CNC machines come in all shapes, sizes, makes, and models, but can be categorized/defined several ways:
Number of Axes
Spindle Orientation
1. By their Number of Axes:
3-Axis = X, Y, Z
4-Axis = X, Y, Z, and A, B, or C
5-Axis = X, Y, Z, and A/B, B/C, or A/C
How many axes can a CNC machine have? Is there a limit?
In short, there is no limit. 6-, 7-, 9-, 12-axis+ machines are used throughout industry for specialized machining
Generally speaking, any CNC Mill that has more than 3 axes or a CNC Lathe that has more than 2 axes is considered a "Multi-Axis" machine
2. By their Spindle Orientation:
Vertical Machining Centers (VMC's)
Vertical = Spindle axis (Z) direction is up & down
Machining Center = Tools rotates, not the workpieces
Most common is a 3-Axis VMC, with 3+1, 3+2, & 5-Axis VMC's being less common
Horizontal Machining Centers (HMC's)
Horizontal = Spindle axis (Z) direction is side-to-side
Machining Center = Tools rotate, not the workpieces
Most common is a 4-Axis HMC, with 4+1 HMC's being less common
Horizontal Turning Centers (HTC's)
Horizontal = Spindle axis (Z) direction is parallel to ground
Turning Center = Workpiece rotates, tools are typically non-rotating
Most common is a 2-Axis HTC, with 3, 4, 5+ & others being less common
Vertical Turning Centers (VTC's)
Vertical = Spindle axis (Z) direction is up and down
Turning Center = Workpiece rotates, tools are typically non-rotating
Most common is a 2-Axis HTC, with 3, 4, 5+ & others being less common
Siemens CNC controls are a leading choice in advanced manufacturing environments, particularly in industries where precision, flexibility, and integration with digital manufacturing systems are critical. Siemens is one of one a few companies which offer not just the control interface for CNC machines, but also the motors, drives, PLC's, and other key elements of a subtractive manufacturing system - that all easily integrate with one another, and offer greater performance than most, non-fully-integrated systems.
Siemens has a long history in industrial automation, with roots dating back to the mid-1800s, and has been producing CNC controls since the 1960s. Today, their SINUMERIK line of CNCs is widely used across aerospace, automotive, energy, medical device, and high-tech manufacturing sectors.
Siemens controls are known for their advanced capabilities, strong integration with CAD/CAM systems, and robust support for complex multi-axis machining, additive/subtractive hybrid systems, and automated production cells. They are frequently chosen for applications requiring high precision, tight tolerances, and Industry 4.0 connectivity—especially in Europe and high-end global manufacturing markets.
The SINUMERIK control family has evolved through multiple generations, with models like the 828D and 840D sl serving as industry benchmarks for performance and versatility. Siemens interfaces are designed to provide powerful, customizable workflows, often blending conversational programming options with advanced G-code control. This makes them adaptable for both entry-level operators and highly skilled machinists.
Familiarity with Siemens CNC systems is a major asset for professionals working in technologically advanced manufacturing sectors, as their controls are deeply integrated into digital twin technology, simulation, and modern production planning tools.
FANUC CNC controls are among the most widely used machine tool control systems in the world, found across a broad range of industries including aerospace, automotive, medical device manufacturing, energy, and general machining. Like Siemens, FANUC provides control interfaces as well as motors, drives, PLC's, and more than are fully integrate-able.
Founded in Japan in 1956, FANUC (Factory Automation Numerical Control) has grown into a global leader in CNC technology, robotics, and automation systems.
FANUC controls are known for their reliability, durability, and compatibility with a wide variety of machine types, from CNC mills and lathes to wire EDM machines, grinders, and advanced multi-axis machining centers. They are commonly used by manufacturers of all sizes—from small job shops to large-scale production facilities—and are supported by an extensive network of service and training resources worldwide.
While FANUC control interfaces have evolved over decades, their underlying operational logic has remained consistent, allowing machinists and programmers to transfer skills from one generation of control to another. This consistency, combined with their strong market share and presence in nearly every manufacturing sector, makes familiarity with FANUC systems a valuable skill for any CNC professional.
Haas CNC controls are widely recognized for their accessibility, ease of use, and strong presence in educational institutions, small-to-medium-sized machine shops, and entry-level production environments. Founded in 1983 in California, Haas Automation has grown to become the largest machine tool builder in the United States, with machines and controls used globally in industries such as automotive, aerospace, prototyping, medical devices, and general manufacturing.
The Haas control interface is known for its intuitive, user-friendly layout, making it a popular choice for training new machinists and for shops seeking straightforward operation without sacrificing capability. While Haas controls are optimized for the company’s own CNC mills, lathes, and rotary products, they provide a full range of functions including conversational programming, standard G-code compatibility, and integrated probing and tool-setting features.
Haas has maintained consistency in its control interface over the years, with updates focusing on improved speed, display quality, and added productivity features, rather than radically changing the user experience. This makes it easy for operators to transition between older and newer machines.
Because of their strong market presence in North America, competitive pricing, and wide support network, Haas CNC controls have become a staple in both education and industry, serving as a stepping stone for many machinists before moving into more specialized or high-end control platforms.
Beyond Siemens, FANUC, and Haas, there are many other CNC control systems in use throughout the manufacturing industry, each with their own strengths, features, and market niches. These controls power a wide variety of machine types, from specialized Swiss-type lathes to multi-tasking machining centers, grinders, EDM systems, and large-scale gantry mills. Many of these controls are designed for specific machine tool brands or for specialized manufacturing processes, and some have regional market dominance.
Notable examples include Mitsubishi Electric, Okuma OSP, Heidenhain, Mazatrol (Mazak), Brother, Yasnac, Hurco, and Fagor. Mitsubishi and Okuma controls are widely used in high-end production environments for their precision, reliability, and integration with proprietary machine tool designs. Heidenhain is especially prevalent in European high-precision machining, known for its conversational programming and suitability for moldmaking, aerospace, and medical components. Mazatrol, developed by Mazak, offers a unique conversational programming approach that simplifies setup and part creation, particularly in multi-tasking and turning/milling machines.
These industrial CNC controls often feature advanced motion control, extensive customization capabilities, and deep integration with automation systems. While their interfaces and workflows can vary greatly, they all perform the same essential functions of positioning the machine tool and executing programmed machining operations.
For a CNC professional, exposure to multiple control systems broadens versatility and employability, especially in industries where less common but highly capable controls dominate. Understanding the fundamentals of programming and operation allows machinists to adapt quickly to different platforms, regardless of brand or interface.