If you want to successfully implement Building Information Modeling (BIM) in your office, you need a clear strategy. This does not have to be "academic", but - like any planning - should be solution-oriented and goal-oriented. In addition to all the promises that you as an architect may have already heard from different quarters, you as the »decision maker« should first ask yourself a few simple questions that create clarity at the beginning of the »BIM implementation« project: for you, your employees as well as your partners and clients.

STATUS TAKING: It generally helps to get an overview of the »state of the art«. Specific questions can be: ‒ How are projects currently being processed? ‒ Is there a need for optimization? ‒ What are the biggest »time wasters« (plan creation, e-mail and communication, updating, responsibilities)? conventions, CAD guidelines, in short: office standards)? It is advisable to include feedback from employees and colleagues. The aim of a restructuring must be to achieve a measurable improvement of existing problems

SET PRIORITIES: The second step is to identify and prioritize time wasters. An evaluation matrix helps to keep an overview. A self-assessment shows the strengths and weaknesses of the respective office.

BIM IMPLEMENTATION - See the original

Not every topic can be solved with BIM. But try to formulate a realistic goal that can be achieved with the help of BIM. A specific example is updating your own plans. Example: A door needs to be moved. Every project manager knows it: a plan has to be updated, but there are many drawings of the floor, all of which have to be brought up to date; in addition, sections and, if necessary, views. (Door) lists may have to be updated and conditions such as compliance with escape route lengths checked. If restructured file storage, changing employees and different CAD authoring systems are added, what appears to be a small thing quickly becomes a complex challenge. The fact is: Working with lines based on drawings is time-consuming and error-prone. Perhaps you have discovered a need for action here, too. A BIM goal could therefore be: Plan derivation - Every plan, always up-to-date, with as little effort as possible. Of course, it helps if you just look at a concrete example how long the process of moving a door currently takes: What is the communication chain like, who does what then, how long does each step take? With today's binding systems for time recording, it is easy to show where you are at the moment, for example in a mini-workshop.

BIM APPROACH: A strategy for implementation can now be developed from the clear definition of goals for your BIM project. This does not have to be excessive either. The example of the door is to be continued here as an example. To achieve my BIM goal, I need: zentral a central model ‒ which contains doors that can be moved s a scaled plan derivation (PDF / DWG) must be created. ‒ The derivation should always be located in one place (within a project). Take the time to evaluate and present the results of your analysis: ‒ How complex was the changeover? ‒ Are there new responsibilities that may emerge here? ‒ Has the goal been achieved? ‒ Is there any need for further action (additional / alternative hardware and software, need for training)? - What is the feedback from the employees? ‒ Is the solution overall satisfactory? The more extensive you design the analysis and formulation of goals, the clearer the picture becomes. Many possible solutions have existed for a long time, and the question is usually not whether it is possible, but only how it can be implemented - and whether the implementation then makes sense overall. Don't be afraid to address the costs . How much do you want the BIM implementation to cost? Is there a budget at all? Because one thing is clear: even if you want to save costs, the BIM implementation will not work without an investment.

Architects who run an office with a few employees or who act alone in the market can also take the necessary steps to activate the BIM planning method in a targeted manner. The basic structure with the BIM author, BIM manager and BIM coordinator, which is divided into various areas of activity, is the responsibility of a few actors. to be clearly defined. The relevant publications contain a large number of use cases that show how working on a common data model can be used. The information requirements defined by the client and the BIM processing plan developed together with other project participants serve the structured implementation of the tasks. The effective use of BIM requires an interdisciplinary exchange of data, for which the project participants have to share and promote the ideas and visions for the use of BIM. The technical prerequisites include the use of suitable data formats, such as was introduced with the IFC format, which enables all parties involved to access the common information. Correct handling of technical information and data should be tested with the help of smaller data packets and the quality of the data exchange checked. With the introduction of the BIM method, it is necessary to define the transfer times and data quality of the information, which are regarded as milestones here. The valid rules of the planning process must be laid down and made available to all parties involved. In this context, process diagrams are used to present the processes in a visually understandable way.

IMPORTANT CONTENT IN KEY POINTS: ‒Define data requirements and standards (start of the process) ‒Instructions for implementation (instructions) ‒Divide documentation to the various phases ‒ Set up a data room that is accessible to all parties ‒ Activate the data management system (data is up to date) ‒ Contractual Make arrangements that are mutually coordinated with the requirements and ensure performance.

All those involved should be familiar with the BIM method or at least be provided with a competent partner to ensure data delivery. Working with BIM requires clear rules for controlling the processes, so that the responsibility is always clear and the flow of information can run properly at all times. While in larger offices the tasks are distributed over many shoulders, the responsibility and overall coordination in smaller offices lies with the project management. In many architectural offices, the processing of 3D models is already part of everyday life. The challenge lies in making the data available to everyone involved in the project. The handling of the data stored in the building model must be trained and practiced. This is comparable to a new application to be learned. Getting started with BIM requires commitment. Many processes that have always been found in project management are basically only supplemented by the medium of digital data management. Until now, the requirements and wishes of the client were often only used for the planning services of the architect this information is now immediately available to all authorized persons in the data room. As a result, all the information required for the project process is gathered at an early stage. Changed requirements during the project phase are documented in detail and help track the decision-making and planning process.

BIM is not always BIM, and so there are various terms that describe the method in more detail. Part 2 of the VDI guideline series 2552 contains attributes such as "little", "big", "open" or "closed" BIM. The classification is based on the authoring programs, data models and transfer formats used. In everyday office life there are already many use cases that can be declared with “little BIM”. From the presentation of the design concept with the help of a 3D visualization to the handover of the tender documents (e.g. in GAEB format), there are examples that already cover parts of the BIM method. With the provision of this data in a data format that can be read by all parties and free access to this information, an important step has already been taken. The security of the data plays an important role in the entire process, with smaller structures also providing less target for possible data abuse. Medium-sized projects can be managed using simple management and storage solutions. The distribution of tasks for data management should be stipulated in the contract, including m Clearly assign access rights and the release of information. A first step towards BIM is to try out the method together with other project participants. Regardless of this, all steps carried out must be followed up in terms of quality control. Only in this way can the path to BIM, which is tailored to the office structures, succeed.

BIM FORMATS AND METHODS OF COOPERATION - See the original

BIM should serve many purposes: Avoid mistakes and save costs in construction and operation. Anyone who has ever experienced a chaotic process on the construction site despite having overall responsibility for the general contractor will immediately see that a lot could be achieved here with more coordination. It also immediately makes sense that the BIM method offers great advantages for the later operation of buildings, namely when all building information can be systematically found and digitally processed. These are all added values ​​for other participants, but not for the architect himself, and he should make sure that the associated additional services are appropriately remunerated - at least to the extent that they are beyond what is necessary for the success of the work But where is the added value for the architect to fulfill his or her own contractual obligations? The first step on the way to BIM is planning in 3D models. This enables spatial design right from the start. This eliminates the abstraction step of translating a spatial structure into two-dimensional drawings, floor plans, sections and views. The house is "built" from the start. In the ideal case, the abstract representations of the drawing would result from this fully automatically. Unfortunately, this is not the case yet, the derivation of the drawings still requires a lot of work in practice. However, the skilled architect succeeds in modeling the buildings surprisingly quickly. Surely this requires training and some experience as well as knowledge of many tricks and tricks to get a grip on the often inadequate modeling software. With some experience, however, planning in 3D does not take any longer than in 2D. Right from the start, even in competitions, the building is particularly well under control. The view in 3D not only helps the layman, the architect also controls his design visually better in 3D; and the area numbers also run almost automatically. 3D planning alone - this is not yet a BIM - already offers advantages. Negative influences on the designs are unlikely. The sketch roll and felt pen have not yet had their day, they remain essential, both at the beginning of the design and in every intermediate step. "Let's put a sheet of paper over it" is still practiced.

