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Archangels (/rkendls/) are the second-lowest rank of angel in the Christian hierarchy of angels, put forward by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite in the 5th or 6th century in his book De Coelesti Hierarchia (On the Celestial Hierarchy).[1][2][3] The word "archangel" itself is usually associated with the Abrahamic religions, but beings that are very similar to archangels are found in a number of other religious traditions.

Some branches of the faiths mentioned have identified a group of seven to eight archangels, but the named angels vary, depending on the source.[13] Gabriel, Michael, and Raphael are always mentioned; the other archangels vary, but most commonly include Uriel and Jerahmeel, both of whom are mentioned in 2 Esdras.[B] As well as Michael, Gabriel, Raphael and Uriel, the Book of Enoch, regarded as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Oriental Orthodox), mentions in chapter 20: Raguel, Sariel, and Jerahmeel (Remiel).[14]

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The Amesha Spentas (Avestan: Ama Spta, meaning "beneficent immortals")[16] of Zoroastrianism are likened to archangels. They individually inhabit immortal bodies that operate in the physical world to protect, guide, and inspire humanity and the spirit world. The Avesta explains the origin and nature of archangels or Amesha Spentas.[15]

There are no explicit references to archangels in the canonical texts of the Hebrew Bible. In post-Biblical Judaism, certain angels came to take on a particular significance and developed unique personalities and roles. Though these archangels were believed to have ranked amongst the heavenly host, no systematic hierarchy ever developed. Metatron is considered one of the highest of the angels in Merkavah and Kabbalist mysticism and often serves as a scribe. He is briefly mentioned in the Talmud,[23] and figures prominently in Merkavah mystical texts. Michael, who serves as a warrior and advocate for Israel,[24] is looked upon particularly fondly. Gabriel is mentioned in the Book of Daniel[25] and briefly in the Talmud,[26] as well as many Merkavah mystical texts. The earliest references to archangels are in the literature of the intertestamental periods (e.g., 4 Esdras 4:36).

In the Kabbalah there are traditionally twelve archangels, who are each assigned to a certain sephira: Shubael, Raziel, Cassiel, Zadkiel, Camael, Michael, Uriel & Haniel, Raphael & Jophiel, Gabriel, and Azrael. There are also a variety of other archangels who share similar associations spanning throughout this tradition.[27] Chapter 20 of the Book of Enoch mentions seven holy angels who watch, that often are considered the seven archangels: Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, Uriel, Sariel, Raguel, and Remiel.[28] The Life of Adam and Eve lists the archangels as well: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael and Joel. Medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides made a Jewish angelic hierarchy.

The New Testament makes over a hundred references to angels, but uses the word "archangel" only twice, in 1 Thessalonians 4:16 ("For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and with the trumpet of God: and the dead in Christ shall rise first", KJV) and Jude 1:9 ("Yet Michael the archangel, when contending with the devil he disputed about the body of Moses, durst not bring against him a railing accusation, but said, The Lord rebuke thee", KJV).

The Fourth Book of Esdras, which mentions the angel Uriel (and also the "archangel" Jeremiel), was popular in the West and was frequently quoted by Church Fathers, especially Ambrose, but was never considered part of the Catholic biblical canon.[29]

Eastern Orthodox Tradition mentions "thousands of archangels";[31] however, only seven to eight archangels are venerated by name.[13][32] Three are the same as mentioned in Catholicism; namely Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. Uriel is included. The other three or four are most often named Selaphiel, Jegudiel, Barachiel and (sometimes) Jeremiel[33] The Orthodox Church celebrates the Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers on November 8 of the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the Julian Calendar, November 8 falls on November 21 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). Other feast days of the Archangels include the Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel on March 26 (April 8) and July 13 (July 26), and the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae on September 6 (September 19). In addition, every Monday throughout the year is dedicated to the Angels, with special mention being made in the church hymns of Michael and Gabriel. In Orthodox iconography, each angel has a symbolic representation:[33]

