designate the physical seat of the organization.

6. Adoption of strategic assumptions from this study and related documents for the BIM Development Road Map in Poland as they arise; A mental shift to the BIM methodology for construction investments based on a good example from above with approval from below; The minister responsible for the economy as an implementation leader in cooperation with relevant ministries within the Steering Committee for BIM Implementation. Approval by the Chancellery of the Prime Minister; The rank of costs low - declaration of central level entities on the active promotion of the BIM methodology; Steering comittee; Specialists, employees of the institution delegated to the above-mentioned works. The workload depends on the scale of activities.

7. Updating this Strategic Road Map document every 2-3 years; It is recommended to introduce guidelines on how to collect information on the progress of BIM implementation. Steering Committee as the author or commissioning of the studies; Average cost rank - analysis of the implementation process progress and report; Steering comittee; Specialists, institution employees delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the purposes of the above-mentioned works. The amount of work depends on the scale of activities.

8. Providing active support for the BIM methodology by engineering professional chambers; The first step is the recommendation of BIM implementation in the construction industry developed by PIIB in 2019; Chambers representing engineers in the construction industry; Low cost rank - top-down declaration of BIM methodology support for professional groups; Creation of BIM units in the organization of professional chambers. The amount of work depends on the scale of activities.

9. Launching a project (public procurement) aimed at implementing an IT platform supporting the application of the BIM methodology, in accordance with the specification developed under this project 185; Multi-module IT platform promoting the BIM methodology and supporting the purchase of public investments in this methodology; Minister competent for the economy; The rank of costs is high - launching a public procurement for the implementation and maintenance of the IT platform; On the part of the leader, resources will be necessary to prepare and conduct the tender procedure for the evaluation of offers (also in terms of content) and supervision over the implementation of the contract; Specialists, institution employees delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the purposes of the above-mentioned works.

10. Initiating legislative changes aimed at implementing BIM into the Polish legal system in the field of public procurement; The first steps towards establishing the BIM obligation: 1.preparing a procurement policy project that takes into account the desired direction of procuring entities, understood as the use of the BIM methodology and tools to enforce and promote the use of the BIM methodology, 2.change the non-price criteria for evaluating offers in procedures, taking into account 20% for the BIM methodology, with 60% saved for the price criterion. The above change will apply to investments carried out in the BIM methodology; The minister responsible for economy as the leader steering the process; Low cost rank - decision to start the legislative process at the level of the minister competent for the economy; Steering comittee; On the leader's side, resources will be necessary to prepare and implement the above-mentioned legislative changes.

11. Developing a program for full-time studies, taking into account the BIM methodology; No BIM qualifications among the academic staff; The minister responsible for economy, the minister responsible for science and higher education, academic staff; Average cost rank - changes in the study program, change management; Mobilization of specialists from educational entities dealing with curriculum changes in higher education by responsible entities; Steering comittee; The implementation of tasks by coordinators of work within educational units will involve a workload, depending on the scale of activities. It was assumed that the scale of activities would require part-time employment; Internal consultations.

12. Development of a curriculum for secondary technical schools including the BIM methodology; Lack of qualified teaching staff, recommendation to coordinate with the plan for higher education; Minister competent for education; Average cost rank - changes to the curriculum, change management; Steering comittee; The implementation of tasks by coordinators of work within educational units will involve a workload, depending on the scale of activities. It was assumed that the scale of activities would require part-time employment; Internal and external consultations.

13. Increasing the budget for Research and Development (R&D) in the area of ​​construction; Funds should be allocated to works aimed at increasing innovation in construction; The minister competent for the economy as the leader initiating the process; The rank of costs is high - updating the national budget and / or in the area of ​​distribution of Polish EU funds, Updating the budgets of individual ministries.

14. Introducing the obligation to use the BIM methodology for public investments in Poland for the investment value from EUR 10 million. Extension of the BIM requirement from task A.1.10; Minister competent for the economy, Steering Committee; Average cost rank - declaration with all economic consequences; Steering comittee; On the leader's side, resources will be necessary to prepare and implement the above-mentioned legislative changes.

