After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, we enjoyed a time of peace and prosperity; we saw our borders being replaced by trade amongst nations in a global economy; we probably took a lot of things for granted. But now, history appears to be trying to repeat itself. Nationalism is on the rise; there is talk of deglobalization; and there is a war in Europe that brings back horrifying memories of two World Wars.

What I take from this now is how vital it is to clear a path for freedom of speech and a culture of open debate. A thriving democracy requires citizens who are resilient, educated and engaged. They form its foundation.


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It seems to me that here in the United States, where I now reside, we are at a cross-road. I worry for the health of American democracy after the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol. There is a deep divisiveness at large in the country and the two major political parties struggle to reach a consensus and provide for the common good. Even the Supreme Court has become politicized. Meanwhile, we enact laws on the state level that prohibit schools and businesses from causing individuals to feel any disquieting sense of discomfort or guilt.

There is a point on the highway due west of the old oil fields where mobile phone service ends. I like that place. Once we pass that invisible line no one can contact us. We are outside the reach of the rest of the world. We are no longer lawyers, doctors, oilmen and judges. We become cowboys; even if only for a few days. We enjoy becoming cowboys.

Our Alberta Covid experience was less difficult than most of the world. We had rules for restaurants, rules for grocery stores, and rules in the office, but the rules were workable and we were surrounded by the beauties of Alberta. We still biked, and we hiked, we canoed, we snowshoed and we climbed. With time and as restrictions relaxed, we also rode horses.

Those silly rules, work-related deadlines, client obligations, and all the trappings of our city world faded away. We mounted up, splashed across the Sheep River, and headed up high in the mountains. We love this cowboy country. For nearly 200 years men and women have been ranching these foothills. For centuries before that, the Stoney and the Cree people travelled along the banks of these rivers.

At times, that icy mountain rain beat down hard upon us. We rolled up the collars of our rain slickers, pulled our hats down low, and worked our way through the trees. At other times, the sun came out; big and beautiful and bright. The wildflowers surrounded us. The bighorn sheep watched us in silence as we rode along the river, while a mother black bear and her cubs scampered into the trees.

The breakfast of choice during lockdown was the humble poached egg, placed perkily on top of a slice of toast. Born not of swirling water and vinegar, my poached eggs were flipped out of a poacher cup, flopping onto the seed loaf with the egg yolk side-down. An upside-down egg that referenced those strange months of our autumn and early winter.

I was struck by how, when the world actually is turned upside down, most people remain true to themselves and see in the great unfolding tragedy of human and natural events another opportunity to roll up those same shirtsleeves and get cracking in soup kitchens, clothing distribution, shelter-building and the like.

The South Sudan civil war has led to an influx of approximately one million refugees to Uganda, one of the poorest countries in the world. Unlike most nations, Uganda welcomes refugees with the right to land, freedom to travel, ability to work, and access to food, water, and shelter. Unfortunately, limited water sources in Northern Uganda, where most refugees settle, are generally not safe for consumption. Currently around 8 million people in Uganda, 20% of the population, do not have access to safe water. Without access, subsistence farmers struggle to feed their families and earn a living, and children under the age of five die from diarrheal disease caused by poor water and sanitation.

Because settlement areas lack safe water resources, aid organizations providing relief for refugees, including our partner, the Danish Refugee Council, spend a significant amount of money to truck water into settlements. One way to access safe, affordable water is by drilling deep wells.

I travelled to Uganda in March 2017 with support from the Community for Global Health Equity to begin data collection that would help our team to predict the best locations to drill wells. In partnership with the Ugandan Ministry of Water and the Environment, I gathered and analyzed well log data (information on the geologic layers encountered when wells are drilled) to determine if the weathered zones, i.e., dissolved rock, or fractured zones, i.e. physically cracked rock from earthquakes, are the better targets for well drilling.

