Phil Rainbow

Career history

1975 - 1989 Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London - Lecturer

1989 - 1994 Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London - Reader

1994 - 1997 Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London - Professor of Marine Biology

1995 - 1997 Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of London - Head of School of Biological Sciences

1997 - 2013 Natural History Museum - Keeper of Zoology

2011 Natural History Museum - Interim Director of Science

2012 - 2013 Natural History Museum – Head of Department of Life Sciences

1995 - 2013 The Swire Institute of Marine Science, University of Hong Kong - Research Fellow

1997 - 2013 Queen Mary University of London - Visiting Professor

Qualifications

1972 University of Cambridge - BA (Hons)

1975 University of Wales, Bangor - PhD

1994 University of Wales - DSc

Awards

2002 The Mellanby Review Award, Environmental Pollution (2002)

2014 Elected Fellow of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (FMBA)

Committees

1987- 1990, 1999-2002 Linnean Society Council

2003-2009 DEFRA - Darwin Initiative Advisory Committee

2008-2020 Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom: Member of Council and Governor

2008-2013 National Biodiversity Network: Trustee representing the Marine Biological Association UK

2014- 2017 Rovaltain Scientific Foundation, France: Member of the Scientific Committee

2020- Academic Committee of the Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)

Research Interests

The biology of essential and non-essential trace metals in estuarine and marine organisms, especially crustaceans, particularly with respect to the significance of body concentrations of toxic metals, phylogeny and ecology, uptake mechanisms, biodynamic modelling of accumulation and detoxification via metaliferous granules and metallothioneins.

Biodynamic modelling and the significance of trace metal concentrations in invertebrates: Different aquatic organisms have very different accumulated metal concentrations. The application of biodynamic modelling and an appreciation of the processes and kinetics of detoxification are key to understanding the ecophysiology and ecotoxicology of trace metals. Subject organisms have included polychaete worms (Hediste diversicolor, Arenicola marina), bivalve molluscs (Scrobicularia plana), barnacles and decapod crustaceans.

The trophic transfer of trace metals along marine and estuarine food chains: It has only been recognised relatively recently that the uptake of trace metals from the diet represents an ecotoxicologically significant route for the entry of metals into coastal animals. It is important to understand the fundamental principles that control the dietary availability of trace metals in food to carnivores feeding on invertebrate prey.

Biomonitoring of trace metal contamination in aquatic environments: Biomonitoring is the most direct method of measuring temporal and spatial variation in trace metal bioavailabilities to aquatic organisms, in effect of monitoring trace metal pollution. Suites of cosmopolitan biomonitors of known biology can be used to decipher the different sources of bioavailable toxic metals to aquatic organisms, with case studies in the Baltic Sea, Brazil, Montana (USA), New Zealand, Silesia (Poland), SW England, and Hong Kong and the Pearl River Estuary in south China. The use of accumulated trace metal concentrations in selected biomonitors as correlates of biomarkers in metal-sensitive species, using the caddis flies Hydropsyche and Plectrocnemia in mine waste-affected streams in Europe, has been very successful.

Sam Luoma and Phil Rainbow in Restronguet Creek, Cornwall

Scrobicularia plana in the Gannel Estuary, Cornwall

Publications

Books

A.A. Fincham and P.S. Rainbow (eds.) (1988). Aspects of Decapod Crustacean Biology. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 59, 1-375. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

R.W. Furness and P.S. Rainbow (Eds.) (1990). Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 256 pp.

R. Dallinger and P.S. Rainbow (Eds.) (1993). Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, USA, 461 pp.

D.J.H. Phillips and P.S. Rainbow (1994). Biomonitoring of Trace Aquatic Contaminants. (2nd edition). Chapman and Hall, London. 371 pp.

P.S. Rainbow, S.P. Hopkin and M. Crane (Eds.) (2001). Forecasting the Environmental Fate and Effects of Chemicals. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK. 221pp.

S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2008). Metal Contamination in Aquatic Environments: Science and Lateral Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Metal Contamination in Aquatic Environments

C. Amiard-Triquet and P.S. Rainbow (eds.) (2009) Environmental Assessment of Estuarine Ecosystems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 355pp.

C. Amiard-Triquet, P.S. Rainbow and M. Roméo (eds.) (2011) Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants. Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA. 446pp.

C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (eds.) (2012) Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

P.S. Rainbow (2018) Trace Metals in the Environment and Living Organisms: The British Isles as a Case Study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (http://www.cambridge.org/9781108470933)

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2020) Environmental Pollution of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Status and Impact of Contaminants in a Rapidly Developing Region. Springer. http://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783662618325

Reviews

P.S. Rainbow (1985). The biology of heavy metals in the sea. Intern. J. Env. Stud. 25, 195-211.

P.S. Rainbow (1988). The significance of trace metal concentrations in decapods. In "Aspects of Decapod Crustacean Biology". Eds. A.A. Fincham & P.S. Rainbow. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 59, 291-313.

D.J.H. Phillips and P.S. Rainbow (1989). Strategies of trace metal sequestration in aquatic organisms. Mar. Env. Res. 28, 207-210.

P.S. Rainbow (1990). Heavy metal levels in marine invertebrates. In "Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment". Eds. R.W. Furness and P.S. Rainbow. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 67-79.

P.S. Rainbow, D.J.H. Phillips and M.H. Depledge (1990). The significance of trace metal concentrations in marine invertebrates: a need for laboratory investigation of accumulation strategies. Mar. Poll. Bull. 21, 321-324.

M.H. Depledge and P.S. Rainbow (1990). Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97C, 1-7.

P.S. Rainbow (1992). The significance of heavy metal concentrations in marine organisms. Mar. Env. Sci. (Tianjin, China) 11(1), 44-52. [In Chinese].

P.S. Rainbow (1992). The significance of accumulated heavy metal concentrations in marine organisms. In Proceedings of a Bioaccumulation Workshop: Assessment of the Distribution, Impacts and Bioaccumulation of Contaminants in Aquatic Environments. Ed. A.G. Miskiewicz, pp. 1-13. Water Board and Australian Marine Sciences Association Inc., Sydney.

P.S. Rainbow (1993). The significance of trace metal concentrations in marine invertebrates. In "Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates". Eds. R. Dallinger and P.S. Rainbow. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, USA, 3-23.

P.S. Rainbow and R. Dallinger (1993). Metal uptake, regulation and excretion in freshwater invertebrates. In "Ecotoxicology of Metals in Invertebrates". Eds. R. Dallinger and P.S. Rainbow. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, USA, 119-131.

P.S. Rainbow (1995). Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment. Mar. Poll. Bull. 31, 183-192.

P.S. Rainbow (1996). Heavy metals in aquatic invertebrates. In: Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations. Eds. W.N. Beyer, G.A. Heinz and A.W. Redmon-Norwood. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, 405-425.

P.S. Rainbow (1997). Trace metal accumulation in marine invertebrates: marine biology or marine chemistry? J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 77, 195-210

P.S. Rainbow (1998). Phylogeny of trace metal accumulation in crustaceans. In: Metal Metabolism in Aquatic Environments. Eds. W.J. Langston and M. Bebianno. Chapman and Hall, London, 285-319.