The architect cannot take the next step towards BIM alone. Here he needs partners, especially for building services engineering and structural planning. It is not easy to find suitable partners. You also take small steps with your partners. It is a feeling of achievement when models from specialist engineers and architects are superimposed for the first time. This already supports the coordination, which is an essential basic service of the architectural work. But of course we want more. What sense does it still make to check the formwork plans when you have compared the volume models of architects and structural engineers and can guarantee that there are no deviations at all? What sense does it make to manually replicate the slot and opening information provided by the building services planner in the architectural or structural model? At least semi-automatic processes would be the right approach here. Unfortunately, all of this is not yet easy, the path is rocky. And yet there are initial successes here too; the light at the end of the tunnel is in sight. There is another completely different reason to turn to the BIM method. Our young colleagues are used to planning in 3D from their studies. You expect a modern office to be able to work this way and not be thrown back into digital early history. So are we more efficient with BIM? The question is not easy to answer. How efficient a planning process is depends on many factors. Does the client know what he wants? How competent are the other planners, how strong is your own team? Is the project completely new territory in terms of task and project participants? Because of this multitude of factors, it is not possible to define a benchmark against which a BIM project can be measured. There are clearly project processes with major efficiency advantages through BIM - and others with lower ones. We are not always more efficient today, but more and more often. And always in the future. Today there is no good reason not to adopt BIM. Going forward, there will be no more reasonable reason not to have done it.

THE ROLES DISTRIBUTION IN BIM: In the standards and guidelines (DIN EN ISO 19650, VDI 2552), in current literature and other publications, a large number of roles or functions are often associated with the term BIM, often enough with the reference to the necessary specialist knowledge, certificates or specializations. The most important functions are easy and clear to define:

BIM author: Anyone who inserts information into a building model (overall model or specialist model) is a BIM author. This can be the planning architect, the (specialist) engineer, the draftsman or building modeler as well as the site manager. With a corresponding project configuration, a contractor can also take on the role of BIM author if this is contractually regulated.

BIM coordinator: The BIM coordinator brings the individual (specialist) models together and ensures compliance with the agreed standards and goals of the BIM processing plan (BAP). His tasks also include checking for collisions with other models and providing special models for various use cases.

Overall BIM coordinator: As a rule, this function is assumed by the architect and project manager. The overall coordinator is the interface between the client and the other BIM functions involved in the project and brings together the building models of all other planners, specialist planners and engineers in accordance with the BIM processing plan and the client information requirements (AIA). In the basic standards, such as DIN EN ISO 19650, this model is also referred to as a "spring-loaded", i.e. coordinated and summarized model. Another task is updating the BIM processing plan and coordinating the models with the BIM manager.

BIM manager: The BIM manager is usually assigned to the client side, creates the client information requirements in cooperation with the client and advises on the creation and provision of the common data environment (CDE). The BIM manager defines the milestones of the BAP (who has to deliver what, when and in what data quality?) And, if necessary, adjusts BIM processes and BIM use cases. The granting and monitoring of access and processing authorizations for the building model - keyword data security - is one of his tasks.

While the tasks of the BIM author, BIM coordinator and overall BIM coordinator can be in one hand, the BIM manager should be separate in terms of personnel. Since the insurance industry currently sees strong parallels to project management, this function for architects is usually not covered by professional liability insurance. In larger offices, the functions of authors and coordinators are usually distributed over several shoulders. But the individual office can also fulfill all of these functions.

BIM user: The BIM user can be the craftsman carrying out the work on the construction site, but also the client who receives the commissioned data model and uses it for other applications such as building operation, rental or dismantling.

BIM PARTICIPANTS BASED ON DIN EN ISO 19650-2 - See the original

THE MODEL-BASED IDEAL PROCESS: The use of the integrative BIM planning method enables the planning results of all parties involved to be summarized in a structured manner and the core disciplines of planning, construction and operation to be networked more closely. Today's planning processes are largely based on a linear phase model and the services to be delivered one after the other. This often does not meet the needs of complex project processes. Processes that run separately from one another nowadays often lead to repetitions and rescheduling until the individual planning statuses are coordinated with one another. This can result in inconsistencies in the planning that can only be eliminated with great effort and high costs - especially if the construction site has already started. The use of the BIM method can contribute to an overall economical way of working. The future BIM ideal process is based on a basic model that runs through the entire planning and construction period up to the operating period of the property. Even if this reference model is supplemented and specified in concrete terms by specialist models and coordination models in the ongoing process, it always forms the unequivocal basis to which all those involved can refer.

BIM IDEAL PROCESS - See the original

Even when planning and construction have been completed, this basic model can serve as the basis for BIM-based facility management processes (FM) and thus facilitate the transfer of building data from the planning and construction period into the operating period. By integrating the FM processes into planning and construction at an early stage, simulations for calculating operating costs, for example, can be carried out in advance, and the creation of an operator model assumes a significantly higher level of information. In this way, the building model can develop into a portfolio model. The model-based three-dimensional planning process with an exchange of specialist models in the CDE makes it possible to represent all essential planning components that are required at the required time (data transfer points) for the requested purpose. The merging of the individual specialist models makes it possible to represent all areas spatially and to check their interdependencies. The transparency of this methodology differentiates precisely between already consistent (non-contradicting) parts of the planning and those that still need to be processed. This makes the coordination of interdependent specialist disciplines clearer, and the consolidation is simplified in perspective.

LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATION: Just like biological processes, a property is subject to a life cycle that can usually be represented in a circular phase model. The phases start with the planning and lead through the implementation to the operating phase of the property and finally to the deconstruction or a possible revitalization. The duration and proportion of the phases in the entire life cycle of the property vary. For comparison, the classic service phases of the HOAI are mentioned here in addition.

Planning - Developing an idea and checking legal, technical and financial conditions for feasibility (preliminary draft). ‒ Working through the draft with all technical contexts up to planning that is ready for approval and feasible (draft and approval planning) Service description from the data or BIM model (implementation planning).

Building - Implementation of the planning by commissioning building contractors with the production of the property (award). ‒ Accompanying the implementation process with a construction-accompanying management to ensure the goals of the client (construction management and accounting)

Operate - As the core of the life cycle, the usage phase is by far the longest phase. It corresponds to the actual intended purpose of real estate development. In this phase, the investments made in the previous phases have to pay for themselves. ‒ This phase can be extended if the property has been renovated or refurbished in the meantime, or if it has been brought up to date in terms of structural and building technology.

Dismantling / revitalization - demolition with recycling of the residues or ‒ revitalization in a downgrading or upgrading process, depending on the extent of the recycling of the existing stock or the amount of the new investment.

LIFE CYCLE COSTS: The four phases mentioned above are not only defined by different periods of time, but are also associated with different costs.

