A swap allows counterparties to exchange cash flows. For instance, an entity receiving or paying a fixed interest rate may prefer to swap that for a variable rate (or vice-versa). Or, the holder of a cash-flow generating asset may wish to swap that for the cash flows of a different asset. The purpose of such a swap is to manage risk, to obtain funding at a more favorable rate than would be available through other means, or to speculate on future differences between the swapped cash flows."}},{"@type": "Question","name": "How Is a Swap Structured?","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "A swap is an over-the-counter (OTC) derivative product that typically involves two counterparties that agree to exchange cash flows over a certain time period, such as a year. The exact terms of the swap agreement are negotiated by the counterparties and are then formalized in a legal contract. These terms will include precisely what is to be swapped and to whom, the notional amount of the principal, the maturity of the contract, and any contingencies. The cash flows that are ultimately exchanged are computed based on the terms of the contract, which maybe an interest rate, index, or other underlying financial instrument."}},{"@type": "Question","name": "Who Uses Swaps?","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Swaps are mainly used by institutional investors such as banks and other financial institutions, governments, and some corporations. They are intended to be used to manage a variety of risks, such as interest rate risk, currency risk, and price risk."}},{"@type": "Question","name": "Are Swaps Regulated?","acceptedAnswer": {"@type": "Answer","text": "Today, many swaps in the U.S. are regulated by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and sometimes the SEC, even though they usually trade over-the-counter (OTC). Due to the Wall Street reforms in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, swaps in the U.S. must use a Swap Execution Facility (SEF), which is an electronic platform that allows participants to buy and sell swaps pursuant to regulation. The regulation of swaps is aimed at ensuring that these financial instruments are traded in a fair and transparent manner, and to reduce the risk of systemic financial failure (since swaps were blamed, in part, for the 2008 financial crisis). The specific regulations that apply to swaps internationally vary by jurisdiction."}}]}]}] Investing Stocks  Bonds  ETFs  Options and Derivatives  Commodities  Trading  FinTech and Automated Investing  Brokers  Fundamental Analysis  Technical Analysis  Markets  View All  Simulator Login / Portfolio  Trade  Research  My Games  Leaderboard  Banking Savings Accounts  Certificates of Deposit (CDs)  Money Market Accounts  Checking Accounts  View All  Personal Finance Budgeting and Saving  Personal Loans  Insurance  Mortgages  Credit and Debt  Student Loans  Taxes  Credit Cards  Financial Literacy  Retirement  View All  News Markets  Companies  Earnings  CD Rates  Mortgage Rates  Economy  Government  Crypto  ETFs  Personal Finance  View All  Reviews Best Online Brokers  Best Savings Rates  Best CD Rates  Best Life Insurance  Best Personal Loans  Best Mortgage Rates  Best Money Market Accounts  Best Auto Loan Rates  Best Credit Repair Companies  Best Credit Cards  View All  Academy Investing for Beginners  Trading for Beginners  Become a Day Trader  Technical Analysis  All Investing Courses  All Trading Courses  View All TradeSearchSearchPlease fill out this field.SearchSearchPlease fill out this field.InvestingInvesting Stocks  Bonds  ETFs  Options and Derivatives  Commodities  Trading  FinTech and Automated Investing  Brokers  Fundamental Analysis  Technical Analysis  Markets  View All SimulatorSimulator Login / Portfolio  Trade  Research  My Games  Leaderboard BankingBanking Savings Accounts  Certificates of Deposit (CDs)  Money Market Accounts  Checking Accounts  View All Personal FinancePersonal Finance Budgeting and Saving  Personal Loans  Insurance  Mortgages  Credit and Debt  Student Loans  Taxes  Credit Cards  Financial Literacy  Retirement  View All NewsNews Markets  Companies  Earnings  CD Rates  Mortgage Rates  Economy  Government  Crypto  ETFs  Personal Finance  View All ReviewsReviews Best Online Brokers  Best Savings Rates  Best CD Rates  Best Life Insurance  Best Personal Loans  Best Mortgage Rates  Best Money Market Accounts  Best Auto Loan Rates  Best Credit Repair Companies  Best Credit Cards  View All AcademyAcademy Investing for Beginners  Trading for Beginners  Become a Day Trader  Technical Analysis  All Investing Courses  All Trading Courses  View All EconomyEconomy Government and Policy  Monetary Policy  Fiscal Policy  Economics  View All  Financial Terms  Newsletter  About Us Follow Us      Table of ContentsExpandTable of ContentsWhat Is a Swap?Swaps ExplainedOther SwapsFAQsThe Bottom LineTrading SkillsTrading InstrumentsSwap Definition & How to Calculate GainsBy