P.S. Rainbow (2002). Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: why and so what? Environ. Pollut. 120, 497-507.

I.D. Marsden and P.S. Rainbow (2004). Does the accumulation of trace metals in crustaceans affect their ecology – the amphipod example? J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 300, 343-371.

S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Why is metal bioaccumulation so variable? Biodynamics as a unifying concept. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 1921-1931.[Selected by the editors as 'one of three best environmental science papers published out of 1200 in 2005. Also identified as a 'Hot Paper' as defined by Thomson ISI, Essential Science Indicators.]

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Influence of metal exposure history on trace metal uptake and accumulation by marine invertebrates. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety 61, 145-159.

J.-C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, S. Barka, J. Pellerin and P.S. Rainbow (2006). Metallothioneins in aquatic invertebrates: their role in metal detoxification and their use as biomarkers. Aquat. Toxicol. 76, 160-202.

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2006). Subcellular partitioning and the prediction of cadmium toxicity to aquatic organisms. Env. Chem. 3, 395-399.

P.S. Rainbow (2006). Biomonitoring of trace metals in estuarine and marine environments. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 12, 107-122.

P.S. Rainbow (2007). Trace metal bioaccumulation: models, metabolic availability and toxicity. Environment International 33, 576-582.

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2008). Comparative approaches to understand metal bioaccumulation in aquatic animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 148, 315-323.

P.S. Rainbow and S.N. Luoma (2009). Bioavailability of metals to aquatic biota. In Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology, 3rd edition (M.C. Newman), CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, USA, Vignette 4.2, pp. 119-122.

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Significance of metallothioneins in metal accumulation kinetics in marine animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 152, 1-8.

S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Linking new science frontiers in metal ecotoxicology to better risk management: lateral thinking. In 'Surface Chemistry, Bioavailability and Metal Homeostasis in Aquatic Organisms: An integrated approach' (eds. N.R. Bury and R.D. Handy), Essential reviews in Experimental Biology, vol. 2, Society for Experimental Biology (SEB) London, UK, pp. 1 - 28.

W.J. Adams, R. Blust, U. Borgmann, K.V. Brix, D.K. DeForest, A.S. Green, J. Meyer, J.C. McGeer, P. Paquin, P.S. Rainbow and C. Wood (2010) Utility of tissue residues for predicting effects of metals on aquatic organisms. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 7, 75 - 98.

P.S. Rainbow and S.N. Luoma (2011). Trace metals in aquatic invertebrates. In 'Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations' (eds. W.N. Beyer and J.P. Meador), Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 231-252.

C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2014). Ecological biomarkers: indicators of ecotoxicological effects. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (ed. S.E. Jørgensen), Taylor and Francis: New York. Published online 03 Jun 2014; 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/E-EEM-120050960

J. I. Jones, J. F. Murphy, A. L. Collins, K. L. Spencer, P. S. Rainbow, A. Arnold, J. L. Pretty, A. M. L. Moorhouse, V. Aguilera, P. Edwards, F. Parsonage, H. Potter and P. Whitehouse (2019) The impact of metal-rich sediments derived from mining on freshwater stream life. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 248, 111-189. DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_21

P.S. Rainbow (2020) Mining-contaminated estuaries of Cornwall - field research laboratories for trace metal ecotoxicology. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 100, 195-210 DOI: https//doi.org/10.1017/S002531541900122x

Biology of barnacles

P.S. Rainbow and G. Walker (1976). The feeding apparatus of the barnacle nauplius larva: a scanning electron microscope study. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 56, 321-326.

P.S. Rainbow and G. Walker (1977). The functional morphology of the alimentary tract of barnacles (Cirripedia : Thoracica). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 28, 183-206.

P.S. Rainbow and G. Walker (1977). The functional morphology and development of the alimentary tract of larval and juvenile barnacles (Cirripedia : Thoracica). Mar. Biol. 42, 337-349.

P.S. Rainbow and G. Walker (1978). Absorption along the alimentary tract of barnacles (Cirripedia : Thoracica). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 58, 381-386.

A.C. Campbell and P.S. Rainbow (1977). The role of pedicellariae in preventing barnacle settlement on the sea urchin test. Mar. Behav. Physiol. 4, 253-260.

P.S. Rainbow, M.P. Ford and I. Hepplewhite (1979). Absence of gregarious settling behaviour by female cypris larvae of British parasitic Rhizocephalan barnacles. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 59, 591-596.

P.S. Rainbow (1984). An introduction to the biology of British littoral barnacles. Field Studies 6, 1-51.51.

P.S. Rainbow (1987). Heavy metals in barnacles. In `Barnacle Biology' Crustacean Issues 5. Edited by A.J. Southward. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 405-417.

P.S. Rainbow, J. Green and P. Denny (1989). A note on the intertidal ecology of two little known barnacles, Balanus kondakovi Tarasov & Zevina, 1957, and Balanus patelliformis Bruguiere, 1789, from a Malaysian mangrove swamp. Crustaceana 57, 104-107.

P.S. Rainbow (1990). A new barnacle record from Hong Kong. Proc. 2nd Int. Mar. Biol. Workshop: Marine Flora & Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China, Hong Kong, 1986 (ed. B.S. Morton). Hong Kong Univ. Press, pp. 567-568.

J.D. Taylor and P.S. Rainbow (1997). The epizoic barnacle Trilasmis eburnea on the echinoid Prionocidaris bispinosa. In The Marine Flora and Fauna of the Houtman Albrouhas Islands, Western Australia. Volume 2, 385-387. (Ed. F.E. Wells). Western Australia Museum, Perth.

J.R. Stewart, S. Aspinall, M. Beech, P. Fenberg, P. Hellyer, N. Larkin, S.W. Lokier, F.G. Marx, M. Meyer, R. Miller, P.S. Rainbow, J.D. Taylor, J.E. Whittaker and C.J. Strohmenger (2011). Biotically constrained palaeoenvironmental conditions of a Mid-Holocene intertidal lagoon in Abu Dhabi: Evidence associated with a whale skeleton at Musaffah, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 3675-3690.

M.D. Naser, P.S. Rainbow, P.F. Clark, A.G. Yasser & D.S. Jones (2015). The barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854), and the mitten crab Eriocheir: one invasive species getting off on another! Bioinvasions Records 4, 205-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.3.09

Trace metal bioaccumulation: Biodynamic modelling and the significance of bioaccumulated trace metal concentrations

G. Walker, P.S. Rainbow, P. Foster and D.J. Crisp (1975). Barnacles: possible indicators of zinc pollution? Mar. Biol. 30, 57-65.

G. Walker, P.S. Rainbow, P. Foster and D.L. Holland (1975). Zinc phosphate granules in tissue surrounding the midgut of the barnacle Balanus balanoides. Mar. Biol. 33, 161-166.