- See the original

Looking ahead at the costs of the individual phases enables a strategic approach to the real estate investment. So it can be For example, in the case of a property with a short lifespan, it makes sense to build inexpensively, while it can pay off in a property with a longer useful life to invest more and more sustainably, which increases the lifespan and thus also the amortization of the property and thus increases its chances of recovery.

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY: Usually only the three phases of planning, building and operating are seen today. However, if one considers the enormous consumption of resources in the realization of real estate and the increasing scarcity of raw materials, then in the future, in addition to the expenditure for gray energy, the concepts for the dismantling or revitalization of the real estate must also be given greater consideration. This also includes the dismantling effort to be considered in the planning as well as the reusability of materials and construction elements. In future, the type of raw material and the CO₂ balance of the installed materials can be systematically taken into account with the help of BIM. If you relate the energy efficiency to the entire life cycle of the property and at the same time consider the material efficiency, you can also achieve significantly higher resource efficiency in the construction industry in the future.

COMMON DATA ENVIRONMENT AND DATA TRANSFER POINTS: Data transfer points are listed as examples. B. in the BIM reference process. The formulation comes from the AEOI and describes the information to be exchanged between the parties involved as the basis for the required service provision. In addition to the clearly defined requirements of the client in the client information requirements or through the interfaces in the BAP determined by the technical involved, the transfer of data is a continuous process that runs in the common data environment CDE and from All involved must be perceived independently and responsibly. The technical models of the individual disciplines are to be set in the CDE. Information management and the complete documentation of relevant decisions as well as correspondence and protocols are also carried out via the CDE. For this purpose, AIA and BAP formats such as IFC, CoBie or BCF are used in accordance with project-related specifications, which simplify the exchange of data information. Particular attention must be paid to the data volumes. Not everything that is technically possible also makes sense in its implementation or purposefully in the transfer to a common data model.

PLANNING DEPTH - When using the BIM planning method, the building model created by the architect must meet the requirements for a sufficient planning depth. Sufficient detailing of the geometric modeling and a link between the model and other required data (attribution) are therefore required. The "BIM BAK project planning service profile" (cf. "BIM for architects - service profile, contract, remuneration") assumes that these necessary geometrical and informational requirements for the model are determined exclusively by the success of the work contract to be achieved. As a rule, the architect is therefore responsible for the necessary detailing of the digital planning. Contractual definitions of certain abstract levels of detail, e.g. E.g. LoD (Level of Development) = LoG (Level of Geometry) + LoI (Level of Information) may only need to be set up as a supplement. The modeling guidelines necessary for the cooperation and coordination of those involved in the planning are specified in the AEOI or in the BAP. Client and contractor can alternatively agree on minimum requirements with regard to the level of detail. The requirements are to be achieved at the end of the respective service phase. It is advisable to define these minimum requirements in order to prevent later misunderstandings when handing over digital models (examples of LoDs can also be found in the BAK brochure “BIM for Architects - Performance, Contract, Payment”)

WORK IN THE COMMON DATA ENVIRONMENT - See the original

ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF BIM FOR PLANNERS: Planners have the opportunity, as overall coordinators, to once again clearly assume responsibility and control for the entire planning process in their area of ​​responsibility. Architects are thus in the tradition of the builder and can consolidate their position in the holistic view of construction tasks (from planning to construction management). The processes require close and trusting cooperation between the planning and project participants. There is a chance to be able to minimize errors in the examination of specialist planner contributions, in the mass determination or in the transfer of information to the execution. The constant presence of up-to-date and relevant information from the other planning models should result in improved communication with a synchronized level of knowledge as a declared goal when using BIM Conditions for this are: ‒ cooperative cooperation in the planning team ‒ consistent data collection ‒ transparent communication ‒ digital review of the planning by BIM coordinators and the overall BIM coordinator ‒ efficient, responsible and knowledgeable BIM coordination. Planning therefore not only benefits the architects, but also leads to noticeable simplifications and savings for the entire planning group. B. through error avoidance and early knowledge, which can help to avoid later rescheduling. And of course, ultimately, the added value of BIM planning also benefits the building owner or client directly, who can make decisions at an earlier point in the project. In many cases, this avoids rescheduling and corresponding additional costs.

ADVANTAGES OF THE USE OF BIM FOR CLIENTS: In the meantime, clients have recognized the added value that is offered to them by the application of the BIM method by the planners commissioned by them. As a rule, they mention the following points that have a positive effect on the execution of their projects: ‒ early detection of potential problems ‒ fewer rescheduling due to consistent collision planning by all planners ‒ earlier and more precise decision-making options thanks to better and more precise information from the planners ‒ greater reliability of deadlines Avoidance of construction errors ‒ higher cost security due to more precise information from all parties involved ‒ fewer supplements due to better coordinated planning In addition, the use of BIM data for their facility management is an essential component for institutional investors. potential builders who can promise these advantages have a competitive edge when it comes to awarding new contracts.

With the BIM working method, there is a very structured process plan that regulates the planning and information processes between those involved in detail. The client information requirements (AIA) precisely specify the services to be provided by the contractor; However, the client also undertakes to provide the information, task descriptions and specifications described here and to be provided by him in full at the required time. The BIM processing plan (BAP) is created jointly by all planners on the basis of the AIA is set up and forms a detailed schedule for the BIM project at an early stage. The BAP becomes the contractual basis and is mandatory for all contractors in the BIM project. Planning is based on three-dimensional digital models that contain geometric and information technology information. The result is not a graphic image of a building to be created, as is the case with two-dimensional planning, but a machine-readable, model-based database that can be networked and processed with appropriate software programs. These data are the essential carriers of the project-relevant information and can be read out and displayed depending on the requirements in plans, lists, calculations, schedules, simulations, VR animations, etc. The data are part of the three-dimensional specialist models that include all essential planning components and are exchanged with one another in the Common Data Environment (CDE) at the required time (data transfer points). The coordination of interdependent specialist disciplines is made clearer and easier through the use of automated test programs (collision check).

The BIM working method continues to require the established forms of collaboration in planning and execution. Therefore, working with BIM does not fundamentally change the proven role models and responsibilities of the planner. The position of the architect in the planning process does not change either. In particular, the coordination and integration tasks associated with property planning according to the HOAI service profiles remain, so that architects remain the "system leaders" in the planning process. The service profiles for “BIM services” presented in the publication “BIM for Architects - Service Profile, Contract, Remuneration” of the Federal Chamber of Architects are based on the service profile of the basic services of the HOAI 2013, supplemented by suggestions for “Special Services” for BIM-specific applications. This also means that the legal price regulations of the HOAI are fundamentally not affected by the BIM working method.