A swap allows counterparties to exchange cash flows. For instance, an entity receiving or paying a fixed interest rate may prefer to swap that for a variable rate (or vice-versa). Or, the holder of a cash-flow generating asset may wish to swap that for the cash flows of a different asset. The purpose of such a swap is to manage risk, to obtain funding at a more favorable rate than would be available through other means, or to speculate on future differences between the swapped cash flows.


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A swap is an over-the-counter (OTC) derivative product that typically involves two counterparties that agree to exchange cash flows over a certain time period, such as a year. The exact terms of the swap agreement are negotiated by the counterparties and are then formalized in a legal contract. These terms will include precisely what is to be swapped and to whom, the notional amount of the principal, the maturity of the contract, and any contingencies. The cash flows that are ultimately exchanged are computed based on the terms of the contract, which maybe an interest rate, index, or other underlying financial instrument.

Today, many swaps in the U.S. are regulated by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and sometimes the SEC, even though they usually trade over-the-counter (OTC). Due to the Wall Street reforms in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, swaps in the U.S. must use a Swap Execution Facility (SEF), which is an electronic platform that allows participants to buy and sell swaps pursuant to regulation. The regulation of swaps is aimed at ensuring that these financial instruments are traded in a fair and transparent manner, and to reduce the risk of systemic financial failure (since swaps were blamed, in part, for the 2008 financial crisis). The specific regulations that apply to swaps internationally vary by jurisdiction.

Swap overlays allows you to swap an existing opened overlay for another. In your example, flow 1 does not have an overlay opened prior to trying to swap the overlay with another one. Flow 2 has a overlay opened and then swapped between another overlay.

While looking at the documentation for std::swap, I see a lot of specializations.

It looks like every STL container, as well as many other std facilities have a specialized swap.

I thought with the aid of templates, we wouldn't need all of these specializations?

As you can see, swap is directly invoked on the elements of the pair using ADL: this allows customized and potentially faster implementations of swap to be used on first and second (those implementations can exploit the knowledge of the internal structure of the elements for more performance).

Presumably this is for performance reasons in the case that the pair's contained types are cheap to swap but expensive to copy, like vector. Since it can call swap on first and second instead of doing a copy with temporary objects it may provide a significant improvement to program performance.

A generic swap implementation based on the move constructor, move assignment and destructor will avoid any data copying or memory allocation but it will leave some redundant nulling and null-checks which the optimiser may or may not be able to optimise away.

This means that post c++11 the generic swap is, depending on how good the optimiser is, perhaps slightly worse than a specific one but likely still pretty cheap. On the other hand pre c++11 a generic swap implementation was massively worse than a specific one.

But what if I have a pair of say Vector and String ? I want to use the specialist swap operations for those types and so I need a swap operation on the pair type that handles it by swapping it's component elements.

The most efficient way to swap two pairs is not the same as the most efficient way to swap two vectors. The two types have a different implementation, different member variables and different member functions.

For a moveable type you can add some std::move and prevent copies, but then you still need "swap" semantics at the next layer down in order to actually have useful move semantics. At some point, you need to specialise.

There is a rule (I think it comes from either Herb Sutter's Exceptional C++ or Scott Meyer's Effective C++ series) that if your type can provide a swap implementation that does not throw, or is faster than the generic std::swap function, it should do so as member function void swap(T &other). 006ab0faaa

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