J.R. Jennings and P.S. Rainbow (1979). Studies on the uptake of cadmium by the crab Carcinus maenas in the laboratory. I. Accumulation from seawater and a food source. Mar. Biol. 50, 131-139

J.R. Jennings, P.S. Rainbow and A.G. Scott (1979). Studies on the uptake of cadmium by the crab Carcinus maenas in the laboratory. II. Preliminary investigation of cadmium-binding proteins. Mar. Biol. 50, 141-149.

J.R. Jennings and P.S. Rainbow (1979). Accumulation of cadmium by Artemia salina. Mar. Biol. 51, 47-53.

J.R. Jennings and P.S. Rainbow (1979). Accumulation of cadmium by Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher. J. Plankton Res. 1, 67-74.

P.S. Rainbow and A.G. Scott (1979). Two heavy metal-binding proteins in the midgut gland of the crab Carcinus maenas. Mar. Biol. 55, 143-150.

P.S. Rainbow, A.G. Scott, E.A. Wiggins and R.W. Jackson (1980). Effect of chelating agents on the accumulation of cadmium by the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides and the complexation of soluble Cd, Zn and Cu. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2, 143-152.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1982). Regulation and accumulation of copper, zinc and cadmium by the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 8, 95-101.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1984). Regulation of zinc concentration by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda): zinc flux and effects of temperature, zinc concentration and moulting. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 16, 135-147.

V.W.T. Wong and P.S. Rainbow (1984). A modified Lowry assay to measure levels of proteins lacking aromatic amino acid residues (e.g. metallothioneins). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78B, 351-353.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1984). Zinc flux in Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda): moulting, individual variation and tissue distribution. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 19, 153-166.

V.W.T. Wong and P.S. Rainbow (1985). Estimation of crab metallothioneins using a modified Lowry assay. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 81C, 303-305.

P.S. Rainbow (1985). Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd by crabs and barnacles. Est. Cstl. Shelf Sci. 21, 669-686.

P.S. Ridout, D.A. Willcocks, R.J. Morris, S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1985). Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd in the mesopelagic decapod Systellaspis debilis from the East Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 87, 285-288.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1985). On the metabolic requirements for copper and zinc in molluscs and crustaceans. Mar. Env. Res. 16, 215-229.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1986). A preliminary study of Cu, Cd and Zn-binding components in the hepatopancreas of Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83C 111-116.

V.W.T. Wong and P.S. Rainbow (1986). Two metallothioneins in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A, 149-156.

V.W.T. Wong and P.S. Rainbow (1986). Apparent and real variability in the presence and metal contents of metallothioneins in the crab Carcinus maenas including the effects of isolation procedure and metal induction. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83A, 157-177.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1986). Accumulation of cadmium by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32, 17-25.

P.S. Rainbow and P.G. Moore (1986). Comparative metal analyses in amphipod crustaceans. Hydrobiologia 141, 273-289.

V.W.T. Wong and P.S. Rainbow (1987). A low molecular weight Zn-binding ligand in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87C, 203-209.

S.L. White and P.S. Rainbow (1987). Heavy metal concentrations and size effects in the mesopelagic decapod crustacean Systellaspis debilis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 37, 147-151.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1987). The effect of temperature on zinc regulation by the decapod crustacean Palaemon elegans. Ophelia 27, 17-30.

P.G. Moore and P.S. Rainbow (1987). Copper and zinc in an ecological series of talitroidean Amphipoda (Crustacea). Oecologia 73, 120-126.

D.V. Chapman, S.L. White, P.S. Rainbow and M. Taylor (1988). Interactions between marine crustaceans and digested sewage sludge. Mar. Poll. Bull. 19, 115-119.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1988). Zinc uptake and regulation by the sublittoral prawn Pandalus montagui (Crustacea : Decapoda). Est. Cstl. Shelf Sci. 26, 619-632.

P.S. Rainbow and C. Abdennour (1989). Copper and haemocyanin in the mesopelagic decapod crustacean Systellaspis debilis. Oceanologica Acta 12, 91-94.

P.S. Ridout, P.S. Rainbow, H.S.J. Roe and H.R. Jones (1989). Concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 100, 465-471.

P.S. Rainbow and S.L. White (1989). Comparative strategies of heavy metal accumulation by crustaceans: zinc, copper and cadmium in a decapod, an amphipod and a barnacle. Hydrobiologia 174, 245-262.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1989). Zinc uptake rate and regulation breakdown in the decapod crustacean Palaemon elegans Rathke. Ophelia 30, 199-212.

P.S. Rainbow (1989). Copper, cadmium and zinc concentrations in oceanic amphipod and euphausiid crustaceans, as a source of heavy metals to pelagic seabirds. Mar. Biol. 103, 513-518.

P.S. Rainbow and S.L. White (1990). Comparative accumulation of cobalt by three crustaceans: a decapod, an amphipod and a barnacle. Aquat. Toxicol. 16, 113-126.

P.S. Rainbow and P.G. Moore (1990). Seasonal variation in copper and zinc concentrations in three talitrid amphipods (Crustacea). Hydrobiologia 196, 65-72.

P.S. Rainbow (1990). Trace metal concentrations in a Hong Kong penaeid prawn, Metapenaeopsis palmensis (Haswell). Proc. 2nd Int. Mar. Biol. Workshop: Marine Flora & Fauna of Hong Kong & S. China, Hong Kong, 1986 (ed. B.S. Morton). Hong Kong Univ. Press, pp. 1221-1228.

J.S.H. Pullen and P.S. Rainbow (1991). The composition of pyrophosphate heavy metal detoxification granules in barnacles. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 150, 249-266.

J.M. Weeks and P.S. Rainbow (1991). The uptake and accumulation of zinc and copper from solution by two species of talitrid amphipods (Crustacea). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 71, 811-826.

J.M. Weeks and P.S. Rainbow (1992). The effect of salinity on copper and zinc concentrations in three species of talitrid amphipods (Crustacea). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 101C, 399-405.

J.M. Weeks, P.S. Rainbow and P.G. Moore (1992). The loss, uptake and tissue distribution of copper and zinc during the moult cycle in an ecological series of talitrid amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Hydrobiologia 245, 15-25.

H.M. Chan and P.S. Rainbow (1993). The accumulation of dissolved zinc by the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Ophelia 38, 13-30.

H.M. Chan and P.S. Rainbow (1993). On the excretion of zinc by the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Ophelia 39, 31-45.

J.M. Weeks and P.S. Rainbow (1993). The relative importance of food and seawater as sources of copper and zinc to talitrid amphipods (Crustacea; Amphipoda; Talitridae). J. Appl. Ecol. 30, 722-735.

P.G. Moore, P.S. Rainbow and R.J. Larson (1993). The mesopelagic shrimp Notostomus robustus Smith (Crustacea: Decapoda: Oplophoridae) observed in situ feeding on the medusan Atolla wyvillei Haeckel in the N.W. Atlantic. J. Crust. Biol. 13, 690-696.

P.G. Moore, P.S. Rainbow and W. Vader (1994). On the feeding and comparative biology of iron in coelenterate-associated gammaridean Amphipoda (Crustacea) from N. Norway. J.Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol. 178, 205-231.

