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Resonant laser ionization and spectroscopy are widely used techniques at radioactive ion beam facilities to produce pure beams of exotic nuclei and measure the shape, size, spin and electromagnetic multipole moments of these nuclei. However, in such measurements it is difficult to combine a high efficiency with a high spectral resolution. Here we demonstrate the on-line application of atomic laser ionization spectroscopy in a supersonic gas jet, a technique suited for high-precision studies of the ground- and isomeric-state properties of nuclei located at the extremes of stability. The technique is characterized in a measurement on actinium isotopes around the N=126 neutron shell closure. A significant improvement in the spectral resolution by more than one order of magnitude is achieved in these experiments without loss in efficiency.

By choosing the neutron-deficient isotopes of actinium, the first and name-giving element of the actinide group, as a case study, we addressed all challenges for high-resolution resonance ionization spectroscopy of the heavy elements as follows: limited information on the atomic levels due to the absence of stable isotopes, limited production rates due to the necessity of using heavy-ion-induced fusion reactions on thin targets, large background from stronger reaction channels and the need to slow down the energetic radioactive ion beam and transfer it into a controlled ensemble of cooled atoms in a low-density environment, to minimize Doppler and collisional broadening.

Periodic Table Of Elements High Resolution Download

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All radioactive isotopes with published optical data are shown with orange squares on the nuclear chart in Fig. 4. One notices a rather sudden dearth of radionuclides which have been probed as one enters the actinide region and beyond. This echoes a number of significant obstacles in accessing the heaviest of elements including low production cross-sections, strongly competing reaction channels and limited atomic information mainly due to a lack of stable or long-lived isotopes. The reach of the IGLIS technique, based on the projected performance of the in-gas-jet method (see Table 1) and on experimental and estimated cross sections (blue and green squares, respectively), can be seen in the inset of Fig. 4 by the number of new isotopes that can be studied. Furthermore, in the medium-mass region the in-gas-jet laser ionization and spectroscopy method can also be used to study those nuclei, which are inaccessible to conventional laser-spectroscopy techniques, owing to the physico-chemical properties of the involved elements, such as the refractory elements around molybdenum and tantalum.

In conclusion, the feasibility and impact of the in-gas-jet laser ionization and spectroscopy method have been demonstrated on-line by measuring nuclear and atomic properties of the short-lived isotopes 214Ac and 215Ac. The resulting magnetic and quadrupole moments are compared with shell-model calculations and witness a stabilising effect of the N=126 shell up to the actinium isotopes. The obtained efficiency and spectral resolution demonstrate that basic ground- and isomeric-state nuclear properties of heavier actinides and eventually super-heavy elements, as well as their atomic properties, can be determined to high precision. The technique presented has also far reaching consequences for the exploration of the refractory elements, so far hardly accessible to high-resolution laser spectroscopy techniques. In addition, the highly selective ionization enables the production of high-quality, high-purity isotopic and isomeric radioactive ion beams that can be used for other applications in nuclear physics, chemistry and astrophysics, as well as in atomic physics.

For the high-resolution data obtained in the offline and in the gas-jet experiments, the fitting procedure converged only for a particular spin value. This made an unambiguous spin assignment for the isotopes 214,215,227Ac possible. We obtained the hfs constants, a and b, and the centre of gravity of the hfs for each isotope from least-square minimization fits of a 12-peak Voigt profile to the data points. The ratios au/a1 and bu/b1 between the hyperfine constants of the excited (upper) and ground-state (lower) constants were fixed in all the fits to those deduced for 227Ac from the fully resolved spectra obtained in the offline experiments, neglecting the effect of a possible differential hyperfine anomaly. This effect is generally

How to cite this article: Ferrer, R. et al. Towards high-resolution laser ionization spectroscopy of the heaviest elements in supersonic gas jet expansion. Nat. Commun. 8, 14520 doi: 10.1038/ncomms14520 (2017).

