One of the biggest benefits of direct air capture is siting flexibility. DAC does not require arable land, which can minimize impacts on food production or other land uses. The land area needed for large-scale deployment depends on the type of DAC system and the energy resource powering it. If renewables are used, they will be the largest portion of the land footprint.

A critical question for all countries is the extent to which net zero strategies will need to rely on CDR approaches alongside direct emission reductions. DAC and other CDR approaches are part of the portfolio of technologies and measures needed in a comprehensive response to climate change. Promoting transparency and planning for the anticipated role of CDR in net zero strategies can support the identification of technology, policy and market needs within countries and regions while supporting public understanding of these approaches.


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While from the surface, Need for Speed Underground may wear the faade of a simple, no-nonsense racer, extended play of the game reveals a decidedly unique and challenging driving system. Holding firm on the gas button won't get you through the later races. You'll need to perfect Underground's driving system-inside and out-to reach the top of the underground. Study these techniques. Learn them well. And when push comes to shove, execute.

To draft, simply drive directly behind an opposing vehicle. Mimic their turns, and if you're close enough, you'll earn a drafting style point bonus. Style points aren't all that's there to earn, though. By drafting behind an opponent, you'll be able to drive slightly faster as they create less air resistance for your car. Using the drafting technique, you'll be able slingshot around opposing drivers by getting a small boost in speed-especially useful in extremely close drag races.

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Fresh water consumption of direct lithium extraction (DLE) needs to be urgently quantified. Many DLE technologies might require larger freshwater volumes than current evaporative practices, compromising their applicability in arid locations.

Conversely, many more countries have access to less-concentrated lithium brine sources, such as geothermal brines and oilfield brines14,15,16,17, which have lower lithium concentrations (Supplementary Table 1). Unfortunately, evaporitic technology is not applicable to these more dilute brines18,19. The non-viability is due to the different chemistry, the much longer time frames that would be required for successful concentration and the fact that most of these deposits are not located in arid regions. Economically sound technologies to exploit these more dilute lithium resources are being explored with urgency to diversify lithium production. These new lithium extraction technologies, generically termed direct lithium extraction (DLE), could enable the processing of both continental and other more dilute brines without the need for evaporation ponds.

As of 2022, worldwide, there are eight full-scale active facilities that produce lithium compounds from continental brines9 and more are likely to become active before 2030 (Fig. 1a). The evaporitic technology (Fig. 1b) is currently in use at seven of those facilities18,19. Brines are pumped from underground reservoirs into open air ponds, in which over 90% of the original water content is lost through evaporation. Concentrated brines are then transferred to a refining plant for removal of impurities, followed by Li2CO3 precipitation via the addition of Na2CO3. Fresh water is needed at multiple steps of the process, including to dissolve CaO (needed to precipitate Mg2+) and Na2CO3, in the scrubbing of organic solvents (used for the removal of borates), for washing Li2CO3 crystals and for steam generation18,19. Over 90% of the salts other than LiCl in the original brines spontaneously crystallize in the ponds18 and are considered waste.

In brine mining, two distinct aquifers are exploited, brine and fresh water18,32, which can potentially become physically connected. The question arises as to whether these water volumes should be considered when calculating the water footprint of the process24. Clearly, the freshwater volume should be included, whereas the brine volume that should be considered in the water footprint is less straightforward to estimate. Arguing that brine water is far from being suitable for either human consumption or agricultural use18,32, strong proponents of mining propose that brine should be completely disregarded in water footprint calculations. However, we suggest that brine must be considered, as the brine volume that is pumped will directly determine the amount of fresh water that naturally flows from outside the brine aquifer (Box 1), is mixed with brine and thus is no longer considered fresh water or can be used as such18,32,33,34,35,36. The volume of fresh water that flows or moves towards the salar is different during brine pumping or in the absence of mining. As both fresh water and brine are extracted from underground aquifers, salars are a hydrogeological case study (Box 1).

Reports agree that the brine volume that is pumped will directly determine the amount of underground fresh water recharge18,33,34,35,36. An unanswered question is how the volume of pumped brine relates mathematically to underground fresh water recharge. Different conceptual and numerical models have been proposed to predict the hydrogeology of salars and to estimate the freshwater recharge.

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I have bought need for speed 2015 yesterday and have been playing it with the controller (Dualshock 4) and had no problems until today. Whenever I try to drive with controller car acts weird (will not accelerate to its full potential, won't go back or in case of dodge viper it does burnouts in reverse). I tried re-calibrating my controller, reinstalling my drivers, tried it on other games and it had no problems either (BF4) and even tried to rebind acceleration to X on my controller (to make sure that it wont accidentally press) yet problem did not disappear. My controller is new I bought it two days ago and I am sure it is need for speed's fault, I would greatly appreciate if you can help me to fix this problem.


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While pursuing innovation at speed, we also need to reckon with the reality that various actors have significant incentives to abuse the promise of DAC for various ends that are misaligned with mitigating climate change and with environmental justice.

Last month the world's top climate scientists delivered a sobering warning. Their mammoth report to the UN boiled down to one message: act now, before the climate breakdown becomes unstoppable. The report says extreme weather has forced millions of people from their homes and devastated food supplies. Oil and gas emissions are at a record high. The UN report calls for drastic cuts in fossil fuels. But if our old technologies got us into this mess, can new ones get us out? Among politicians, corporations and billionaires, one new technology is gaining traction. It's called direct air capture that vacuums carbon dioxide out of thin air and locks it away underground. Sound like science fiction? We thought so too until we went to Iceland to see the world's first commercial Direct Air Capture plant in operation.

Vicki Hollub: We're gonna walk the talk. That's the only way that does it. Words will never convince anybody. We need to get the direct air capture up and working. We need to um make it better, make it more economical and start having it developed all around the world.

There is a growing consensus among scientists as well as national and local governments representing hundreds of millions of people, that humanity faces a climate crisis that demands a crisis response. New research from the University of California San Diego explores one possible mode of response: a massively funded program to deploy direct air capture (DAC) systems that remove CO2 directly from the ambient air and sequester it safely underground.

The authors find that if an emergency direct air capture program were to commence in 2025 and receive investment of 1.2-1.9% of global GDP annually it would remove 2.2-2.3 gigatons of CO2 by the year 2050 and 13-20 gigatons of CO2 by 2075. Cumulatively, the program would remove 570-840 gigatons of CO2 from 2025-2100, which falls within the range of CO2 removals that IPCC scenarios suggest will be needed to meet Paris targets. 006ab0faaa

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