M.E. Caparis and P.S. Rainbow (1994). Accumulation of cadmium associated with sewage sludge by a marine amphipod crustacean. Sci.Tot. Env. 156, 191-198.

P.G. Moore, P.S. Rainbow, J.M. Weeks and B.D. Smith (1995). Observations on copper and zinc in an ecological series of talitroidean amphipods (Crustacea : Amphipoda) from the Azores. Acoreana, Supplement 1995, 93-102.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1995). The uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium by the decapod crustacean Palaemon elegans. Mar. Poll. Bull. 31, 460-463.

D.J. Martin and P.S. Rainbow (1998). The kinetics of zinc and cadmium in the haemolymph of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Aquatic Toxicol. 40, 203-231.

D.J. Martin and P.S. Rainbow (1998). Haemocyanin and the binding of cadmium and zinc in the haemolymph of the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Sci. Tot. Env. 214, 133-152.

M. Galay Burgos and P.S. Rainbow (1998). Uptake, accumulation and excretion by Corophium volutator (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of zinc, cadmium and cobalt added to sewage sludge. Est. Cstl. Shelf Sci. 47, 603-620.

P.S. Rainbow, C. Amiard-Triquet, J.C. Amiard, B.D. Smith, S.L. Best, Y. Nassiri and W.J. Langston (1999). Trace metal uptake rates in crustaceans (amphipods and crabs) from coastal sites in NW Europe differentially enriched with trace metals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 183, 189-203.

S. Legras, C. Mouneyrac, J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Changes in metallothionein concentrations in response to variation in natural factors (salinity, sex, weight) and metal contamination in crabs from a metal-rich estuary. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 246, 259-279.

Y. Nassiri, P.S. Rainbow, C. Amiard-Triquet, F. Rainglet and B.D. Smith (2000). Trace metal detoxification in the ventral caeca of Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Mar. Biol. 136, 477-484.

P.S. Rainbow, C. Amiard-Triquet, J.C. Amiard, B.D. Smith and W.J. Langston (2000). Observations on the interaction of zinc and cadmium uptake rates in crustaceans (amphipods and crabs) differentially enriched with trace metals. Aquatic Toxicol. 50, 189-204.

C. Abdennour, B.D. Smith, M.S. Boulakoud, B. Samraoui and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Trace metals in marine, brackish and freshwater prawns (Crustacea: Decapoda) from north-east Algeria. Hydrobiologia 432, 217-227.

G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Trace metals in portunid swimming crabs from the southeastern waters of Hong Kong. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V. Proc. 10th International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China (ed. B. Morton), pp. 411-433. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Trace metals in the epibenthic sublittoral gastropod mollusc Bufonaria (previously Bursa) rana (Bursidae) from the southeastern waters of Hong Kong. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V. Proc. 10th International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China (ed. B. Morton), pp. 435-454. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

M. Galay Burgos and P.S. Rainbow (2001). Availability of cadmium and zinc from sewage sludge to the flounder, Platichthys flesus, via a marine food chain. Mar. Env. Res. 51, 417-439.

Mouneyrac, C. Amiard-Triquet, J.C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2001). Comparison of metallothionein concentrations and tissue distributions of trace metals in crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) from a metal-rich estuary, in and out of the reproductive period. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 129C, 193-209.

S.D. Roast, P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith, M. Nimmo and M.B. Jones (2002). Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: the role of osmoregulation. Mar. Env. Res. 53, 453-464.

C. Mouneyrac, J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, A. Cottier, P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2002). Partitioning of accumulated trace metals in the talitrid amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus: a cautionary tale on the use of metallothionein-like proteins as biomarkers. Aquatic Toxicol. 57, 225-242.

P.S. Rainbow, G. Blackmore and W.X. Wang (2003). Effects of previous field exposure history on the uptake of trace metals from water and food by the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 259, 201 - 213.

Q. Zhou, P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2003). Tolerance and accumulation of the trace metals zinc, copper and cadmium in three populations of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 83, 65-72.

W. Fialkowski, P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and L. Zmudzinski (2003). Seasonal variation in trace metal concentrations in three talitrid amphipods from the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 288, 81-93.

I.D. Marsden, P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2003). Trace metal concentrations in two New Zealand talitrid amphipods: effects of gender and reproductive state, and implications for biomonitoring. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 290, 93-113.

C. Mouneyrac, O. Mastain, J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, P. Beaunier, A.-Y. Jeantet, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2003). Trace metal detoxification and tolerance of the estuarine worm Hediste diversicolor chronically exposed in their environment. Mar. Biol. 143, 731-744.

B. Berthet, C. Mouneyrac, J.C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, Y. Berthelot, P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2003). Accumulation and soluble binding of cadmium, copper, and zinc in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor from coastal sites with different trace metal bioavailabilities. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45, 468-478.

O. Masala, P. O’Brien and P.S. Rainbow (2004). Analysis of metal-containing granules in the barnacle Tetraclita squamosa. J. Inorg. Biochem. 98, 1095-1102.

P.S. Rainbow, T.Y.-T. Ng, D. Shi and W.-X. Wang (2004). Acute dietary pre-exposure and trace metal bioavailability to the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 311, 315-337.

V. Bragigand, B. Berthet, J.C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2004). Estimates of trace metal bioavailability to humans ingesting contaminated oysters. Food & Chemical Toxicology 42, 1893-1902.

G. Nunez-Nogueira and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Cadmium uptake and accumulation by the decapod crustacean Penaeus indicus. Mar. Env. Res. 60, 339-354.

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Influence of metal exposure history on trace metal uptake and accumulation by marine invertebrates. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety 61, 145-159.

G. Nunez-Nogueira and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Kinetics of zinc uptake from solution, accumulation and excretion by the decapod crustacean Penaeus indicus. Mar. Biol. 147, 93-103.

A. Geffard, B.D. Smith, C. Amiard-Triquet, A.Y. Jeantet and P.S. Rainbow (2005). Kinetics of trace metal accumulation and excretion in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Mar. Biol. 147, 1291-1304.

G. Nunez-Nogueira, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2006). Assimilation efficiency of zinc and cadmium in the decapod crustacean Penaeus indicus. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 332, 75-83.

G. Nunez-Nogueira, C. Mouneyrac, J.C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2006). Subcellular distribution of zinc and cadmium in the hepatopancreas and gills of the decapod crustacean Penaeus indicus. Mar. Biol. 150, 197-211.

T.Y.-T. Ng, P.S. Rainbow, C. Amiard-Triquet, J.C. Amiard and W.-X. Wang (2007). Metallothionein turnover, cytosolic distribution and the uptake of Cd by the green mussel Perna viridis. Aquat. Toxicol. 84, 153 - 161.

C. Durou, B.D. Smith, M. Romeo, P.S. Rainbow, C. Mouneyrac, M. Mouloud, M. Gnassia-Barelli, P. Gillet, B. Deutch and C. Amiard-Triquet (2007). From biomarkers to population responses in Nereis diversicolor: assessment of stress in estuarine ecosystems. Ecotox. Environ. Safety 66, 402-411.