When using the BIM method, the project is processed using digital models (3D – 5D), which contain a large amount of data information, geometric object information and alphanumeric object information, so that the collected data can be further processed by appropriate software programs. Open communication of all data via the CDE is even more decisive than model processing. This transparent form of cooperation enables, among other things, that all authorized users can inspect and assess the planning at any time. When describing the BIM method, there is often talk of a paradigm shift. This may be an exaggeration, but the form of open and transparent cooperation between all those involved is a significant change compared to previous forms of work. The prerequisite for successful BIM processing is trust, partnership and cooperation between all parties involved, building owners, planners and the executing companies. Working on the 3D model as well as the constantly updated plan derivation from BIM, collision checks and the model-based Cost and quantity calculations reduce working time and the susceptibility to errors. When implementing the new way of working in the architects' office, it is important to include all employees with you. The changes should not be in the foreground, but what remains should first be made clear. Practiced and familiar processes in the work or team structure should be changed as little as possible, and if so, then only at those points where additional qualities and recognizable improvements in the process are connected. The additional possibilities of the BIM application are to be emphasized, among other things, through training. Starting with the early detection of errors, the model facilitates the comparison between different variants, a continuous cost review and also the quick visualization of the planning. Overall, work becomes more effective and efficient. A BIM model is not a scaled-down image of the built reality, but an image of the planning. In this respect, the term "digital twin" that is sometimes heard is misleading. Rather, it is an abstract planning tool that enables lean, complete, data-protected and transparent project management. Transparent planning and cooperation will not avoid planning errors, but it allows them to be recognized earlier.

The following graphic shows the schedule of a BIM project with the areas of responsibility of the contractor and client in connection with the established service phases. The usability of the digital building model as a single source of truth for all building-relevant information extends over the entire life cycle right into the operating phase.

SEQUENCE OF A BIM PROJECT - See the original

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAD SOFTWARE AND BIM-CAPABLE CAD SOFTWARE: Two- or three-dimensional representations such as lines, rectangles or circles in a CAD program cannot be evaluated as simple data for further processing. It is only when you add additional information to the geometric shapes (attribution) that you determine what they represent and what kind of component it should be. The BIM software prepares which attributes the respective object should have and assigns the construction - mostly proprietary - standard values ​​for material and dimensions. In contrast to the CAD software, the BIM software also allows the type and number of materials required to be determined and a price calculation to be provided by adding the relevant data. This attribution creates a coherent building or data model. Some BIM-capable programs are mostly used by architects, while others are also used by technical building services and structural engineers. With the first-mentioned programs, data exchange between all planners is difficult; with the last-mentioned programs, there is usually easier collaboration due to less data loss when adopting the respective models. The result of working with a functional BIM program is always parameterizable objects, links with alphanumeric information on the material, the design and the properties, as well as the structuring of buildings in a building structure that can be further processed in other specialist models.

SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE BIM MODEL: Before deciding to purchase new software, the software that is already available in your own office should be checked for BIM capability. Depending on the program used and any existing modules, upgrading the software can be the more economical alternative to purchasing a new one. Building information models (BIM models) not only represent a simplified three-dimensional image of the building, but also contain a large amount of information, for example component properties and properties. BIM models can thus represent the ideal basis for mass determination or for the digital building application. In order to ensure the required quality of the BIM models in full, the models must be quality assured. This happens on different levels. On the one hand, the BIM coordinators of the architect and the specialist planners check their own specialist models, and the overall BIM coordinator checks the merged specialist models of all disciplines, the so-called coordination model or "spring-loaded" model. Various software solutions are available for this task, and different test programs can be used in planning processes. Two sample programs are described below. Both allow a model check, but offer different possibilities. The supported file formats represent one of the biggest differences. There are check programs that offer a wide range of different formats, and other programs that can only open IFC files. When it comes to model testing, however, the programs that are exclusively fixed on IFC files offer considerably more options than the broadly based test programs. With the test programs (program type 1) that can be used for different formats, collision tests can be carried out between objects. It is checked whether objects touch or overlap, e.g. B. a wall that is pierced by a steel beam - a so-called "hard collision". Since the components at the penetration occupy the same space, this is recognized as a collision within the software, and this can be communicated and rectified, e.g. B. by planning a breakthrough. The test programs thus offer the possibility of checking individual technical models for collisions independently of one another, as well as, in the coordination model, models from different disciplines against one another. It is only checked for "hard collisions". "Soft" criteria such as the availability of information on fire protection requirements cannot be checked with these programs. Quality assurance of the individual specialist models, carried out by the BIM coordinator, ensures reliable quantity determination, for example. Checking the coordination model reveals planning errors, such as missing breakthroughs. The area of ​​application of these programs therefore includes the testing of models for hard criteria as well as the creation of coordination models. The IFC-based test programs (program type 2) offer a wide range of options for testing models for hard and soft criteria. All conceivable tests can be defined using a database with predefined rule types. As in the previously described program type 1, hard collisions can be detected both between components in your own discipline and between different specialist models. In addition, many other tests are possible, such as the model-based formwork plan test, the test for the presence of component properties, the test for clear passage widths and heights as well as escape route analyzes. This allows building law issues to be checked that are relevant for the issuing of a building permit. This program type 2 is accordingly a software solution that can enable the digital building application, while the previously described program type 1 is used to support the planning, but not for the examination of building law issues.

Applications:

CHECK PROGRAM TYPE 1 - Collision check of individual specialist models ‒ Creation of a coordination model ‒ Collision check between different specialist models ‒ Checking of individual floors / components possible through filters ‒ No rules can be defined according to which the check is carried out ‒ All collisions are displayed in the report ‒ Only hard collisions can be checked ‒ No building law tests‒ Users are planners and overall BIM coordinators.

INSPECTION PROGRAM TYPE 2 - Collision check of individual specialist models ‒ Creation of a coordination model ‒ Collision check between different specialist models ‒ Own rules can be defined ‒ Classifications of components, thus more targeted testing ‒ Report is created from results ‒ Hard and soft criteria can be checked ‒ Building law issues can be checked - Fire protection / fire compartments - Escape routes - passage widths / heights - clearances in front of doors / windows and, for example, wash basins / toilets - accessibility formwork plan checks ‒ model version comparisons (3D change cloud) ‒ users are planners, overall BIM coordinators, building owners and building supervisory authorities.

The basis for the cost analysis is the use of 3D or BIM-compatible software. The cost estimates listed here are an up-to-date snapshot in 2020 and relate only to software and training courses, not to "soft" factors such as the general effort required to familiarize employees internally with new CAD standards. Industry changed and rentable subscription licenses are often offered. Here, for example, the price for the basic version of a popular program is up to 1,500 euros per user and year; that of a commercial program between 3,500 and 8,500 euros per license. Subscription licenses usually contain corresponding updates (at different intervals) and, if necessary, provide for a regular adjustment of the fees. It makes sense to book a service hotline. A fee of 150 to 2,000 euros per license / year has to be paid for this. Furthermore, it should be noted that not only the basic software, but also additional modules and other attachments, e.g. B. are necessary for model tests, cost and schedule management or interfaces to tendering programs. In any case, a second screen per workstation is useful. In addition, the IT infrastructure in the office must be adapted, such as the server capacities, in order to ensure smoothly networked work with the model and the users. In a closed BIM or Little BIM project, the model is kept within the office. In an Open BIM project, there are centrally set up managed servers for this purpose. For a planning office that fully covers service phases 1 to 9 of the HOAI, when converting to BIM and the 3D planning required for it, recurring, building-up training courses are useful, but may also be necessary, depending on experience with the software are indispensable. Special trainings for z. B. collision checks or BIM specialist training courses, which go into more depth on the specific topics such as the project execution plan, the level of detail and the strategy of coordination, are also possible and useful. The investments for the basic training for a basic module range from 1,000 to 10,000 euros for two to three training courses. B. a technical training, can be in the range of 3,000 to 5,000 euros. These are only necessary for certain users, so these costs can be passed on to the entire office. It should be noted that the costs do not necessarily arise in the first year, depending on the office structure and user group, but can be spread over a period of several years. Conclusion: A software subscription license including a hotline can be approx Cost 1,500 euros per user. The basics cost between € 1,000 and € 3,000 per user, and annual training costs of around € 750 per user are to be expected. For groups, the costs can be lower (as of 2020).

