Paris ^NEW^

With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. By comparison, London in 1300 had 80,000 inhabitants. By the early fourteenth century, so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste. In medieval Paris, several street names were inspired by merde, the French word for "shit".[39][40]

Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. To address this problem, the parent "District de la rgion parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. The district of the Paris region was renamed "le-de-France" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the le-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration.[142] Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began on 1 January 2016, when the Mtropole du Grand Paris came into existence.[116]

Paris

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Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. le-de-France Mobilits (IDFM), formerly the Syndicat des transports d'le-de-France (STIF) and before that the Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP), oversees the transit network in the region.[278] The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the RATP (operating 347 bus lines, the Mtro, eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER), the SNCF (operating suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the Optile consortium of private operators managing 1,176 bus lines.[279]

During the Roman era, the city's main cemetery was located to the outskirts of the left bank settlement, but this changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris's parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement.[304][305]

After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under Napoleon Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.[306] Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Pre Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the Cimetire parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetire parisien de Pantin (also known as Cimetire parisien de Pantin-Bobigny), the Cimetire parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetire parisien de Bagneux.[307] Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include Oscar Wilde, Frdric Chopin, Jim Morrison, dith Piaf and Serge Gainsbourg.[308]

The State owns, directly or through its public establishments, the quays of the Seine (fluvial public domain), the majority of the monuments and their associated spaces. The city of Paris owns the public areas, the Htel de Ville, the parish churches and numerous other plots of land and buildings. 006ab0faaa