J.-C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, L. Charbonnier, A. Mesnil, P.S. Rainbow and W.-X. Wang (2008). Bioaccessibility of essential and non-essential metals in commercial shellfish from Western Europe and Asia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, 2010-2022.

T.Y.-T. Ng, P.S. Rainbow, C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and W.-X. Wang (2008). Decoupling of cadmium biokinetics and metallothionein turnover in a marine polychaete after metal exposure. Aquatic Toxicology 89, 47 - 54.

P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and S.N. Luoma (2009). Differences in the trace metal bioaccumulation kinetics among populations of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor from metal-contaminated estuaries. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 376, 173 - 184.

M.C. Casado-Martinez, B.D. Smith, T.A. Del Valls and P.S. Rainbow (2009). Pathways of trace metal uptake in the lugworm Arenicola marina. Aquat. Toxicol. 92, 9-17

M.C. Casado-Martinez, B.D. Smith, T.A. Del Valls, S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2009). Biodynamic modelling and the prediction of accumulated trace metal concentrations in the polychaete Arenicola marina. Environ. Pollut. 157, 2743 - 2750.

P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and S.N. Luoma (2009). Biodynamic modelling and the prediction of Ag, Cd and Zn accumulation from solution and sediment by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 390, 145 - 155.

M.C. Casado-Martinez, B.D. Smith, S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Bioaccumulation of arsenic from water and sediment by a deposit-feeding polychaete (Arenicola marina): a biodynamic modelling approach. Aquat. Toxicol. 98, 34 - 43.

J. Kalman, B.D. Smith, I. Riba, J. Blasco and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Biodynamic modelling of the accumulation of Ag, Cd and Zn by the deposit-feeding polychaete Nereis diversicolor: inter-population variability and a generalised predictive model. Mar. Environ. Res. 69, 363-373.

M.C. Casado-Martinez, B.D. Smith, S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Metal toxicity in a sediment-dwelling polychaete: threshold body concentrations or overwhelming accumulation rates? Environ. Pollut. 158, 3071-3076.

P.S. Rainbow and S.N. Luoma (2010). Trace metals in aquatic invertebrates. In 'Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations' (eds. W.N. Beyer and J.P. Meador), Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 231 - 252.

P.S. Rainbow and S.N. Luoma (2010). Biodynamic parameters of the accumulation of toxic metals, detoxification and the acquisition of metal tolerance. In 'Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants' (eds. C. Amiard-Triquet, P.S. Rainbow and M. Roméo), Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 127 - 151.

C. Amiard-Triquet and P.S. Rainbow (2011). Tolerance and the trophic transfer of contaminants. In 'Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants' (eds. C. Amiard-Triquet, P.S. Rainbow and M. Roméo), Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 299 - 332.

P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and M.C. Casado-Martinez (2011). Biodynamic modelling of the bioaccumulation of arsenic by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environ. Chem. 8, 1 - 8.

P.S. Rainbow and S.N. Luoma (2011). Metal toxicity, uptake and bioaccumulation in aquatic invertebrates – modelling zinc in crustaceans. Aquat. Toxicol. 105, 455 - 465.

T.K. Collier, M.W.L. Chiang, D.W.T. Au and P.S. Rainbow (2012). Biomarkers currently used in environmental monitoring. Chapter 15 in Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects (eds. C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 385-409.

C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2012). Conclusions. Biomarkers in environmental risk assessment. Chapter 16 in Ecological Biomarkers: Indicators of Ecotoxicological Effects (eds. C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 411-434.

M.C. Casado-Martinez, E. Duncan. B.D. Smith, W. Maher and P.S. Rainbow (2012). Arsenic toxicity in a sediment-dwelling polychaete: detoxification and arsenic metabolism. Ecotoxicology 21, 576 - 590.

M.C. Casado-Martinez, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow (2013). Assessing metal bioaccumulation from estuarine sediments: comparative experimental results for the polychaete Arenicola marina. J Soils Sediments 13, 429 - 440.

I.D. Marsden, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2013). Effects of environmental and physiological variables on the accumulated concentrations of trace metals in the New Zealand cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi. Sci. Total Environ. 470-471, 324-339.

F. Liu, P.S. Rainbow and W.-X. Wang (2013). Inter-site differences of zinc susceptibility of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. Aquatic Toxicol. 132 - 133, 26 - 33.

J. Kalman, B.D. Smith, N.R. Bury and P.S. Rainbow (2014). Biodynamic modelling of the bioaccumulation of trace metals (Ag, As and Zn) by an infaunal estuarine invertebrate, the clam Scrobicularia plana. Aquatic Toxicology 154, 121-130.

J. Kalman, E. Bonnail-Miguel, B.D. Smith, N.R. Bury and P.S. Rainbow (2015). Toxicity and the fractional distribution of trace metals accumulated from contaminated sediments by the clam Scrobicularia plana exposed in the laboratory and the field. Sci. Total Environ. 506-507, 109-117.

Z.A. Awrahman, P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith, F.R. Khan, N.R. Bury and W. Fialkowski (2015). Bioaccumulation of arsenic and silver by the caddisfly larvae Hydropsyche siltalai and H. pellucidula: a biodynamic modelling approach. Aquatic Toxicology 161, 196-207.

P.S. Rainbow, F. Liu and W.-X. Wang (2015) Metal accumulation and toxicity: the critical accumulated concentration of metabolically available zinc in an oyster model. Aquatic Toxicology 162, 102-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.03.007.

Trophic transfer

J.M. Weeks and P.S. Rainbow (1990). A dual-labelling technique to measure the relative assimilation efficiencies of invertebrates taking up trace metals from food. Functional Ecol. 4, 711-717.

J.M. Weeks and P.S. Rainbow (1994). Interspecific comparisons of zinc and cadmium relative assimilation efficiencies in an ecological series of talitrid amphipods. Oecologia 97, 228-235.

W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Dietary uptake of Cd, Cr, and Zn in the barnacle Balanus trigonus: influence of diet composition. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 204, 159 - 168.

P.S. Rainbow and W.-X. Wang (2001). Comparative assimilation of Cr, Cr, Se, and Zn by the barnacle Elminius modestus from phytoplankton and zooplankton diets. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 218, 239 - 248.

P.S. Rainbow, A. Geffard, A.-Y. Jeantet, B.D. Smith, J.C. Amiard and C. Amiard-Triquet (2004). Enhanced food chain transfer of copper from a diet of copper-tolerant estuarine worms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 271, 183 - 191.

P.S. Rainbow, T.Y.-T. Ng, D. Shi and W.-X. Wang (2004). Acute dietary pre-exposure and trace metal bioavailability to the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 311, 315 - 337.

T. Y.-T. Ng, C. Amiard-Triquet, P.S. Rainbow, J.-C. Amiard and W.-X. Wang (2005). Physico-chemical form of trace metals accumulated by phytoplankton and their assimilation by filter-feeding invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 299, 179 - 191.

P.S. Rainbow, L. Poirier, B.D. Smith, K V. Brix and S.N. Luoma (2006). Trophic transfer of trace metals: subcellular compartmentalization in a polychaete and assimilation by a decapod crustacean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 308, 91 - 100.