WORKFLOW BETWEEN CAD PROGRAM AND AVA SOFTWARE: The basic idea of ​​the BIM working method is to collect project-relevant information. All planners are responsible for their own models. These are provided and exchanged in the common IFC format. This is a prerequisite that z. B. Collision checks can be made at any time. The requirement for the compatibility of the data also includes alphanumeric values ​​(material designations of the components or the expansion areas) and thus a link to the AVA program. Some AVA programs use a bidirectional way of working, in which the data stocks between the CAD program and the AVA software remain compatible. With this way of working, however, one is bound to certain AVA software and CAD program, which have a common bidirectional interface. When exchanging data via the IFC interface, the choice of software remains independent. However, you have two sets of data, which mean that the IFC file is updated if there is a change in the CAD model. The file must be read in again in the BIM (AVA) software. The transfer of the alphanumeric values ​​(material designations) from the CAD (IFC) model to the AVA software can either be carried out manually by »drag and drop« or automatically in a »5D« calculation in which the Values ​​can be assigned position texts with predefined formulas. The geometrical data of the component are retained and cannot be changed. The material designations can be supplemented or changed. With an automatic method from the model via a bidirectional or an IFC interface to the allocation of position texts in the AVA software, service specifications can be generated according to allocation units. So it is possible to set up cost determinations according to trade or DIN 276 . Furthermore, data for the building operation up to the dismantling and for sustainability considerations can be integrated.

The good news first: Questions about drafting a contract for a BIM project need not raise any worries among architects. Fundamental changes to proven standards or even completely new contract models are not required. In principle, you can continue to work with existing contract templates. However, adjustments have to be made. Anyone who does not map the use of BIM in the contract at all is taking unnecessary risks. But this does not have to result in new contract documents in book strength if you know which specific points need to be focused.

SERVICE DESCRIPTION: The »BIM contract« requires an appropriate description of the BIM-related services. It is not enough to just give a general indication that BIM is to be used in planning. Because BIM describes a planning methodology comprehensively and superordinately. The individual processes and uses to be implemented in the specific project can be derived from this. These are also called BIM use cases. Existing publications and technical standards can be used for the description of services. However, these should not be taken over without further reflection. Generally accepted standards and a uniform understanding of BIM services do not yet exist in Germany. Therefore, the required services must be checked with regard to the requirements of the upcoming project. A basis can be the service profile already proposed by the BAK for property planning with BIM. Here, the traditional HOAI service descriptions have been adapted to work digitally with BIM models. In addition, “special services” were defined that are not covered in BIM projects by the rates calculated according to the HOAI. The service description is mostly designed in the client information requirements (AIA) and a BIM processing plan (BAP). In the AIA, when the service is tendered, the client describes the contractual requirements for the BIM processes. Here, above all, the results owed are defined. In the BAP, those involved in the project (contractor and client) jointly determine after the conclusion of the contract how these results are to be achieved in detail. This is where mutually agreed specifications for the work steps are documented.

CONTRACTUAL REGULATIONS: The architect contract in the narrower sense is still based on the classic bilateral exchange contracts. The contracts with other project participants will not be fundamentally changed either. However, it is advisable to include additional legal regulations on the use of BIM. These can be integrated into contracts as additional clauses or included as a separate annex, so-called “Special Contractual Conditions” (BIM-BVB). In this way, it can be regulated which digital planning bases are available to the architect is asked to what extent these must be taken into account and checked and who is responsible for their content. Limits of liability for BIM-related services, in particular for the use of software, the use of component databases and the transfer to other formats, can be defined. It should also be regulated what legal quality and binding nature the agreements made in a BAP have. Special regulations may also be required for coordination processes. The questions arise, how these work, how they are to be controlled and what kind of involvement is made by third parties. Since a digital project platform is generally used in BIM projects, its use must be regulated as well as the binding nature of the information exchanged via it. If necessary, the BIM-specific services must also be taken into account separately when the architectural services are accepted. Finally, clauses on copyrights, rights of use and data protection should be provided. Regarding the above examples, it is true that not every aspect of every contractual relationship is in need of regulation. It depends on which BIM services are provided and to what extent BIM is integrated into the project. In particular, it is also decisive to what extent data is actually exchanged directly with other project participants. Handouts for drafting contracts have also already been published by the BAK. (see "BIM for architects - performance, contract, remuneration", BAK).

Liability in a BIM project is based on the same principles that apply to conventional projects. There are no fundamental changes, there are only new problem cases that need to be classified. A widespread fear of more intensive cooperation with other project participants such as specialist planners or executing companies is unfounded. Working together does not automatically establish joint liability. An architect who coordinates services more closely with third parties is not liable for errors that are exclusively produced by third parties. Liability only comes into consideration if one's own, possibly proportionate, work contribution is defective. A joint debt arises only from the fact that both the third party and the architect perform poorly on their own. There is no pooling of risks. New risks can result from possible errors in the software used. It cannot be ruled out that the software is operated properly by the user and still generates an incorrect planning result, in particular that calculations, quantity take-offs or automatically generated service specifications are inadequately created. In principle, the architect is liable for the equipment used, but with important exceptions, which are presented below. If the specific software was specified by the client, as is often the case in so-called closed BIM projects, the client also assumes the associated risk. It is only up to the architect to point out recognizable errors at an early stage. Furthermore, if your own software is properly selected and it can be proven that it is used correctly, the charge of fault does not apply. Even through no fault of its own, the client may still have claims for rework, claims for damages, which are ultimately more economically significant in practice, are excluded through no fault of their own. An additional source of error is that when planning results are transferred to other file formats, in particular via the open IFC format, information can be falsified or lost. This is partly due to the fact that the IFC standard is technically not able to correctly or completely map this content. However, if the architect has contractually agreed to deliver the corresponding planning results in IFC format, this obligation is to be accounted for. Anyone who undertakes a service that he cannot provide is still legally obliged to pay damages. Therefore, before the contract is concluded, it must be carefully checked whether the methods required by the client can also be implemented. After all, planning with BIM offers the possibility of taking over prefabricated partial models or component families and integrating them into your own planning. In such cases, the architect is liable for the content of the objects taken over. This also includes liability for possible violations of copyrights or other property rights. Again, something else applies if the client specifies the use of such data.

It is a particular challenge to adequately protect generated data and technical know-how. When exchanging digital planning results, it is much easier for third parties to adopt foreign sub-models or to copy intelligence integrated into a model. The legal protection here is so far inadequate. There is no ownership of data, in the sense of an absolute property right vis-à-vis everyone. In principle, data may be copied and used further unless special protective regulations intervene. In doing so, it is not too easy to rely solely on legal copyright. Basically, however, planning services that are expressed in a BIM model are also subject to copyright protection. The prerequisite for this is that it is a work of architecture that can be qualified as a personal spiritual creation. However, purely technical solutions are not part of the architecture sector. It is currently being discussed whether BIM models can instead also enjoy legal protection as databases, as computer programs, as registered designs or as business secrets. In any case, the existing regulations cannot be applied reliably as a result. There is therefore currently no comprehensive statutory level of protection. The professional associations as well as the German Construction Court Day have asked the legislature to expand the legal protection and adapt it to the advancing digitization. As a consequence, where it appears necessary, contractual agreements must be made that the know-how protect the architect from unauthorized access. This can be done on two levels. First and foremost, it must be checked which data generated should be given to clients or third parties. Here, for example, restrictions can be provided that specially programmed functions do not have to be included in exported files. In a second step, those involved in the project can be obliged to treat information received confidentially. Such an obligation can also be secured with contractual penalties. It is important here that such agreements are not only made bilaterally with the client, but that other project participants are also obliged accordingly. Possible contractual clauses have already been suggested in the BAK publications.