15. Legislative changes to be considered at the PPL level in the scope of enabling the contracting authority to cancel the procedure at the stage of initial offers; A change necessary to use the MacroBIM model. It concerns the cancellation of the procedure if the value of the initial offers significantly exceeds the estimated cost of the contract; The minister responsible for economy as the leader steering the process; Low cost rank - decision to start the legislative process at the level of the minister competent for the economy; Steering comittee;; On the leader's side, resources will be necessary to prepare and implement the above-mentioned legislative changes.

7.2 A2 Node (Technology in MacroBIM)

Figure 72: Node A2. Own study

Table 9. Package A2

Adoption of the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard for the organization of the investment team structure; Mental change in the organization of construction processes; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; The rank of costs low - task teams for the implementation of standardization in construction; Internal and external training

2. Adoption of the phase division of labor using the British Digital Plan of Work (DPoW) model with the introduction of an additional phase of economic verification of the investment - MacroBIM; Mental change in construction investment orders; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Average cost rank - changes to adopted procedures and formal tender procedures; Mobilization of specialists for the organization of construction processes by responsible entities.

3. Introduction and application of the principles of conceptual programming of investments: solid models max. LOD 100, models of grouped functions max. LOD 200; Only solids and grouped functions, without any additional elements, a mental change in the processing of design phases (change of the current habits of calculating investment costs); Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders, especially design offices; The rank of costs low - the need to take actions in the field of change management supporting the actual application of the principles of conceptual modeling; Specialists for the preparation and implementation of construction processes; Internal and external training.

4. Introduction and application of the principles of index valuation for conceptual models, basing on catalogs of index prices of investments in order to develop a proposal for the Target Cost of the investment; Indicative cost bulletins can be helpful, such as the annually updated WKI Sekocenbud, change of current investment calculation habits; Public institutions and other stakeholders of the construction market, especially construction cost estimators; Low cost rank - the need to take actions in the area of ​​change management to support the actual application of the principles of creating index valuations; Construction process calculation specialists; Internal and external training; Purchase and implementation of calculation programs based on models by responsible entities.

5. Organization of training courses on the creation of indicator calculations for the design concept of an investment; It is assumed that the duration of the training should not exceed 6 teaching hours and should be partially workshop-based. The training will be dedicated to construction cost estimators and personnel responsible for planning and managing the investment cost; Specialists for training in the field of index costing; Cost rank - average costs related to the organization of training; Selection of training organizers in calculations based on models by decision-makers in contractors in construction in a tender; Determining the physical location of the training.

6. Development of multilateral, incentive Joint Venture contracts for the integration of all investment participants with the BIM methodology; Contract templates available for use in international publications; Adjusting contracts to the Polish market in cooperation with insurance representatives from professional groups; The minister competent for economy in cooperation with the Public Procurement Office, law firms, insurers of professional groups; Average cost rank - development of a new type of BIM construction contracts for the Polish market; Steering comittee; On the side of the leader, resources will be required to prepare and carry out the above-mentioned works (specialists for construction contracts).

7. The use of multilateral, incentive Joint Venture contracts for the integration of all investment participants with the BIM methodology; Public procurers and other construction market stakeholders; Average cost rank - readiness to use this type of contracts, the need to develop mutual trust among participants of the investment process; Training courses; Information campaigns (in the competence of the media unit / BIM promotion team). The workload depends on the scale of activities.

7.3 Node A3 (Technology in Capital Phase)

1. Figure 73: Node A3. Own study

2. Table 10. Package A3

3. Adoption and use of open BIM information exchange formats (IFC, BCF, CityGML) in investments, in accordance with the ISO 16739-1: 2018 standard; Available for export from all buildingSMART International certified BIM applications; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Low cost rank - acceptance and actual application of standard rules in practice; Task forces for the implementation of standardization in construction; Internal and external training.

4. Adoption for each investment in the BIM methodology of the digital information processing environment (CDE), in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019 standard; This is already common for investments with BIM elements. CDE functionalities are not yet optimally used, and are being established for the needs of a given investment; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Low cost rank - relatively low cost of renting CDE platforms; Change Leaders Change Leaders, Teams for the implementation of new technologies in construction; Internal and external training

5. Development of a complete digital, multidimensional model of information about the resource being created - Project Information Model (PIM) Delivery format as a complex, multi-sector IFC model; Design offices; Average cost rank - from approx. PLN 4,000 to PLN 15,000 / year / workplace; Change Leaders, Teams for the implementation of new technologies in construction; Internal and external training.