P.S. Rainbow, L. Poirier, B.D. Smith, K.V. Brix and S.N. Luoma (2006). Trophic transfer of trace metals from the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor to the polychaete Nereis virens and the decapod crustacean Palaemonetes varians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 321, 167 - 181.

P.S. Rainbow, J.-C. Amiard, C. Amiard-Triquet, M.-S. Cheung, L. Zhang, H. Zhong and W.-X. Wang (2007). Trophic transfer of trace metals: subcellular compartmentalization in bivalve prey, assimilation by a gastropod predator and in vitro digestion simulations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 348, 125 - 138.

P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2010). Trophic transfer of trace metals: subcellular compartmentalisation in bivalve prey and comparative assimilation efficiencies of two invertebrate predators. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 390, 143 - 148.

C. Amiard-Triquet and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Tolerance and the trophic transfer of contaminants. In 'Tolerance to Environmental Contaminants' (eds. C. Amiard-Triquet, P.S. Rainbow and M. Roméo), Taylor and Francis Books, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 299 - 332.

P.S. Rainbow, S. N. Luoma and W.-X. Wang (2011). Trophically available metal – a variable feast. Environ. Pollut. 159, 2347 - 2349.

F. Dang, W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2012). Unifying prolonged copper exposure, accumulation and toxicity from food and water in a marine fish. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 3465 - 3471.

F. Dang, W.-X. Wang and P.S. Rainbow (2012). Dietary toxicity of field-collected invertebrates to marine fish: Effects of metal doses and subcellular metal distribution. Aquatic Toxicology 120 - 121, 1 -10.

P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2013). Accumulation and detoxification of copper and zinc by the decapod crustacean Palaemonetes varians from diets of field-contaminated polychaetes Nereis diversicolor. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 449, 312-320.

Biomonitoring

D.J.H. Phillips and P.S. Rainbow (1988). Barnacles and mussels as biomonitors of trace elements: a comparative study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 49, 83-93.

P.S. Rainbow, P.G. Moore and D. Watson (1989). Talitrid amphipods as biomonitors for copper and zinc. Est. Cstl. Shelf Sci. 28, 567-582.

H.M. Chan, P.S. Rainbow and D.J.H. Phillips (1990). Barnacles and mussels as monitors of trace metal bio-availability in Hong Kong waters. Proc. 2nd Int. Mar. Biol. Workshop: Marine Flora & Fauna of Hong Kong & S. China, Hong Kong, 1986 (ed. B.S. Morton). Hong Kong Univ. Press, pp. 1239-1268.

P.G. Moore, P.S. Rainbow and E. Hayes (1991). The beach-hopper Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea : Amphipoda) as a biomonitor for copper and zinc: North Sea trials. Sci. Tot. Env. 106, 221-238.

P.S. Rainbow (1992). The biomonitoring of heavy metals in Chinese coastal waters. Mar. Env. Sci. (Tianjin, China) 11(2), 34-40. [In Chinese].

P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (1992). Biomonitoring of Hong Kong coastal trace metals by barnacles, 1986-1989. Proc. 4th Int. Mar. Biol. Workshop: The Marine Flora & Fauna of Hong Kong & S. China III, Hong Kong 1989 (Ed. B. Morton). Hong Kong Univ. Press, Hong Kong, pp. 585-587.

P.S. Rainbow (1992). The talitrid amphipod Platorchestia platensis as a potential biomonitor of copper and zinc in Hong Kong: Laboratory and field studies. Proc. 4th Int. Mar. Biol. Workshop: The Marine Flora & Fauna of Hong Kong & S. China III, Hong Kong 1989 (Ed. B. Morton). Hong Kong Univ. Press, Hong Kong, pp. 599-610.

P.S. Rainbow, R.H. Emson, B.D. Smith, P.G. Moore and P.V. Mladenov (1993). Talitrid amphipods (Crustacea) as biomonitors of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Cd) in the coastal vicinity of Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 27, 201-207.

P.S. Rainbow and D.J.H. Phillips (1993). Cosmopolitan biomonitors of trace metals. Mar. Poll. Bull 26, 593-601.

P.S. Rainbow, Z.G. Huang, S.-K. Yan and B. Smith (1993). Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metals in the coastal waters near Xiamen, P.R. China. Asian Mar. Biol. 10, 109-121.

P.S. Rainbow (1993). Biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution and its application in Hong Kong waters. In `The Marine Biology of the South China Sea' Proceedings of Int. Conf. on the Marine Biology of Hong Kong and the South China Sea, 1990. Ed. B. Morton. Hong Kong Univ. Press, Hong Kong, 235-250.

J.M. Weeks, P.S. Rainbow and M.H. Depledge (1995). Barnacles (Chthamalus stellatus) as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailability in the waters of Sao Miguel (Azores). Acoreana, Supplement 1995, 103-111.

P.S. Rainbow (1995). Biomonitoring of heavy metal availability in the marine environment. Mar. Poll. Bull. 31, 183-192.

P.S. Rainbow, W. Fialkowski and B.D. Smith (1998). The sandhopper Talitrus saltator as a trace metal biomonitor in the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland. Mar. Poll. Bull. 36, 193-200.

P.S. Rainbow, M. Wolowicz, W. Fialkowski, B.D. Smith and A. Sokolowski (2000). Biomonitoring of trace metals in the Gulf of Gdansk, using mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and barnacles (Balanus improvisus). Wat. Res. 34, 1343-1354.

W. Fialkowski, P.S. Rainbow, E. Fialkowska and B.D. Smith (2000). Biomonitoring of trace metals along the Baltic coast of Poland using the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Montagu) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Ophelia 52, 183-192.

G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: 1998 update. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V. Proc. 10th International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China (ed. B. Morton), pp. 385-409. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2001). Biomonitoring of spatial and temporal patterns of trace metal bioavailabilities in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong using barnacles and mussels. In ‘Forecasting the Environmental Fate and Effects of Chemicals’ (eds. P.S. Rainbow, S. P. Hopkin & M. Crane), pp. 191-209. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK.

P.S. Rainbow and G. Blackmore (2001). Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time. Mar. Env. Res. 51, 441 - 463.

C.A.R. Silva, P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and Z.L. Santos (2001). Biomonitoring of trace metal contamination in the Potengi estuary, Natal (Brazil), using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae, a local food source. Wat. Res. 35, 4072-4078.

P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith and S.S. Lau (2002). Biomonitoring of trace metal availabilities in the Thames estuary using a suite of littoral biomonitors. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 82, 793 - 799.

W. Fialkowski, M. Klonowska-Olejnik, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2003). Mayfly larvae (Baetis rhodani and B. vernus) as biomonitors of trace metal pollution in streams of a catchment draining a zinc and lead mining area of Upper Silesia, Poland. Environ. Pollut. 121, 253 - 267

W. Fialkowski, E. Fialkowska, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2003). Biomonitoring survey of trace metal pollution in streams of a catchment draining a zinc and lead mining area of Upper Silesia, Poland using the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 88, 187 - 200.

