Made by mixing a unique light-converting oxide into thermoplastic road paint, smart paint emits light at a wavelength unlike any other in the urban environment. When a cane equipped with a special sensor encounters smart paint, the cane detects it and vibrates. The sensory feedback can help guide people with vision impairments safely across the street without veering into traffic.
The World Health Organization estimates that 253 million people worldwide are blind or visually impaired, a figure that could triple by 2050 due to population growth and aging. Navigating intersections can be a challenge for them, with only audio walk signals, traffic sounds and tactile paving at each end of the crosswalk for guidance.
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Currently, there is not a universal definition for smart paints, at least not one that provides agreement on what paint characteristics are included or how to quantify the market size. For now, smart coatings mean many different things, taking on a variety of forms in multiple categories. Everyone agrees, however, that smart paints do add some level of value.
The deeper discussion centers around exactly how the extra functionalities perform when in contact with outside-the-paint conditions. My idea has always been that smart coatings should have a sort of interactive AI component, a personality, rather than just a passive utilitarian function. In any event, many formerly imaginary enhancements have become everyday products available at big box stores.
Of course, the basis of a responsive system is the development of the requisite technology. That first line development often originates in start-up companies that can concentrate on the molecular details without worrying too much about commercialization. Next, the technology is somehow applied to an unmet need in a novel way. If successful, the smart paint innovation will find its way into the commercial arena.
One problem with many available technologies is that they do not provide long-term benefits or practicality for sightless traveling mobility. However, by combining light-converting oxides with normal traffic paint, a highly sensitive excitation source, a detector package (software) at the tip of a moving white cane, and a minimal weight battery pack, a coatings-system solution is within reach. Crosswalks, sidewalk edges, and building entrances can be marked with this paint and the person interacts with the paint through communication technology at the tip of the smart white cane. These paints can be black, gray, or invisible to sighted pedestrians, only detectable by smart canes.2
There are now several acres of smart paint applied at crosswalks and sidewalks throughout the OSU campus and surrounding area to quantitatively evaluate and review the efficacy of this solution (crossing efficiency and safety factors in particular). This system can also be integrated into a smart-city operating system that will interact with autonomous vehicles and other mobility systems.
One of the considerations for effective implementation is cost. Right now, smart traffic paint is about 20% more expensive than standard road paint, making it an economical option in the short term. However, volume has a tendency to reduce costs, so additional uses for this smart paint are being developed. Nothing natural converts light in the same way as the patented light-converting oxide additives and the prospects for expanded application into road and sidewalk paint worldwide makes the development of these systems economic opportunities as well.
The vision for the future is that the coating will be used as easily as other traffic paint throughout the world. This is a proving to be a very economical alternative to the expensive technologies used on streets and sidewalks in Europe and Japan. The hope is that the comparatively low cost will generate a grass-roots effort for all state DOTs to embrace this smart paint.
MXene, a two-dimensional titanium carbide material is stronger than metals, metallically conductive, and self-assembles into conductive films when deposited onto any surface. They are considered to be the thinnest possible water-soluble metal sheets or conductive clay. Yet hydrophilic properties can enhance the strength and conductivity of polymers AND be made into water-based paints or dyes.3 Transmission quality that can be sprayed into thicknesses of tens of nanometers to 8 microns enables antennas to be embedded seamlessly into a wide variety of objects without the complexities of additional weight, rigidity, or complex circuitry is surprisingly excellent.
MXenes are a two-dimensional ceramic family made from a bulk crystal called MAX. MAX phases are polycrystalline nanolaminates of ternary carbides and nitrides named for the general formula of Mn+1AXn, where M is a transition metal, A is an A group (mostly IIIA and IVA) element, and X is C and/or N and n=1 to 3. This material class could theoretically consist of any number of possible arrangements of transition metals. To date, about 50 MXenes with various combinations of metal, carbon, nitrogen atoms, and surface functional groups such as oxygen or halogens have been verified. And this material was not predicted to even exist before it was discovered.4
MXenes are fascinating because they are made of millions of arrangements of transition metals, carbon, and nitrogen. The treasure hunt is finding the ones that are stable. From results of high throughput computing platforms scanning through the formation energies of gazillions of alloying configurations, it is estimated that there are theoretically more than a million stable MXene compounds to be discovered. The ones already verified have found applications in energy storage, medicine optics, catalysis, and mechanical engineering.