6. Development of templates and use of pre- and contract documents in BIM investments: BIM protocol, BEP pre-contract, BEP (BIM Implementation Plan); Patterns are available and will be developed in a separate document under this project; Minister competent for economy as a leader (publication of templates under this project) Public institutions and other stakeholders of the construction market; The rank of costs low - acceptance and actual application of standard rules in practice; IT BIM platform - to popularize BIM document templates; Internal and external training.

7. Adoption for use of the types of required information about the resource being created: EIR, OIR, PIR, AIR and plans for creating MIDP and TIDP information, in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 19650-2: 2019 standard; These are top-down activities, requiring close coordination with bottom-up activities in the form of delivery schedules (Last Planner® System from the Lean tool palette); Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Average cost rank - changes in the organization of construction investment proceedings; Change Leaders; Teams for the implementation of new technologies and standardization in construction; Internal and external training

8. Organization of a few days, initiating BIM workshops before the commencement of each investment carried out in this methodology; BIM workshops should be integrated with Lean workshops; It is assumed that the workshops should last about 3 days; The minister responsible for economy in cooperation with the Public Procurement Office for public investments. Participants of each investment in the BIM methodology; Average cost rank - training costs; Selection of BIM and Lean training organizers by entities responsible each time for individual investments; Designation of the physical location of training.

7.4 Node A4 (Technology in the Operational Phase)

Figure 74: The A4 node. Own study

Table 11. Package A4

Adoption of the COBie data format as the primary information management format in the resource's operational and exploitation phase; Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders; Cost rank low - save models in IFC format for export to COBie; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply standardized information exchange technologies); Internal and external training

Development of a complete digital, multidimensional model of information about the created resource - Asset Information Model (AIM); This is a version of the PIM model tailored to the asset management needs after commissioning; Industry designers in given investments, site managers, subcontractors; Average cost rank - updating design models to the actual required As-Built state; Change Champions, Resource Development, Delivery and Resource Management Specialists (for the implementation and application of standardized information exchange technologies; Internal and external training.

Adoption and application of a complete digital, multidimensional model of information about the created resource - Asset Information Model (AIM); Property managers and technical restorers; Average cost rank - updating design models to the required technological state; Change Leaders; Specialists in the development, provision of resources and resource management (for the implementation and application of standardized information exchange technologies); Internal and external training; Acquisition by MAHs of asset management software using AIM models in open formats.

4. Development of the Polish version of the PN-EN ISO 19650-3 standard and the ISO 5500X series for the structure of asset management processes. Translating the full text of the standards into Polish then PKN (relevant Technical Committee) Low cost rank - writing the standards in the Polish normative standard; Works under the appropriate Technical Committee of PKN.

5 Adoption of the PN-EN ISO 19650-3 standard and the ISO 5500X series for use. Change to integrated resource management processes The entire FM market (Facility Management) - Property managers Cost low - adaptation of standard rules of procedure; Change Leaders; Resource management specialists (for the application of BIM standards); External training; Information campaigns (in the competence of the media unit / BIM promotion team)

6 Creating digital duplicates of Digital Twins (DT) from the information contained in AIM models for electronic, remote management There are already first attempts of Digital Twins, but do not yet contain the required level of data Digital Twins costs will be lower over time Public procurers as implementation leaders. Industry designers or external entities Cost rank high - upgrade of the IFC federated models to the Digital Twins standard; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new technologies); Internal and external training.

7 Calculating the cost of living of resources and presenting them in accordance with the provisions of the regulation Entire FM (Facility Management) market Real estate managers Industry designers Average to high cost rank - costs of implementing the act for emerging resources; Change Champions, Specialists in creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new technologies); Internal and external training

8 Development of a digitization strategy for the physical territory of Poland for a period of at least until 2030 (underground and above-ground infrastructure, construction, water reservoirs, geospatial) Available EU funds from the pool for strategic studies for 2021-2027 Minister responsible for computerization in cooperation with the minister responsible for obtaining EU funds Average rank of costs - Assuming obtaining funding the EU to develop a strategy; Steering comittee; Specialists in acquiring EU funds; digitization specialists, employees of institutions delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works.

