Phi Sigma Pi

Sigma (/sm/ SIG-m;[1] uppercase tag_hash_107, lowercase tag_hash_108, lowercase in word-final position tag_hash_109; Greek: ) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. In general mathematics, uppercase tag_hash_110 is used as an operator for summation. When used at the end of a letter-case word (one that does not use all caps), the final form () is used. In tag_hash_116 (Odysseus), for example, the two lowercase sigmas () in the center of the name are distinct from the word-final sigma () at the end. The Latin letter S derives from sigma while the Cyrillic letter Es derives from a lunate form of this letter.

Sigma's original name may have been san, but due to the complicated early history of the Greek epichoric alphabets, san came to be identified as a separate letter in the Greek alphabet, represented as tag_hash_111.[2]Herodotus reports that "san" was the name given by the Dorians to the same letter called "sigma" by the Ionians.[i][3]

Phi Sigma Pi

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According to one hypothesis,[4] the name "sigma" may continue that of Phoenician samekh (), the letter continued through Greek xi, represented as tag_hash_113. Alternatively, the name may have been a Greek innovation that simply meant 'hissing', from the root of (sz, from Proto-Greek *sig-j 'I hiss').[2]

Today, it is known as lunate sigma (uppercase tag_hash_114, lowercase tag_hash_115), because of its crescent-like shape, and is still widely used in decorative typefaces in Greece, especially in religious and church contexts, as well as in some modern print editions of classical Greek texts.

Yes it is possible, but harder, because we do not have a wrapper yet. So you will have to bind sigma.js lifecycle to your app manually. It is not necessarily too difficult though, please take a look on this repository which offers a quick example.

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Chances are, you heard this month about the discovery of a tiny fundamental physics particle that may be the long-sought Higgs boson. The phrase five-sigma was tossed about by scientists to describe the strength of the discovery. So, what does five-sigma mean?

In short, five-sigma corresponds to a p-value, or probability, of 3x10-7, or about 1 in 3.5 million. This is not the probability that the Higgs boson does or doesn't exist; rather, it is the probability that if the particle does not exist, the data that CERN scientists collected in Geneva, Switzerland, would be at least as extreme as what they observed. "The reason that it's so annoying is that people want to hear declarative statements, like 'The probability that there's a Higgs is 99.9 percent,' but the real statement has an 'if' in there. There's a conditional. There's no way to remove the conditional," says Kyle Cranmer, a physicist at New York University and member of the ATLAS team, one of the two groups that announced the new particle results in Geneva on July 4.

The reason for such stringent standards is that several three-sigma events have later turned out to be statistical anomalies, and physicists are loath to declare discovery and later find out that the result was just a blip. One factor is the "look elsewhere effect:" when analyzing very wide energy intervals, it is likely that you will see a statistically improbable event at some particular energy level. As a concrete example, there is just under a one percent chance of flipping an ordinary coin 100 times and getting at least 66 heads. But if a thousand people flip identical coins 100 times each, it becomes likely that a few people will get at least 66 heads each; one of those events on its own should not be interpreted as evidence that the coins were somehow rigged.

For particle physics, the sigma used is the standard deviation arising from a normal distribution of data, familiar to us as a bell curve. In a perfect bell curve, 68% of the data is within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% is within two, and so on.

In the case of the results announced last week, the process was more complicated than simply taking the results from one experiment and measuring the deviation of the data from the expected background levels; data came from many different channels, and each one had a different expected background signal. In addition, there were uncertainties about the measurements from the detectors that had to be taken into account. Researchers used a complex formula to combine all of these variables and calculate a p-value. This value was then translated into a number of sigmas above the mean, because the number of collisions observed at the energy of the newly discovered particle was higher than the expected background.

This final point led to some confusion in the media about the p-value associated with five-sigma. In a normal distribution, data is symmetrically distributed on both sides of the mean. It is twice as likely for data to be in either the high or low tail than just the high tail, so some outlets reported that five-sigma corresponded to a p-value of 0.0000006, or 1 in 1.7 million, rather than the correct value of 0.0000003, or 1 in 3.5 million. For further discussion of this subtlety, see this Understanding Uncertainty blog post.

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