Since MXenes are derived from MAX phases, the composition of the MAX phase will ultimately affect the resulting MXene. Generally, MXenes have carbon or nitrogen atoms sandwiched between the metal carbide and nitride layers (Figure 1). MXenes can be used as building blocks or combined with other 2D sheets for building any type of structure with desired and/or computer-programed properties.
To date, MXene antennas have not only outperformed metal antennas, but also other available nanomaterial technologies, all while keeping the thickness as thin as 62 nanometers. Manufacturing these antennas is also unexpectedly simple. Nanomaterials usually need binders and extra sintering steps to bind the particles together. MXene antennas are made in one step by airbrush spraying the water-based MXene ink, allowing for the precise application of coatings. MXene antennas can also be printed with this ink to be 10 times thinner and lighter than copper antennas. MXene chemistry and properties allow for a wide variety of coating applications best suited for the individual antenna design (Figure 2).
Since 2011, MXenes have made successful inroads into a variety of industries, yielding a great number of applications and inventions. Figure 4 illustrates some of those growing areas and trends. It is almost a shame that the graphene Nobel Prize of 2010 overshadowed such an extraordinary materials science success.
This physics principle came to mind on a scorching hot day in a Tel Aviv apartment with a malfunctioning air-conditioning unit. Using laser beams was the typical approach. The requirement for excitation by laser and tuning to a very specific radiation wavelength is efficient, but only for the small scale, low temperature applications with monochromatic radiation. The sun is high temperature and non-monochromatic radiation. A laser source would not work for alleviating an air conditioning problem in a hot apartment.11
To that end, laser beams were replaced by the sun solar spectrum and the spectral band was tailored to match the material exhibiting anti-Stokes Florescence. The paint nano-additives were semiconductors excited across their band gaps, rare-earth, or transition-metal doped crystals and glasses, or polyatomic molecules in any phase excited between vibration levels.12
The result was a high-tech, light filtering patented coating that could be applied to roofs, buildings, and other surfaces. The coating would be activated by the sun, using strong rays to cool down structures. The more the sun would shine, the cooler it would get (Figure 6).
That being said, researchers at Carnegie Mellon and Disney Research have collaborated to design a conductive paint that makes any wall interactive. The idea is for walls to function like a giant captive touch pad and as an electromagnetic sensor. In electromagnetic sensing mode, the electrode can identify distinct electromagnetic signatures of electric or electronic devices, documenting their location. If a person is wearing a device emitting an electromagnetic signature, the wall can track the location, gestures, and movement of that person within a certain distance.13
Wonderng if anyone else has had this issue. while worlking on some PSD files, and layers. I had a photo layer in which I was swapping out the image, flattening and saving the smart object, so it updates in the PSD. All good, did it a few times... then all of a sudden it starts opening my Smartobject layers in MS PAINT... not sure how to get it back to opeinng in PhotoShop? Anyone know what happened here, or fix?
In MS paint what is the image's file extension. Smart objects can be crated from layers in which case the objects work file will be a *.PSB. Objects can also be placed Image files, like *.jpg, *.psd, *.tif, *.ai, *.svg. If you Uninstall a Photoshop version after you installed your newest version of Photoshop. Adobe uninstaller may wrongly change file associations it had changed when it install to what they were before it was installed. Even though a newer version has also changed them so now jpg and tif may be associated with paint. Never use Adobe un installer to remove old versions of photoshop. 152ee80cbc
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