Johann August Ephraim Goeze originally named the tardigrade Kleiner Wasserbr, meaning "little water-bear" in German (today, they are often referred to in German as Brtierchen or "little bear-animal"). The name "water-bear" comes from the way they walk, reminiscent of a bear's gait. The name Tardigradum means "slow walker" and was given by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1777.[8]
Tardigrades are often found on lichens and mosses; for example, by soaking a piece of moss in water.[17] Other environments in which they are found include dunes and coasts generally, soil, leaf litter, and marine or freshwater sediments, where they may occur quite frequently, up to 25,000 animals per litre (95,000 animals per gallon). One tardigrade, Echiniscoides wyethi,[18] may be found on barnacles.[19]
(Water Bear)
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Tardigrades are one of the few groups of species that are capable of suspending their metabolism (see cryptobiosis). While in this state, their metabolism lowers to less than 0.01% of normal and their water content can drop to 1% of normal,[40] and they can go without food or water for more than 30 years, only to later rehydrate, forage, and reproduce.[3][44][45][46][47] Many species of tardigrade can survive in a dehydrated state up to five years, or longer in exceptional cases.[48][49] Depending on the environment, they may enter this state via anhydrobiosis, allowing tardigrades, along with some other micro-metazoans (such as worms, rotifers, and crustaceans), protozoans and plants, that ability to survive in inhospitable habitats, as opposed to other living things. In addition to offering protection from desiccation and freezing under normal circumstances, anhydrobiosis also permits resistance to unnatural abiotic extremes such as subzero temperatures,[50] cryobiosis, osmobiosis, or anoxybiosis.
Another amazing survival trick is cryptobiosis, a state of inactivity triggered by a dry environment. The micro-animals squeeze all the water out of their bodies, retract their heads and limbs, roll up into a little ball, and become dormant. When conditions improve, they unfurl themselves and go about their business.
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Water bears can typically be found around water, as their name implies. Different species of tardigrades have been found in both saltwater and freshwater, making them pretty widespread throughout the world.
Generally, they gather themselves in damp plant matter, like lichens, mosses, or soil, which gives them their other nickname: moss piglets. They use their razor-sharp mouths (called "stylets") to pierce the plant cell's walls and suck nutrients out, similar to the way you'd drink from a juice box. And, just like other bears, they enjoy the thrill of the hunt: tardigrades have been known to eat other, smaller microorganisms (nematodes and rotifers) that share their mossy home.
Water bears are the nigh-indestructible rock stars of the invertebrate world. Curious scientists have subjected tardigrades to a variety of experimental conditions, from immersing them in liquid nitrogen to exposing them to intense radioactive waves thousands of times stronger than what the normal human would be able to withstand. They can also be dropped in boiling water and emerge relatively unscathed.
They've even been sent into the cold, dark vacuum of outer space. In 2007, researchers stuck a few brave water bears to the outside of a space satellite for 10 days to see how they'd survive both the airless conditions and the sun's ultraviolet radiation. Upon their return back to earth, they were A-OK.
One note: though many news sources refer to tardigrades as "extremophiles," the moniker isn't entirely accurate. These little bears can survive under extremely harsh conditions, but they don't purposefully seek them out. As you can imagine, they'd much prefer to hang out around a freshwater pond than around a boiling hot spring.
Tardigrades have a pretty neat trick for dealing with extreme conditions. Just like a bear, they can enter a state of hibernation. This state is called "cryptobiosis," during which their metabolism s-l-o-o-o-w-s d-o-o-o-w-n to about 0.01% of what it initially was. During this state, they also dry themselves out, wringing out 95% of their body's water, like you might do with a towel. Finally, they tuck their heads down, fold in their legs, and begin producing a waxy outer secretion for protection.
And tuns have another trick up their tiny sleeves: producing a specific form of sugar, known as trehalose. Though the verdict's still out on how this sugar protects the tardigrade's integrity, some ideas have popped up, proposing that molecules of the sugar can form hydrogen bonds on cell surfaces to replace the body's lost water, forming a gel that protects the tardigrade's cells from being deformed as they would under other dehydrating conditions.