Seventh-day Adventists hold that the titles "Michael" and "archangel" are in reference to Jesus. However, in the Adventist view, they only signify his role as the chief of angels and make no reference to the nature of Jesus, who is fully divine. Adventists credit nonconformist minister Matthew Henry as supporting this view.[43]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) interprets the term "archangel" as meaning "Chief Angel",[45] Michael is the only individual so designated in the Latter Day Saints canon.[46] It is believed that he is the head of all of the angels.[45] LDS Church doctrine also states that the archangel Michael was the first man, Adam.[47] Though no other being is identified as an "archangel", Joseph Smith taught that the angel Gabriel was known in mortality as Noah[48] and the angel Raphael is a being of significant standing, even though he has never been identified with any mortal prophet.[49]

In the Gnostic codex On the Origin of the World, the aeon named Sophia sends seven archangels from her light to save the Archon Sabaoth, the son of Yaldabaoth, after the authorities of Chaos make war in the Seven Heavens. He is then placed in a divine kingdom above the twelve gods of Chaos and becomes the consort of Zoe (the primordial Eve), who gives him knowledge of the eighth heaven, while the seven archangels stand before them.[54] In The Sophia of Jesus Christ and Eugnostos the Blessed, the primordial Adam creates myriads of gods and archangels without number.[55]

Occultists sometimes associate archangels in Kabbalistic fashion with various seasons or elements, or even colours. In some Kabbalah-based systems of ceremonial magic, all four of the main archangels (Gabriel, Michael, Raphael and Uriel) are invoked as guarding the four quarters, or directions, and their corresponding colours are associated with magical properties.[56] Lucifer or Satan in Christian traditions, or Iblis in Islam,[57] is considered an archangel by Satanists and many non-Satanists, but most non-Satanists consider him evil and fallen from God's grace.

Fast-growing perennial ground cover that may be either trailing or upright depending on conditions. Yellow archangel, also known as yellow Lamium, is very competitive and fast-growing in the forest habitats of western Washington and western British Columbia. When it is dumped with yard waste or escapes from intentional plantings, it spreads quickly into forested areas and out-competes native understory plants.

Yellow archangel is a non-regulated Class B noxious weed in King County. Control is recommended but not required. Yellow archangel is also on the state quarantine list and can not be sold in the state of Washington. For more information on noxious weed regulations and definitions, see Noxious weed lists and laws.

The variegated form of this species is a popular ornamental in garden beds and hanging baskets as well as a groundcover for shady sites. In Washington, yellow archangel has been reported as escaping in many western counties including San Juan County, Kitsap County, Pierce County, Thurston County, Snohomish County, King County and others.

When it escapes from residential plantings, it becomes invasive, forming dense patches. Yellow archangel outcompetes native plant species and provides poor food and shelter for native wildlife. It is found in ravines, greenbelts and forested parks as well as residential settings such as flower gardens, rockeries and ornamental boarders. Yellow archangel can grow in a wide range of conditions from full sun to full shade and is not deterred by most other plants.

Prevention: Avoid planting near parks and natural areas or choose a different ground cover. If you already have this plant and would like to minimize its invasive nature, contain it in flower beds by regular trimming, or dig it up and replant into pots. Because yellow archangel spreads readily by stem cuttings, it is very important to discard plant material in such a way as to prevent spreading. Never dump clippings in parks or natural areas. Don't dispose of plants in backyard compost piles (okay to put into city provided "Clean Green" recycling bins since the yard waste is taken to a commercial composting operation).

Chemical: Herbicides can be effective on yellow archangel, especially if combined with manual control and monitoring for surviving plants. Take care to avoid native vegetation by selectively spot-spraying. Choose a formulation that is appropriate for the site: either aquatic or terrestrial. Follow the label exactly as written and only use at the rate that is prescribed on the label. Treatment with triclopyr or glyphosate (or a mix of the two for better results) plus a surfactant appears to be somewhat effective although re-treatment is necessary. The herbicides work best when the plants are actively growing and are not wilted from drought-stress. Even small amounts of surviving plants will quickly fill back in if you do not follow up and control the surviving plants. Please contact our office or refer to the PNW Weed Management Handbook for more information on effective and safe use of herbicides.

Control of yellow archangel is not required in King County, but we would like to know where it is invading into wilderness areas so we can work to prevent serious impacts. If you see yellow archangel growing in or near wilderness areas, please contact our office. We are also gathering information on effective control methods. If you have had any success (or failures) controlling this plant, we would be interested in hearing from you. 2351a5e196