I am working to interpolate the thickness of the aquifer and create a numerical model to better understand the direction of groundwater movement and its quantity in the region. Understanding groundwater movement and quantity is important because, once one knows how easily water can flow through the aquifer, one can predict water contamination, determine sustainable pumping rates and plan for future changes in population and climate.

At a time when international funding for humanitarian conflicts is at a low, freeing up funds for long-term, sustainable wells will lift the economic burden of providing water for the population and will reduce costs associated with future disease.

The numbers of mountain gorillas in the wild have dwindled in the past while and much is now been done to stop the populations from disappearing altogether. Tourism is playing a huge part in the protection of the gorillas with the money from fees and permits helping to pay for greater protection.

A gorilla safari in the beautiful mountains and forests of Uganda is a once in a lifetime experience and one of the top five safaris on the continent. Marvel at one of Africa's rarest creatures as they go on with their doings, seemingly oblivious to human presence.

MARK SCHAPIRO, Reporter: [voice-over] Time is a fiction, they say. In this remote corner of Brazil's Atlantic Coast, an ancient forest seemingly unspoiled by modern life, beyond the reach of men, machines and markets. But look closer and you'll see that something very different is happening here.

MARK SCHAPIRO: [voice-over] Ricardo da Britez is the chief forest scientist in this reserve. He oversees the carbon counting here. His measurements are being followed closely by people around the world trying to figure out how to buy and sell this carbon on the international market.

MARK SCHAPIRO: Conservation groups identified this area, known as Guaraquecaba, as one of the most threatened eco-hotspots in the world. Even Al Gore visited, triggering international attention.

MARK SCHAPIRO: The Nature Conservancy tried for years to raise funds, but the big money didn't start pouring into the region until fears began to rise about climate change, and a new reason to save the trees, carbon, brought in three large American companies.

RICARDO DA BRITEZ: [subtitles] The companies were interested in carbon credits. Each company supported a different project. The first one was supported by American Electric Power.

MARK SCHAPIRO: Da Britez explained how in 2000, American Electric Power, the utility giant, bought into an area the size of Manhattan. Then came the car company General Motors, and finally, Chevron oil. The three companies invested a total of $18 million to preserve this forest.

CLOVIS BORGES, Executive Director, SPVS: We will purchase part of the land of the region and preserve these areas. And the carbon provided, or the carbon credits that could be provided ? it's not a guarantee ? will be the results that this company can have.

MARK SCHAPIRO: [voice-over] But what is a carbon credit? And why are so many people so interested in buying and selling something that didn't even exist five years ago? It's a question I've been investigating. Before I left for Brazil, I met with veteran Wall Street executive Tom Lewis.

TOM LEWIS, CEO, NYMEX Green Exchange: People often ask the question, ``What is the difference between carbon and other commodities?'' And in many cases, it's exactly the same as another commodity. It trades precisely in the same way. Globally, it's considered about a $300 billion market today. But the expectation is that within a decade, that market could be between $2 trillion and $3 trillion.

MARK SCHAPIRO: Mike Morris is CEO of American Electric Power, the largest operator of coal-fired power plants in the country. He told us that investing in cleaner technology is expensive and takes time, and the only way he would be able to meet emission targets would be to purchase carbon credits.

MICHAEL MORRIS: We'll purchase credits. We'll be in the credit market, along with many, many other people. And so we need the kinds of things that will create credits in the most cost-effective way.

Most of us, if asked, would say it sounds like a great plan, save a tree and soak up the carbon. But most of us don't live here. And this man does. He's a farmer who lives between the GM and American Electric Power reserves.

MARK SCHAPIRO: With all these new assets on the line, forest enforcement in Guaraquecaba has been stepped up. This branch of the state military, called the Green Police or Forca Verde, was established decades ago to protect against environmental crimes. Now, due to the avid American interest in the carbon, their mission has taken on a new focus, protecting the forest from the people who live there.

ANTONIO ALVES: [subtitles] They circled around here. They took out their gun and kicked in the door. I was there and came out, and the guy had a gun pointed at my chest. 152ee80cbc

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