It includes answers written in relatively simple language. Students can easily access topic-wise Class 11 Biology NCERT Solutions of every Chapter and unit covered in the biology textbooks. These solutions explain important concepts such as biological classification, animal and plant kingdoms, morphology, structural organization, biomolecules, cell division, transport in plants, nutrition, photosynthesis, and more. NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology PDF is also provided with the study materials so that students can access content offline.
This chapter elaborates on fundamental concepts such as What is Living?, Diversity in the Living World, Taxonomic Categories, Taxonomical Aids, and more. The living world is rich in variety. Millions of plant and animal species have been identified and described to date, but countless more remain yet to be discovered. The taxonomic studies of various species of plants and animals are useful in agriculture, forestry and industries in general for knowing our resources and their diversity. Taxonomists have developed a variety of taxonomic aids to facilitate the identification, naming and classification of organisms.
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In this chapter, we will study the characteristics of Kingdoms Monera, Protista and Fungi of the Whittaker system of classification. The Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia, commonly referred to as plant and animal kingdoms, respectively, will be dealt with separately in Chapters 3 and 4. In the biological classification, you will also study Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids and Lichens.
When we look around, we see different animals with different structures and forms. Over a million species of animals have been described until now. So the need for classification has become all the more important. Classification helps in assigning a systematic position to newly described species. The chapter also teaches other topics such as Basis of Classification, Classification of Animals and more. Students will learn about the animal kingdom in brief in this chapter.
Salient features and classification of animals, non-chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to class level (salient features and at a few examples of each category). (No live animals or specimens should be displayed.)
In chapters 2 and 3, we talked about the classification of plants based on morphological and other characteristics. For any successful attempt at classification and understanding any higher plant (or, for that matter, any living organism), we need to know standard technical terms and definitions. We also need to know about the possible variations in different parts, found as adaptations of the plants to their environment, e.g., adaptations to various habitats for protection, climbing, and storage. Morphology of Flowering Plants also explains topics such as the root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed, semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant, description of some important families and more.
This chapter introduces the internal structure and functional organisation of higher plants. The study of the internal structure of plants is called anatomy. Plants have cells as their basic unit. Cells are organised into tissues, and in turn, the tissues are organised into various parts of the plant. Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are anatomically different. Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse environments. The chapter includes topics such as The Tissues, The Tissue System, Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants, Secondary Growth, and more.
Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells, indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing into two, with each parental cell giving rise to two daughter cells each time they divide. These newly-formed daughter cells can themselves grow and divide, giving rise to a new cell population that is formed by the growth and division of a single parental cell and its progeny. In other words, such cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells. Other subtopics mentioned in the chapter are Cell Cycle, M Phase, Significance of Mitosis, Meiosis, and Significance of Meiosis.
Topics in the chapter Transport in Plants include Means of Transport, Plant-Water Relations, Long Distance Transport of Water, Transpiration, Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients, Phloem, and Transport: Flow from Source to Sink. Plants obtain a variety of inorganic elements (ions) and salts from their surroundings, especially from water and soil. In higher plants, there is a vascular system comprising xylem and phloem, responsible for translocation. Phloem is responsible for the transport of food, (primarily) sucrose from the source to the sink. The translocation in phloem is explained by the pressure-flow hypothesis.
This chapter focuses mainly on inorganic plant nutrition, wherein we will study the methods to identify elements essential to the growth and development of plants and the criteria for establishing the essentiality. We will also study the role of the essential elements, their major deficiency symptoms and the mechanism of absorption of these essential elements. The chapter Mineral Nutrition also provides a brief introduction to the significance and the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis as a means of autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Food is one of the basic requirements of all living organisms. The major components of our food are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Vitamins and minerals are also required in small quantities. Food provides energy and organic materials for growth and repair of tissues. The water we take in plays an important role in metabolic processes and also prevents dehydration of the body. Biomacromolecules in food cannot be utilised by our body in their original form. They have to be broken down and converted into simple substances in the digestive system. This process of conversion of complex food substances to simple absorbable forms is called digestion and is carried out by our digestive system through mechanical and biochemical methods. These concepts are briefly explained in the chapter Digestion and Absorption to help students understand them effectively.
As you have read earlier, oxygen is utilised by organisms to indirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, etc., to derive energy to perform various activities. Carbon dioxide, which is harmful, is also released during the above catabolic reactions. It is, therefore, evident that oxygen has to be continuously provided to the cells and carbon dioxide produced by the cells has to be released. This process of exchange of oxygen from the atmosphere with carbon dioxide produced by the cells is termed breathing. It is also known as respiration.
We have learnt that all living cells have to be provided with nutrients, oxygen and other essential substances. Also, the waste or harmful substances produced have to be removed continuously for the healthy functioning of tissues. Blood is the most commonly used body fluid in most of the higher organisms, including humans. Another body fluid, lymph, also helps in the transport of certain substances. In this chapter, we shall explore the composition and properties of blood and lymph (tissue fluid) and the mechanism of circulation of blood is also explained herein.
The chapter covers topics such as Human Excretory System, Urine Formation, Function of the Tubules, Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate, Regulation of Kidney Function, Micturition, Role of other Organs in Excretion, Disorders of the Excretory System and more.
Movement is one of the significant features of living beings. Animals and plants exhibit a wide range of movements. Such voluntary movements are called locomotion. Walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming are all forms of locomotory movement. Locomotory structures need not be different from those affecting other types of movements. Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitats and the demand of the situation. Locomotion is required for various reasons, such as finding food, shelter, mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions, or to escape from predators.
Coordination is the process through which two or more organs interact and complement the functions of one another. In our body, the neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of the organs so that they function in a synchronised fashion. In this chapter, we will learn about the neural system of humans, mechanisms of neural coordination like transmission of nerve impulses, impulse conduction across a synapse and the physiology of reflex action.
Learning about these concepts might be overwhelming due to the sheer magnitude of information in each concept. However, these carefully crafted study tips make the experience effective and interesting. Students can access and download the NCERT Class 11 Books here.
The academic sessions by the CBSE board are divided based on the syllabus for the year 2023-24. The entire syllabus is equally divided so that students can spend much time and learn the fundamental concepts easily. The main purpose is to help students understand the link between the concepts which were learnt in previous classes as well.
Biology is a subject that tells us all about the natural world. Just like the other disciplines of science, it tries to explain the various phenomenon, events, or organisms with the help of observation, experimentation and documentation. Here are a few tips you need to learn to study biology. 152ee80cbc
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