Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq - A Book Review
Overthrow is a book by Stephen Kinzer that chronicles the history of American interventionism and regime change from the late 19th century to the early 21st century. The book covers 14 cases of US-backed coups, invasions, and covert operations that toppled foreign governments, some of which had dire consequences for the regions and the world. The book also examines the motives, methods, and outcomes of each intervention, as well as the role of the media, public opinion, and ideology in shaping US foreign policy.
In this article, we will provide a brief summary of each chapter of the book, highlighting the main events, actors, and impacts of each overthrow.
Overthrow Book Chapter Summaries
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Chapter 1: The Imperial Era
The first chapter covers the period from 1893 to 1909, when the US expanded its influence and territory in the Pacific and Latin America. The chapter focuses on three cases of regime change: Hawaii, Cuba, and Puerto Rico. In each case, the US intervened to protect its economic and strategic interests, often at the expense of the local population and democracy. The chapter also discusses the role of journalists, missionaries, businessmen, and politicians in promoting and justifying American imperialism.
Chapter 2: Covert Action
The second chapter covers the period from 1953 to 1963, when the US used covert action to overthrow governments that were perceived as threats to its interests or allies. The chapter focuses on four cases of CIA-led coups: Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnam, and Chile. In each case, the US orchestrated a plot to remove a democratically elected or popular leader and replace them with a more compliant or friendly regime. The chapter also discusses the role of propaganda, bribery, sabotage, and assassination in executing these operations.
Chapter 3: Invasions
The third chapter covers the period from 1983 to 2003, when the US used military force to overthrow governments that were accused of harboring terrorists or developing weapons of mass destruction. The chapter focuses on four cases of US-led invasions: Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan, and Iraq. In each case, the US launched a swift and overwhelming attack that toppled the existing regime and installed a new one. The chapter also discusses the role of ideology, humanitarianism, and preemption in rationalizing these interventions.
Chapter 4: Conclusion
The fourth and final chapter reflects on the lessons and implications of the book's findings. The author argues that overthrowing foreign governments has often been counterproductive and costly for the US and the world. He suggests that the US should adopt a more humble and respectful approach to international relations, based on dialogue, cooperation, and mutual understanding. He also warns that the US may face serious challenges and consequences if it continues to pursue regime change as a tool of foreign policy.
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