The architect is responsible for purchasing licenses or converting previous software licenses in order to be able to provide the required BIM services. In principle, the client is not obliged to equip the contractor with the necessary work equipment. However, other provisions are possible in the contract, especially if the client provides for a certain clo-sed BIM solution. The architect cannot bill the associated costs separately. The procurement of software is not a "special service", and since these are general office costs, there are no additional costs to be paid for separately. The contractor is of course not prevented from taking this additional effort into account when calculating his fees. Something different applies if the license is not only acquired for a specific project, but if it is so specific that it is for others Projects cannot be used. Then there are real ancillary costs. The costs of project platforms can also be billed as ancillary costs. This applies primarily if the contractor is to provide the platform. In some cases, however, access to platforms set up by the client also requires additional license fees, which can then be passed on. Care should be taken that the architect is not obliged to give the client licenses at their own expense To make available. In some contract models it was provided that the contractor not only had to deliver a BIM model, but also the software required to use it. However, this can trigger considerable and, moreover, long-term additional costs on the part of the contractor.

With regard to professional liability insurance, BIM projects require little effort. The current insurance solutions insure liability for all services that are part of the “job description” of the architect. If planning services are provided, the method with which they are implemented is not decisive. Planning with BIM is therefore also part of the job description and is insured. There is no need to adapt the insurance contract or even conclude additional policies. However, some insurance companies only offer clarifying formulations in their contracts that the work is also insured when using BIM. The limit of traditional insurance is only reached where services are taken that are no longer covered by the occupational profile of arch can be acquired. Even if the concept of the professional is constantly evolving, there are some tasks in the context of BIM that cannot be understood as a typical achievement of architecture. This includes the operation of a digital project platform, the development of new software and, in particular, some services that are mostly summarized today under the term BIM management. BIM management includes, for example, strategic advice to the client on the use of BIM and the selection of BIM use cases, the creation of AIA and the ongoing review of BIM data for compliance with the technical requirements. Such services do not belong to the usual scope of services of an architect and are therefore not covered by professional liability insurance without a separate agreement. Something else applies to the coordination of planning services through the merging of specialist models. Coordinating and integrating the various planning disciplines is one of the basic services of the HOAI and the job description. This also applies if it is done in the form of several BIM models. Therefore, the BIM coordination to be understood in this way is insured.

The topic of digitization and thus also Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a future-relevant challenge for all those involved in the planning, building and operating process. In order to ensure the best possible level in view of the diverse providers on the market for advanced and advanced training, the Federal Chamber of Architects (BAK) and the Federal Chamber of Engineers (BIngK) have a nationwide uniform advanced and advanced training standard for the area of digital planning and construction and operation developed and established: the "BIM standard of the German Chamber of Architects and Engineers". With its introduction, a quality-assured and comprehensive offer of the academies of the chambers of architects and engineers was created nationwide. The "BIM standard of the German Chambers of Architects and Engineers" is based on the development of the VDI / BS-MT 2552 guideline, page 8.1 ff.

The part-time, modular qualification program "BIM - Planning, Building and Operating" according to the standard of the German Chambers of Architects and Engineers provides in-depth knowledge to manage digital processes holistically and to be able to use digital methods. It is shown how the BIM method promotes the necessary partnership and interdisciplinary cooperation. Accordingly, the offer deals with the relevant BIM tools and their implementation as well as the legal conditions and guidelines. In terms of content, the qualification program is based on the five BIM factors of people, processes, data, technology and framework conditions. The theoretically imparted knowledge is trained in exercise sequences and put into practice in workshops. Thus, the offer serves the practical application of the knowledge acquired and enables one to deal professionally with the topic of BIM.

The qualification program has a modular structure and is divided into a two-day basic course (module 1, based on the as yet unpublished VDI / BS-MT 2552 sheet 8.1, 16 TU) and an in-depth course (modules 2 to 4, based on VDI / BS-MT 2552 Part 8.2, 104 UE). The course ends with a learning success test, the successful participation is certified accordingly. While the basic course uses purely knowledge-based methods, the course also uses application-based learning through the implementation of exercises. The qualification program (basic course module 1 and advanced course modules 2 to 4 ) is aimed at people with a university degree in architecture, interior or landscape architecture, civil engineering, TGA or related disciplines (e.g. urban planning), specialists and executives in the construction industry and interested building owners who are new to the topic or who want to deepen existing knowledge. The basic course (module 1) or an adequate level of knowledge is a prerequisite for the advanced course. The modules of the course can - depending on the provider - also be attended individually. However, they build on each other in terms of content. It is therefore advisable to visit modules 2 to 4 in the appropriate order. ‒ The basic course (module 1) serves to convey the basics and is aimed at people who have completed a university degree in architecture, interior or landscape architecture, civil engineering, the TGA or related disciplines, to specialists and executives in the construction industry and interested building owners. ‒ Module 2 is aimed at prospective information authors and forms the basis for training coordinators and managers. ‒ Module 3 is aimed at prospective information managers and forms the basis for manager training. ‒ Module 4 is aimed at prospective information managers to information coordinators and is used for further overall manager training. After successfully completing the training program, the participants are qualified to optimize processes and reduce errors in planning, construction and operation. They understand the BIM working method as a further development of the traditional working method, which favors the cooperative collaboration between those involved in the construction. The participants can use this method for mutual coordination from the start of the project and work with it in order to carry out construction projects precisely, efficiently and sustainably throughout their life cycle. In doing so, they maintain an open relationship with other project participants. This comprehensive specialist knowledge enables the participants to focus on the BIM-based development and implementation of construction projects.

Structure and content of the qualification program "BIM planning, building and operating" according to the BIM standard of the German Chambers of Architects and Engineers (status 10/2020) - See the original

OFFERS FOR FEDERAL BUILDING: In 2018, the Federal Building Office carried out a nationwide invitation to tender for the implementation of BIM training courses for employees in the federal building administration. The Academy of the Chamber of Architects of North Rhine-Westphalia gGmbH took part in the nationwide tender on behalf of all academies of the chambers of architects and engineers.