C.A.R. Silva, P.S. Rainbow and B.D. Smith (2003). Biomonitoring of trace metal contamination in mangrove-lined Brazilian coastal systems using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae: comparative study of regions affected by oil, salt pond and shrimp farming activities. Hydrobiologia 501, 199 - 206.

P.S. Rainbow, W. Fialkowsk, M. Wolowicz, B.D.Smith and A. Sokolowski (2004). Geographical and seasonal variation of trace metal bioavailabilities in the Gulf of Gdansk, Poland using mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and barnacles (Balanus improvisus) as biomonitors. Mar. Biol. 144, 271 - 286.

C.A.R. Slva, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2006). Comparative biomonitors of coastal trace metal contamination in tropical South America (N. Brazil). Mar. Env. Res. 61, 439 - 455.

W. Fialkowski and P.S. Rainbow (2006). The discriminatory power of two biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities in freshwater streams. Wat. Res. 40, 1805 - 1810.

P.S. Rainbow (2006). Biomonitoring of trace metals in estuarine and marine environments. Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology 12, 107 - 122.

W. Fialkowski, P. Calosi, S. Dahlke, A. Dietrich, P.G. Moore, S. Olenin, L.E. Persson, B.D. Smith, M. Špegys and P.S. Rainbow (2009). The sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea: Amphipoda) as a biomonitor of trace metal bioavailabilities in European coastal waters. Mar. Poll. Bull. 58, 39-44.

S.N. Luoma, D.J. Cain and P.S. Rainbow (2010). Calibrating biomonitors to ecological disturbance: a new technique for deciphering metal effects in natural waters. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 6, 199 - 209.

P.S. Rainbow & S.N. Luoma (2010). The legacy lies in the sediment. Learned Discourse. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 6: 505 - 506.

P.S. Rainbow, S. Kriefman, B.D. Smith and S.N. Luoma (2011). Have the bioavailailities of trace metals to a suite of biomonitors changed over three decades in SW England estuaries historically affected by mining? Sci. Total Environ. 409, 1589 - 1602.

P.S. Rainbow, A.G. Hildrew, B.D. Smith, T. Geatches and S.N. Luoma (2012). Caddisflies as biomonitors identifying thresholds of toxic metal bioavailability that affect the stream benthos. Environmental Pollution 166, 196-207.

A. Nasrolahi, B.D. Smith, M. Ehsanpour, M. Afkhami and P.S. Rainbow (2014). Biomonitoring of trace metal bioavailabilities to the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite along the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. Marine Environmental Research 101, 215-224.

C. Amiard-Triquet, J.-C. Amiard and P.S. Rainbow (2014). Ecological biomarkers: indicators of ecotoxicological effects. Encyclopedia of Environmental Management (ed. S.E. Jørgensen), Taylor and Francis, New York. Published online: 03 Jun 2014; 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/E-EEM-120050960

K.M. Johnstone, P.S. Rainbow, P.F. Clark, B.D. Smith and D. Morritt (2016). Trace metal bioavailabilities in the Thames estuary: continuing decline in the 21st century. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 96, 205-216. doi:10.1017/S0025315415001952

Z.A. Awrahman, P.S. Rainbow, B.D. Smith, F.R. Khan and W. Fialkowski (2016). Caddisflies Hydropsyche spp. as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailability thresholds causing disturbance in freshwater stream benthic communities. Environmental Pollution 216, 793-805.

A. Nasrolahi, B.D. Smith, M. Ehsanopour, M. Afkhami and P.S. Rainbow (2017). Biomonitoring of trace metal bioavailability in the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus along the Iranian coast of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16, 1-25.

W. Fialkowski and P.S. Rainbow (2017). What can the amphipod Talitrus saltator tell about variations in trace metal bioavailabilities in Baltic Sea coastal waters? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 198, 482-486.

J.I. Jones, A, Arnold, J.F. Murphy, J.L. Pretty, C.P. Duerdoth, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow, KL. Spencer and A.L. Collins (2021) Accumulation of trace metals in freshwater macroinvertebrates across a gradient of metal contamination. Environmental Pollution 276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116721

Uptake: physicochemistry vs physiology

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1988). Effect of a chelating agent (EDTA) on zinc uptake and regulation by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 68, 25-40.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1989). Effects of salinity changes on zinc uptake and regulation by the decapod crustaceans Palaemon elegans and Palaemonetes varians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 51, 57-75.

D. Nugegoda and P.S. Rainbow (1989). Salinity, osmolality and zinc uptake in Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 55, 149-157.

P. O'Brien, P.S. Rainbow and D. Nugegoda (1990). The effect of the chelating agent EDTA on the rate of uptake of zinc by Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Decapoda). Mar. Env. Res. 30, 155-159.

H.M. Chan, P. Bjerregaard, P.S. Rainbow and M.H. Depledge (1992). Uptake of zinc and cadmium by two populations of shore crabs Carcinus maenas at different salinities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 86, 91-97.

P.S. Rainbow, I. Malik and P. O'Brien (1993). Physico-chemical and physiological effects on the uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium by the amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus. Aquatic Toxicol. 25, 15-30.

P.S. Rainbow (1995). Physiology, physicochemistry and metal uptake - a crustacean perspective. Mar.Poll.Bull. 31, 55-59.

P.S. Rainbow and M.K.H. Kwan (1995). Physiological responses and the uptake of cadmium and zinc by the amphipod crustacean Orchestia gammarellus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 127, 87-102.

P.S. Rainbow (1997). Ecophysiology of trace metal uptake in crustaceans. Est. Cstl. Shelf Sci. 44, 169-175.

P.S. Rainbow and W.H. Black (2001). Effects of changes in salinity on the apparent water permeability of three crab species: Carcinus maenas, Eriocheir sinensis and Necora puber. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 264, 1-13.

P.S. Rainbow and W.H. Black (2002). Effects of changes in salinity and osmolality on the rate of uptake of zinc by three crabs of different ecologies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 244, 205-217.

P.S. Rainbow and W.H. Black (2005). Physicochemistry or physiology: cadmium uptake and the effects of salinity and osmolality in three crabs of different ecologies. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 286, 217-229.

P.S. Rainbow and W.H. Black (2005). Cadmium, zinc and the uptake of calcium by two crabs,Carcinus maenas and Eriocheir sinensis. Aquatic Toxicol. 72, 45-65.

Nanoparticles

J. García-Alonso, F.R. Khan, S.K. Misra, M. Turmaine, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma, E. Valsami-Jones (2011). Cellular internalization of silver nanoparticles in gut epithelia of the estuarine polychaete Nereis diversicolor. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 4630 - 4636.

F.R. Khan, J. García-Alonso, S.K. Misra, B.D. Smith, S. Strekopytov, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma and E. Valsami-Jones (2012). Bioaccumulation dynamics and modeling in an estuarine invertebrate following aqueous exposure to nanosized and dissolved silver. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 7621-7628

F.R. Khan, K. Schmuecking, S. Krishnadasan, D. Berhanu, B.D. Smith, J. De Mello, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma and E. Valsami-Jones (2013). Dietary availability of cadmium presented to the gastropod Peringia ulvae as quantum dots and in ionic form. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 32, 2621-2629.