In the past decade, imaging at EUV wavelengths has undergone a transformation. Imaging techniques have successfully been transferred from large-scale facilities10, such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, to laboratory-scale sources such as soft X-ray lasers11,12,13 and laser-plasmas14. Recently, EUV sources driven by high-harmonic generation (HHG) have experienced tremendous progress15,16,17, which resulted in increased photon flux and stability. These highly coherent EUV sources have shown promising results using lensless imaging18,19,20. In particular, the emergence of ptychography21,22 has offered a solution to some of the main problems encountered with EUV radiation: its lensless operation principle avoids absorptive losses, aberrations induced by the image forming optics, and its ability to perform wavefront sensing enables the deconvolution of illumination-induced aberrations, resulting in quantitative phase imaging (QPI). These capabilities are afforded by data-driven techniques. A sequence of diffraction patterns is collected on a pixelated detector while the specimen is laterally translated through a focused beam (compare Fig. 1). The scan points are chosen in such a way that diffraction patterns from adjacent positions contain overlapping information. In this way, both the illumination wavefront and a phase-sensitive sample micrograph are jointly retrieved. Nevertheless, ptychography with table-top HHG sources23 is arguably in its infancy. Despite recent highlights in EUV ptychography, such as sub-wavelength resolution on periodic samples24, bioimaging of hippocampal neurons25 as well as phase-sensitive reflectometry26, additional element-specificity is needed to meet the demands from the semiconductor industry and harness the prominent contrast mechanisms in silicon-based environments.

In recent years, structured illumination has turned out to be beneficial for ptychography for multiple reasons. First, a larger spatial frequency spectrum increases the spread of the diffraction pattern on the detector. The zeroth order of the diffraction is, therefore, less intense and leads to relaxed dynamic range requirements on the detector32. Second, the broadened spatial frequency spectrum increases the diffraction-limited resolution33. Third, a structured beam improves the convergence of the reconstruction algorithms. Due to the fine structures of the beam, a translation of the probe leads to more diverse diffraction patterns, which results in stronger information34. So far structured illumination has been used for experiments in the visible32, soft35, and hard X-ray33,34 range. In table-top EUV ptychography multilayer mirrors with relatively low numerical apertures are the prevailing method of choice23,30,36. Structured and focused EUV beams have so far only been achieved with a specialized Fresnel zone plate37, which are, however, limited in photon efficiency and require additional optical components for spectral selection.

Using the presented setup exotic beams with advanced functionalities can be realized, which was demonstrated by the generation of OAM beams of varying charges. This approach offers significantly higher flexibility and lowers experimental complexity compared to state-of-the-art table-top implementations49,50,51,52. Since OAM beams have already shown a wide variety of advantages in other spectral regions53 we foresee a plethora of future applications of functional beams in the EUV, including actinic defect inspection via scatterometry with tailored beams54 and OAM-induced dichroic spectroscopy55.

The method of laser spectroscopy in supersonic gas jets was proposed for high-resolution and high-efficiency in-gas laser ionization and spectroscopy studies of short-lived nuclei. The flow properties of such supersonic gas jets have been characterized under off-line conditions. Planar laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of seeded copper atoms has been applied to nonintrusively measure velocity, temperature, and relative density profiles of gas jets formed by different de Laval nozzles. For validation, planar laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was applied on supersonic free jets with well-known flow parameters. The performance of the in-gas-jet laser spectroscopy method is determined by the achievable spectral resolution, which requires an optimization and a precise manufacturing of the nozzle inner contour as well as a pressure matching of the background medium at the nozzle exit. Our studies now enable a thorough understanding and quantification of these requirements and a determination of the final performance of the in-gas-jet method. Additionally, a comparison between the experimental results and the numerical calculations was performed for the temperature, velocity, and Mach number profiles of underexpanded and quasiuniform jets formed by a de Laval nozzle.

You can find 3 different boxed set: 24, 36, 50 elements boxed set. Every element is perfectly showed inside a high quality jar labeled on the bottom with the chemical symbol and atomic number for each element showed.

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