Two of the original eight bidders remained in the tendering process. Like the second bidder from the overall package, the AKNW Academy was awarded the contract to carry out BIM training courses, which it successfully carried out at the Düsseldorf, Mainz and Leipzig locations. Using project examples from construction management and business, the training imparted the essential knowledge of BIM-based project management, the organizational introduction of BIM, the legal and administrative principles, tendering and awarding, project management with BIM, and cost control in a practice-oriented manner and billing as well as documentation and acceptance.In May 2020, the Academy of the Chamber of Architects in North Rhine-Westphalia took part in a restricted tender by the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR) for BIM seminars and was awarded the contract for the training courses in Leipzig and Bonn. The offer of the academy is based on the successful training for the Federal Building Office. The focus of the methodological and didactic concept is the team teaching method, which has proven itself in the training courses for the Federal Building Office, i.e. two speakers act together throughout the course of the seminar. A new phase of cooperation between the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Chamber of Architects and the Federal Chamber of Engineers was approved in July 2020 with a joint declaration of intent (in In the form of a "Letter of Intent"). This declaration of intent stipulates that the content of the BIM advanced course will be coordinated on the basis of the BIM standard of the German Chambers of Architects and Engineers. In this context, participation in the BIM advanced training courses should also be made possible for the employees of the Federal Building for future federal buildings is recognized. Further information and the current offer are available at: www.bak.de/berufspektiven/digitalisierung/bim-standard-deutscher- architekten-und-ingenieurkammern /

The nationwide BIM quality circle, which operates on the basis of the BIM standard of German Chambers of Architects and Engineers, consists of representatives from the Federal Chamber of Architects and the Federal Chamber of Engineers, the regional chambers and the academies of the Chambers of Architects and Engineers. The quality circle meets regularly and aims to promote and ensure the quality of the BIM seminars offered by the academies of the chambers of architects and engineers. To this end, the quality circle has developed a »Guide to the development and introduction of the BIM standard of German Chambers of Architects and Engineers«, which contains binding specifications as to the content, formal and organizational form in which the academies' qualifications must be designed in order to facilitate development and To ensure the introduction of the BIM standard of German Chambers of Architects and Engineers. The quality circle is based in its work on the guidelines VDI / BS-MT 2552, sheet 8.1 ff. In addition, the quality circle has set up a project group "BIM curriculum development". The nationwide project group consists of representatives from the chambers of architects and engineers, the respective academies and some speakers who are active in BIM seminars. The task of the project group is to develop a curriculum for a practice-oriented qualification program "BIM - Planning, Building and Operating" according to the BIM standard of German Chambers of Architects and Engineers on the basis of the guidelines VDI / BS-MT 2552 Part 8.1 ff.

Since the Building Information Modeling (BIM) method has been used more and more in Germany, competence centers and organizations have been founded to promote the introduction of the digital method. The essentials that provide support measures and information for architects from all disciplines are presented below.

BIM DEUTSCHLAND: The center is operated jointly by the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (BMVI) and the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Home Affairs (BMI). For the planning and implementation of BIM Germany, the plan-nen-build 4.0 GmbH, to which the Federal Chamber of Architects e. V. counts as a founding partner. The aim is to achieve a uniform and coordinated approach to the introduction of BIM in infrastructure and building construction https://www.bimdeutschland.de/

Mittelstand 4.0 Planning and Building Competence Center The Mittelstand 4.0 Planning and Building Competence Center is part of the “Mittelstand Digital” initiative of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The Mittelstand 4.0 competence center for planning and building aims to familiarize small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the construction and real estate industry with methods and tools of digitization. Working methods such as building information modeling, digital process management, digitally supported facility management and the integration of intelligent products into the production process play a decisive role. The Federal Chamber of Architects has entered into an ideal partnership with the Mittelstand 4.0 competence center for planning and building https://www.kompetenzzentrum-planen-und-bauen.digital/

PLANEN-BAUEN 4.0 GMBH In February 2015, leading associations and institutions in the field of planning, building and operating founded the »plan-build-en 4.0 - Society for the digitization of planning, building and operating mbH«. The Federal Chamber of Architects is a founding partner of plan-build 4.0 GmbH. The joint initiative of the associations acts as a central national platform with the aim of promoting the digitization of the construction value chain as a holistic process https://planen-bauen40.de/

BUILDINGSMART DEUTSCHLAND The German-speaking chapter of buil-dingSMART International was founded in 1995 (at the time as the "International Alliance for Interoperability" - IAI eV) on the initiative of leading German planning, execution and construction software companies. The main task of the association is the further development of open exchange standards for the software-independent exchange of information in BIM projects as well as the definition and standardization of corresponding work processes. The Federal Chamber of Architects has been a member of the German building SMART chapter since January 1, 2017 https://www.buildingsmart.de/

BIM CLUSTERS Throughout Germany, regional groups, the so-called BIM clusters, have formed in many federal states. The entire construction value chain is represented in the membership structure. The focus is particularly on: - Exchange of views and experiences - Implementation of dialogue formats to strengthen the competence of those involved in construction on all aspects of the BIM method - Promotion of model-based cooperation to establish the digital value chain with the involvement of public clients and consideration of small and medium-sized offices and companies.

FEDERAL CHAMBER OF ARCHITECTS

"BIM for Architects - Implementation in the Office" (2020) You can find these guidelines, current supplements and further information on the website of the Federal Chamber of Architects at https://www.bak.de/BIM-Implementierung

"BIM for Architects - Scope of Services, Contract, Remuneration" (2017) How does Building Information Modeling fit into the architects' range of services? What effects does BIM have on the drafting of architectural contracts and on the fee calculation? The BIM guideline for architects and planners provides a clear overview of the »project planning services«. The proposed »special services« according to HOAI are explained point by point. In addition, the publication provides specific clauses for architectural contracts with BIM and provides guidance on the basic rules of model-based planning. The brochure is available for download here https://www.bak.de/berufsppolitik/digitalisierung/publikationen-der-bak/

"BIM for Architects - 100 Questions 100 Answers" (2017) The manual is a BIM short introduction for architects and engineers and contains in compact form the BIM-relevant topics for planning offices: - the planning process - technical requirements - cooperation in the Construction value chain - standardization - prerequisites for software implementation - costs - remuneration and drafting of contracts - liability and insurance - copyright - procurement law @ bki.de

RESEARCH INITIATIVE FUTURE BUILDING

BIM guide for medium-sized companies: How much BIM can a medium-sized company project take «(2019) Step-by-step introduction to the BIM method using the example of the implementation of a specific construction project,

"Digitization in building construction - using efficiency potentials for planning and construction processes" (2017) Planning with BIM, project experience, development of component databases, etc., 32 pp.

"BIM Guide for Germany" (2014) comprehensive guide for the introduction of BIM in companies and planning offices, content: introduction, definition of terms, implementation, guidelines, literature list on the topic, etc., 109 pp.

Mittelstand 4.0 PLANNING AND BUILDING COMPETENCE CENTER

»BIMiD guide: How to get started with BIM« (2018) Findings and experiences from two real construction projects with BIM; Introductory process, changes to the planning process, IT landscape, coordination, visualizations, sustainability certification, training and further education, 25 pp.

BIM III: Competence Centers for the Building Industry «(2019) Overview of competence centers for digitization in planning and building at state and regional level, 11 pp.

»BIM II: Becoming and staying BIM-capable with new competencies« (2018) Explanation of BIM roles and BIM competencies in companies, 7 p

"BIM I: Basics in Brief" (2018) Brief information on the introduction of BIM in companies, 7 pp.

FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR TRANSPORT AND DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Publication series of guides and handouts for the introduction of BIM in infrastructure projects of the BIM4IN-FRA project (2019): - Basics and overall BIM process (Part 1) - Guide and sample for AEI (Part 2) - Guide and sample for the BIM processing plan (part 3) - guidelines for the description of services (part 4) - sample of special contract conditions BIM (part 5) - profiles of the most important BIM applications (part 6) - handout of BIM technical models and degree of elaboration (part 7) - neutral data exchange in Overview (part 8) - data exchange with IFC (part 9) - technologies in the BIM environment (part 10) Appendix glossary

BIM HUB HAMBURG

»BIM Guide for the Free Hanseatic City of Hamburg« (2020) With the topics of roles and responsibilities, collaboration, quality management, software, modeling, georeferencing, plan derivation from specialist models, data management, documentation and glossary, 27 p

EU BIM TASK GROUP

»Handbook for the introduction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) by the European public sector« (2017) With general guidelines and recommendations for action for the public sector, experiences of governments and the public sector, work on a common language and Framework conditions for BIM projects, 84 p

ARCHITECTS ’COUNCIL OF EUROPE

"An Introduction to BIM" (2019) General introduction to BIM from a European perspective, 16 pp.

As-built model: The as-built model is the virtual equivalent of the actual building. It shows all structures as they were built. This information forms the basis for a possible BIM-supported facility management.

Attributes / Attribution: Attributes are the geometric and non-geometric object properties that can be assigned to a BIM component. In addition to the spatial dimensions of an object, they define its type and characteristics. In addition, date or cost information can be linked to the component. Only with consistent attribution can the building model be used over the entire life cycle by everyone involved in design, construction and operation

Client information requirements (AIA): describe the entirety of the client's requirements and goals for the deliveries, data and services of a contractor in a BIM project

BCF (BIM Collaboration Format): With the BCF file format, messages relating to the coordination in the BIM project can be exchanged between different software products

As-built model: The as-built model digitally depicts the current state of existing buildings or parts of them, often including the surroundings

Big BIM / Little BIM: Little BIM implements building information modeling as an isolated solution within a company. A company creates the model only for its own purposes and does not pass it on to others. Therefore it will not be used in the rest of the construction process. Big BIM, on the other hand, describes cross-company, interdisciplinary work on the model. Litt-le BIM has the advantage that standards and working methods are only implemented within the company and do not have to be compared with other companies. The problem of data security does not exist with little BIM either. Little BIM, however, does not use the full potential of the BIM planning method, which provides for cooperation between all parties on the basis of shared building models.

BIM (Building Information Modeling): BIM refers to a cooperative working method with which, on the basis of digital models of a building, the information and data relevant to its life cycle is consistently recorded, managed and in a transparent communication between be exchanged between those involved or handed over for further processing.

BIM processing plan (BAP): The BIM processing plan is a project-related document that strategically describes the basis of a BIM-based collaboration. It lays down the organizational structures and responsibilities, defines the processes and exchange requirements of the individual participants and thus formulates the tasks of the individual planning participants in addition to the usual scope of services.

BIM participants – BIM author – BIM overall coordinator –BIM coordinator – BIM manager – BIM user see pages 21 and 22 of this guide

BIM model (also: building model, building information model): is a virtual, digital CAD model with all relevant information on spatial geometry and the alphanumeric information belonging to the individual objects in the BIM method

BIM standard of German Chambers of Architects and Engineers: A high-quality and comprehensive training program in the BIM method developed by the Chambers of Architects and Engineers and developed in cooperation with the academies of the regional chambers and the Federal Chamber of Architects

Closed BIM / open BIM: The term clo-sed BIM describes the use of a closed, i.e. uniform software landscape. Data is exchanged between the products via a proprietary interface. Closed BIM has the disadvantage that the range of software is severely restricted. Only those products that are compatible with the other programs can be used. In contrast, Open BIM stands for product-independent work. The usual data exchange format is IFC. This should enable the exchange of information between any programs.

Dimensions of the BIM model: Depending on the level of information content, a distinction is made between the following dimensions of the BIM models: In the 4D model, the 3D model of the building is given the additional factor time. Ideally, both a target and an actual date are assigned to the components. In the 5D model, the costs are also taken into account. On this basis, precise quantity and cost calculations can be carried out at a very early stage; the project can be influenced and controlled accordingly. The 6D model has been expanded to include life cycle aspects (demolition, disposal, recycling, etc.). The 7D model is used in facility management and is supplemented by the relevant information. In a In the all-encompassing Building Information Model, the project-relevant information for the entire process sequence (planning, execution, operation) is contained in a digital model. The goal is the central administration of all data

Technical model: The technical or partial model represents a discipline or trade-specific model, i.e. part of the overall model (structural model, TGA model, etc.). The pure information content of a specialist planner can also be integrated into the database as a specialist model

Front-Loading: This term describes the possible shifting of services of further developed processing depth to earlier service phases in BIM projects in order to achieve advantages in coordination.

Terrain model: The digital terrain model shows graphically and in terms of content the existing terrain as well as information regarding the project-relevant infrastructures and neighborhoods with their geographic relationships.

Common data environment (also: Common Data Environment, project communication platform): A server landscape that enables cross-company collaboration online as well as the exchange and coordination of models and documents in BIM planning.

IFC (Industry Foundation Classes): IFC is an open data format developed by »buildingSMART International«, which is intended to enable data transport on the basis of standardized component and attribute definitions

Collision check (also: checking for conflicts): The collision check compares the content (components and parameters) of different BIM models with one another in an automated or semi-automated manner. It can be used to verify plans, for coordination among those involved in planning and for plausibility checks

Level of Geometry (LoG): Level of Geo-metry defines the degree of geometric detail of the model elements in subject-specific building models.

LoG 100: Concept - The element is shown graphically (symbol), but not geometrically.

LoG 200: generic placeholders - The element is shown generically in the model and contains approximate quantities, sizes, shapes and information on location and orientation

LoG 300: concrete components - the element contains information on specific quantities, sizes, shapes, position and orientation

LoG 400: detailed components - The component contains additional detailed, manufacturing and assembly information

LoG 500: As Built - The element is coordinated with the construction site in terms of size, shape, position, quantity and orientation

LoG 600: Facility Management - The element has the level of detail and all information for facility management

Level of Development (LoD): defines the degree of completion of the technical building models in a certain project phase and for the release of the BIM applications. The level of development is often used as a summarizing term for level of detail and level of information.

Level of Information (LoI): describes the level of information of the alphanumeric content of individual components in the model in a certain project phase

Parametric modeling / planning: This means the formula-based dependency of the geometric shapes of a project. These formulas are part of the planning program. Once the programming has been carried out, various shapes and objects can be output and changed

Point cloud: is the set of points in a vector space that has an unorganized structure. A point cloud is described by the points it contains, which are recorded using their spatial coordinates (e.g. by georeferencing). In architecture and urban planning, point clouds are mostly created by laser scanning of structural structures.

Smart Building Technology (also: building automation, intelligent buildings, etc.): Equipping buildings with technical facilities for (partially) automated control and intelligent control of lighting, heating, access, shading or power supply, among other things . Sensors, actuators and control elements are connected to one another via a communication network

XBau / XPlanung: are standardized data formats for use in communal software solutions. They are intended to improve communication between the actors in planning and approval procedures. They are open and license-free. XPlanung is the standard for the structure, content and form of data / information for the provision of spatial plans (spatial planning, state and regional regulations, land-use planning and landscape planning). XBau is the standard for the structure, content and form of data / information in the building inspection process. It supports the cooperative BIM planning method by digitally mapping the building regulations approval process at the start of the life cycle of a building project.