F.R. Khan, A. Laycock, A. Dybowska, F. Larna, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma, M. Rehkamper and E. Valsami-Jones (2013). Stable isotope technique to determine uptake and efflux dynamics of ZnO nano- and bulk particles and disolved Zn to an estuarine snail. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 8532-8539.

F.R. Khan, G.M. Kennaway, M.N. Croteau, A. Dybowska, B.D. Smith, A.J.A. Nogueira, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma and E. Valsami-Jones (2014). In vivo retention of ingested Au NPs by Daphnia magna: No evidence for trans-epithelial alimentary uptake. Chemosphere 100, 97-104.

J. Garcia-Alonso, N. Rodriguez-Sanchez, S.K. Misra, E. Valsami-Jones, M.-N. Croteau, S.N. Luoma and P.S. Rainbow (2014). Toxicity and accumulation of silver nanoparticles during development of the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. Sci. Total Environ. 476-477, 688-695.

F.R. Khan, S.K. Misra, N.R. Bury, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow, S.N. Luoma and E. Valsami-Jones (2015). Inhibition of potential uptake pathways for silver nanoparticles in the estuarine snail Peringia ulvae. Nanotoxicology 9, 493-501. doi:10.3109/17435390.2014.948519.

M. Cozzari, A.C. Elia, N. Pacini, B.D. Smith, D. Boyle, P.S. Rainbow and F.R. Khan (2015). Bioaccumulation and oxidative stress responses measured in the estuarine ragworm (Nereis diversicolor) exposed to dissolved, nano- and bulk-sized silver. Environ. Pollut. 198, 32-40.

Chinese mitten crabs

P.F. Clark, P.S. Rainbow, R.S. Robbins, B.D. Smith, W.E. Yeomans, M. Thomas and G. Dobson (1998). The alien Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) in the Thames catchment. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 78, 1215 - 1221.

R.S. Robbins, B.D. Smith, P.S. Rainbow and P.F. Clark (2000). Seasonal changes (1995-1997) in the population structure of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis Milne Edwards) in the Thames at Chelsea, London. In: ‘The Biodiversity Crisis and Crustacea’, Proc 4th International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 20-24, 1998, no. II. Crustacean Issues 12. Eds. J. C. von Vaupel Klein and F.R. Schram. A. A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, pp. 343-350.

P.S. Rainbow (2006). Chinese mitten crabs: Aliens in UK freshwaters. in Freshwater Crayfish 15. Proc. 15th Symposium of the International Association of Astacology, London 29 March – 2 April 2004 (ed. D. Rogers) Int. Assoc. Astacology, pp. 162-165.

P.F. Clark, D.N. Mortimer, R.J. Law, J.M. Averns, B.A. Cohen, D. Wood, M.D. Rose, A.R. Fernandes and P.S. Rainbow (2009). Dioxin and PCB contamination in Chinese mitten crabs: human consumption as a control mechanism for an invasive species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 1624 - 1629.

M.D. Rose, P.F. Clark, P.S. Rainbow, D.N. Mortimer, J.M. Averns, F. Smith, A.R. Fernandes and S. Panton (2009). Chinese mitten crabs in European rivers: contamination with dioxins, PCBs, PBBs and PBDEs and implications for human consumption. Organohalogen Compounds 71, 901 - 904.

Biology of stegocephalid amphipods

P.G. Moore and P.S. Rainbow (1984). Ferritin crystals in the gut caeca of Stegocephaloides christianiensis Boeck and other Stegocephalidae (Amphipoda : Gammaridea): a functional interpretation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 306, 219-245.

R.J. Young, P.S. Rainbow and P.G. Moore (1985). The structure of ferritin single crystals in amphipods. Journal of Materials Science Letters 4, 838-842

P.G. Moore and P.S. Rainbow (1989). Feeding of the mesopelagic gammaridean amphipod Parandania boecki (Stebbing, 1888) (Crustacea : Amphipoda : Stegocephalidae) from the Atlantic Ocean. Ophelia 30, 1-19.

P.G. Moore and P.S. Rainbow (1992). Aspects of the biology of iron, copper and other metals in relation to feeding in Andaniexis abyssi, with notes on Andaniopsis nordlandica and Stegocephalus inflatus (Amphipoda : Stegocephalidae), from Norwegian waters. Sarsia 76, 215-225.

P.G. Moore and P.S. Rainbow (1997). Ferritin crystals in the gut caeca of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent stegocephalid (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 77, 269-272.

Others

R.F.G. Ormond, A.C. Campbell, S.H. Head, R.J. Moore, P.S. Rainbow and A.P. Saunders (1973). Formation and breakdown of aggregations of the Crown-of-Thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.). Nature 246, 167-169.

P.S. Rainbow (1974). The demonstration of chemosensory food detection in Hymenocera picta Dana (Decapoda, Caridea) a proposed predator of the Crown-of-Thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 3, 183-191.

J.K.G. Dart and P.S. Rainbow (1976). Some underwater techniques for estimating echinoderm populations. In `Underwater Research'. Eds. E.A. Drew, J.N. Lythgoe and J.D. Woods. Academic Press, London, pp. 303-311.

P.S. Rainbow (1987). Degrees of field experience. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 32, 77-85.

G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Epibenthic crab assemblages of the southeastern waters of Hong Kong: the 1998 trawl programme. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V. Proc. 10th International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China (ed. B. Morton), 517-533. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

S.Y. Lee, G. Blackmore and P.S. Rainbow (2000). Changes in the epibenthic crab assemblages of the southeastern waters of Hong Kong: a comparison of the 1992, 1995 and 1998 trawl programmes. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V. Proc. 10th International Workshop on the Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and S. China (ed. B. Morton), pp. 535-551. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

P.F. Clark, M. Neale and P.S. Rainbow (2001). A morphometric analysis of regional variation in Carcinus (Leach, 1814) [Brachyura: Portunidae: Carcininae] with particular reference to the status of the two species C. maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) and C. aestuarii Nardo, 1847. J. Crust. Biol. 21, 288-303.

P.S. Rainbow (2005). From natural history to biodiversity: collections of discovery. Archives of Natural History 32, 221-230.

P.S. Rainbow (2009). Marine biological collections in the 21st century. Zoologica Scripta 38 (Suppl. 1), 33-40.

P.S. Rainbow (2011). Charles Darwin and marine biology. Marine Ecology 32 (Suppl. 1), 130 - 134.

J. García-Alonso, B.D. Smith and P.S. Rainbow (2013). A compacted culture system for a marine model polychaete (Platynereis dumerilii). Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 8, 142-146.

P.S. Rainbow (2013). Foreward. In Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology (eds. J.-F. Ferard and C. Blaise), Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. vii-x.

M.D. Naser, P.S. Rainbow, P.F. Clark, A.G. Yasser and D.S. Jones (2015). The barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854), and the mitten crab Eriocheir: one invasive species getting off on another! Bioinvasions Records 4, 205-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/bir.2015.4.3.09

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