9 Creation of a digital model of Poland (Digital twin) as part of the digitization strategy Public institutions and economic entities in the construction market Cost rank high - significant costs of modeling a multidimensional Poland; Change Leaders; Specialists in creating, delivering resources and managing resources (for the implementation and application of new technologies); Internal and external training; Related activities - information campaign. Implementation of tasks by the media unit for BIM propagation or a team of people responsible for this area delegated from the already existing organizational unit for promotion. The amount of work depends on the scale of activities.

7.5 Node B1 (Cybersecurity in the Work Plan)

Figure 75: Node B1. Own study

Table 12. Package B

1. Application of optimal digital security measures (Digital Safeguards) in access to Internet network services Security that can be performed in-house by the IT staff of a given organization Public institutions and business entities in the construction market Low cost rank - standard security costs; Mobilization of responsible entities for the implementation and use of digital security; Delegation of internal IT specialists to digital security tasks

2. Amendment of the act on the national cybersecurity system (Journal of Laws 2018, item 1560) in order to apply secure methods of information processing in the network Minister responsible for computerization Costs low - costs of amendments to the act; Steering comittee; Specialists, institution employees delegated to the above-mentioned works (legislative changes regarding digital security) or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works.

7.6 Node B2 (Cybersecurity in MacroBIM)

Figure 76: Node B2. Own study

Table 13. Package B2

1. The latest deadline during the investment procedure for the inspection and update of digital security in business entities and institutions in the form of IT services. The service may require the creation of a security system from scratch. Public institutions and business entities in the construction market. Cost high - update or creation of a new cybersecurity system ; Mobilization of market entities in construction by responsible entities in order to implement and use digital security; On the side of the leader, resources will be required to prepare and conduct the tender procedure and evaluate offers (also in terms of content) for specialists in professional IT security (to control and update digital security in public entities).

7.7 Node B3 (Cybersecurity in the Capital Phase)

Figure 77: Node B3. Own study

Table 14. Package B3

1. Establishing access roles to CDE - digital information environment for investment service Participants of each BIM investment Cost rank low - establishing access roles is in the scope of each CDE platform; Mobilization of specialists in the development, provision of resources and resource management by the duty holders to apply new technologies.

2. Development of the PN-EN ISO 19650-5 standard for the security of information handling during the investment (including national appendices) PKN (relevant Technical Committee) Average cost rank It is assumed only to update security from node B2; Works under the appropriate Technical Committee of PKN

3. Adoption of the PN-EN ISO 19650-5 standard for the security of information handling during the investment process (along with national appendices) Publication of the standard is required, announced at the end of 2020. Public institutions and other construction market stakeholders. upgrading security from node B2; Task teams for the implementation of standardization in construction; Internal and external training.

7.8 Node B4 (Cybersecurity in the Operational Phase)

Figure 78: Node B4. Own study

Table 15. Package B4

1 Widespread adoption of DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) technology for various forms of services in the construction industry and management of the resulting investment resources Already introduced by some market players from other industries These entities could serve as examples of good practice supporting the adoption of technology by other entities Public and other institutions economic market stakeholders. Average to high cost rank - costs of technological changes in IT; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources (to implement and apply new technologies); Internal and external training.

7.9 Node C1 (Lean in the Work Plan)

Figure 79: Node C1. Own study

Table 16. Package C1

1 Introduction and assimilation of the method Plan - Do - Check - Adjust: Plan-Do-Check-Adjust (PDCA) for process management Public institutions and other stakeholders in the construction market Cost rank low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders; Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training

2 Introduction and use of the A3 one-page strategy tool for the process of setting the goals of the organization Public institutions and other stakeholders in the construction market. Cost low rank - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Champions, Specialists in creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

3 Development of a strategy for the implementation and monitoring of pilot projects using the BIM methodology The first pilot project in infrastructure was launched by the Ministry of Infrastructure in 2020 The minister responsible for economy and the Steering Committee Average cost rank - selection and preparation of pilot investments Steering Committee; Specialists for creating, implementing and monitoring the course of processes (in order to develop a strategy for launching and conducting pilot projects, proper selection of projects) - institution employees delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works.