Once in this dried-out state, tardigrades can survive for nearly a decade. When conditions become a little more friendly (and wet), the water bear can spring back to life and continue to bumble along adorably.
Animals as small and soft as tardigrades seldom have legs and almost never bother walking. For example, round worms of similar size and body type thrash about, slithering their doughy forms over unpredictable substrates. Yet the water bear, a micro-animal so distinct that scientists were forced to assign it to its own phylum, uses eight stubby legs to improbably propel itself through marine and freshwater sediment, across desert dunes, and beneath the soil.
Now, a new study in PNAS analyzes tardigrade gaits and finds that water bears walk in a manner most closely resembling that of insects 500,000 times their size. The discovery implies the existence of either a common ancestor or an evolutionary advantage that explains why one of the smallest and squishiest creatures evolved to walk just like larger, hard-bodied insects.
Another possibility is that there is no ancestral connection between tardigrades and arthropods, but that the unrelated groups of organisms independently arrived at the same walking and running strategies because they were evolutionarily advantageous. Perhaps the best way to navigate unpredictable terrain with a microscopic body is to plod like a water bear.
Tardigrades can be found almost anywhere on Earth, from the top of the Himalaya mountain range to the bottom of the sea, from icy Antarctica to bubbling hot springs. The teeny-tiny creatures can survive extreme temperatures, ranging from minus 328F up to 304F. Tardigrades need only a drop of water to thrive.
Tardigrades, often called water bears or moss piglets, are near-microscopic aquatic animals with plump, segmented bodies and flattened heads. They have eight legs, each tipped with four to eight claws or digits, and somewhat resemble the hookah-smoking caterpillar from "Alice in Wonderland." Though tardigrades are disarmingly cute, they are also nearly indestructible and can even survive in outer space.
Tardigrades were discovered in 1773 by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze, who dubbed them "little water bear." Three years later, Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named the group "Tardigrada," or "slow stepper," for their toddling gait, according to the Science Education Resource Center at Carleton College (SERC). There are currently about 1,300 known tardigrade species within the Tardigrada phylum (a classification category) according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), a resource for species names and classifications created by a partnership of U.S. federal agencies.
Water bears have an unusual strategy for surviving harsh conditions: They enter an almost death-like state called cryptobiosis, expelling more than 95% of the water from their bodies, retracting their heads and legs and curling into a dehydrated tun.
During cryptobiosis, a tardigrade's metabolic activity drops to as little as 0.01% of normal levels. Its cells are protected from damage by water-soluble proteins that are unique to tardigrades, known as tardigrade disordered proteins, or TDPs. When tardigrades expel their body's water, TDP molecules form a tough, glasslike cocoon around cells. This keeps cellular material safe while the tardigrade is a tun and enables it to reanimate in water when conditions are more hospitable, according to a 2017 study published in the journal Molecular Cell.
However, tardigrades do have a fatal weakness: They wilt under heat, which could be a problem as climate change increases temperatures. A 2020 study published in the journal Scientific Reports found that tardigrades in water temperatures of about 100 degrees Fahrenheit (37.8 degrees Celsius) can die in just one day.
As their name implies, water bears live just about anywhere there's liquid water, inhabiting the ocean, freshwater lakes and rivers, and the water film that coats terrestrial mosses and lichens. They can survive a wide range of environments: from altitudes of over 19,600 feet (6,000 meters) in the Himalayan mountain range to ocean depths more than 15,000 feet (4,700 m) below the surface, according to the University of Michigan's Animal Diversity Web (ADW).
Not all tardigrades live in extreme environments, but water bears are known for surviving extreme conditions that would kill most other forms of life, by transforming into a dehydrated ball known as a tun.
Embryos typically are fully developed within 14 days of fertilization, though their development can last up to 90 days depending on environmental conditions such as dryness and temperature, according to ADW. Young tardigrades do not have a larval stage and resemble miniature adults upon hatching, though they usually have fewer claws and spines than fully-grown water bears do. The youngsters grow in several stages by molting their external cuticle "skin," and each molt can take five to ten days to complete. be457b7860
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