7.10 Węzeł C2 (Lean w MacroBIM)

Figure 80: Node C2. Own study

Table 17. Package C2

1 Introduction and application of methods of holistic management of information about investments (System thinking and other methods) Public institutions and other stakeholders of the construction market Cost low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

2 Introduction and use of the POP matrix tool (Product - Organization - Process) for the evaluation of goals and expectations regarding the planned investment. Tool for the contracting authority to identify the goals of the project. Public institutions and other stakeholders in the construction market. Low rank - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training

3 Introduction and use of the visual Value Stream Mapping (VSM) tool for the creation and correction of investment process schemes in the construction industry A tool for the contractor to verify the legitimacy of steps in the investment process Public institutions and other stakeholders in the construction market The rank of costs low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

4 Introduction and application of the tool Choosing by Advantages (CbA) for making decisions about the use of alternative options in the process of economic evaluation of an investment. Public institutions and other stakeholders in the construction market. Rank of costs low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

5 Development and application of the principles of creating a Target Cost proposal based on conceptual models of solids and functions. Including an additional phase in public procurement. Participants of each investment in the BIM methodology. Cost rank low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

7.11 Node C3 (Lean in the Capital Phase)

Figure 81: Node C3. Own study

Table 18. Package C3

1 Creating a decision-making Core Group, the entire Integrated Team and task teams - organization of the process According to the patterns from the PN-EN ISO 19650-1: 2019 standard and Lean practices Representatives of all sides of the investment Cost low rank - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

2 Introduction and application of the method of joint solving of current investment tasks in one room (Big Room) with full technological equipment. The Big Room should be prepared by the contracting authority in the vicinity of the construction site. Participants of each investment in the BIM methodology Low cost rank - room costs for the entire period of the investment process; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and managing resources (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction); Internal and external training.

3 Introduction and application of visual Lean tools in the daily practice of construction production (resource creation): visual labeling, 5S, Agile / Scrum, 5x Why? and Fish bone Diagram Instruction of the executive team, with the participation of the ordering party Lean expert / Integrated Team as a contractor in the process of creating and delivering the resource Cost rank low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and resource management (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction) - employees of individual units delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works; Internal and external training.

4 Introduction and application of the Last Planner® System as bottom-up equivalents of the requirements of Master Information Delivery Plan (MIDP) and partial Task Information Delivery Plan (TIDP) in the Big Room Instruction of the executive team, with the participation of the contracting authority Lean expert / contractor of the process of creating and delivering the resource The rank of costs low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and resource management (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction) - employees of individual units delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works; Internal and external training.

5 Introduction of the Value Stream Mapping manager function for analyzes and corrections of the workflow in the investment process An expert on the part of the contractor for the optimization of the resource delivery process Lean expert / ordering and contractor of the process of creating and delivering the resource Average cost rank - costs of the Value Stream Mapping expert; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and resource management (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction) - employees of individual units delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works; Internal and external training.

6 Organization of Lean training for the entire Integrated Team (all key participants) The training program should be integrated with the workshop initiating BIM Lean Expert / ordering and contractor of the process of creating and delivering the resource Average cost rank - Lean training costs; Providers of training services (regarding BIM and Lean training) employed by entities responsible for individual investments; Designation of the physical location of training (Big Room)

7 Introduction and use of the tool for elimination of 8 sources of losses in investment processes - "muda" reduction rules. Instruction for the executive team will be necessary. Lean expert / contractor of the resource delivery process. Cost rank low - learning Lean principles, mental change; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and resource management (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction) - employees of individual units delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works; Internal and external training.

8 Introduction of large-scale prefabrication systems for the automation of construction processes Lean Manufacturing. Contractors in investment processes in the BIM methodology Average cost rank - factory production costs instead of on the construction site, modernization and use of improved production lines; Change Leaders, Specialists for creating, delivering resources and resource management (to implement and apply new methods in production processes in construction) - employees of individual units delegated to the above-mentioned works or external specialists employed for the implementation of the above-mentioned works; Internal and external training.

Source: https://www.gov.pl/attachment/f3be402f-b236-43bb-81f3-24ab7174d8d0