Praziquantel

Pharmacologic Category

Anthelmintic

Dosing: Adult

Schistosomiasis: Oral: 20 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily at 4- to 6-hour intervals for 1 day

Clonorchiasis/opisthorchiasis: Oral: 25 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily for 1 to 2 days (Drugs for Parasitic Infections 2013; manufacturer's labeling)

Neurocysticercosis, parenchymal (>2 viable cysts) (off-label use): Oral: 50 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses (in combination with albendazole) for 10 to 14 days; may be repeated if persistent viable lesions on 6-month follow-up imaging (Garcia 2014; IDSA/ASTMH [White 2018]). Note: Initiate adjunctive corticosteroid therapy prior to initiation of antiparasitic therapy. Antiparasitic therapy should not be initiated in patients with untreated hydrocephalus, calcified lesions, or cysticercal encephalitis; consult an infectious diseases specialist for specific treatment recommendations (IDSA/ASTMH [White 2018]).

Tapeworms (off-label use): Oral: 5 to 10 mg/kg as a single dose (25 mg/kg for Hymenolepis nana) (Drugs for Parasitic Infections 2013; Liu 1996)

* See Dosage and Administration in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Dosing: Geriatric

Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Renal Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment necessary.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

There are no dosage adjustments provided in manufacturer's labeling. However, total drug exposure in moderate-to-severe impairment is increased.

Dosing: Pediatric

Note: Dosing interval and duration highly variable dependent on condition; for 3 times daily doses, intervals of 4 to 6 hours are suggested.

Flukes:

Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis [Chinese liver fluke]); Opisthorchiasis (Opisthorchis viverrini [Southeast Asian liver fluke]): Children and Adolescents: Oral: 25 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily at 4- to 6-hour intervals for 1 to 2 days (CDC 2018a; CDC 2018b; Red Book [AAP 2018])

Fasciolopsiasis (Fasciolopsis buski [intestinal fluke]):Limited data available: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 25 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily for 1 day (CDC 2012b; Red Book [AAP 2018])

Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus spp. [lung fluke]): Limited data available: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 25 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily for 2 to 3 days (CDC 2013a; Red Book [AAP 2018])

Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis):

Treatment (CDC 2018c; Red Book [AAP 2018]): Note: Repeat treatment may be needed in 2 to 4 weeks to increase effectiveness

Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 20 mg/kg/dose 3 times daily for 1 day

Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma intercalatum: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 20 mg/kg/dose twice daily for 1 day

Control programs for endemic areas: Limited data available: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 40 mg/kg as a single dose (WHO 2006; WHO 2010); a single dose of 40 mg/kg has been successfully used to treat urogenital S. haematobium in children 1 to 10 years of age (Wami 2016) and S. mansoni in population that included infants (age range: 5 months to 7 years) (Sousa-Figueiredo 2012); however, pharmacokinetic data suggests a lower cure rate in infants and preschool children; one possible explanation is that higher doses may be necessary in younger patients due to pharmacokinetic/dynamic differences; in preschool children, a single dose of 60 mg/kg was successfully used in children 3 to 8 years of age in a hyperendemic area to treat S. mansoni (Bustinduy 2016).

Tapeworms: Limited data available:

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish), Taenia saginata (beef), Taenia solium (pork); intestinal (adult) stage: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 5 to 10 mg/kg as a single dose (CDC 2012a; CDC 2013b; Red Book [AAP 2018])

Dipylidium caninum (dog); intestinal (adult) stage: Infants ≥6 months, Children, and Adolescents: Oral: 5 to 10 mg/kg as a single dose (CDC 2016; Red Book [AAP 2018])

Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm): Children and Adolescents: Oral: 25 mg/kg as a single dose (CDC 2012c)

Neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium [pork tapeworm]); tissue (larvae) stage: Children and Adolescents: Oral: 50 mg/kg/day for 15 days (CDC 2017); Note: May be used in conjunction with antiseizure medication and/or corticosteroids.

Dosing: Renal Impairment: Pediatric

No dosage adjustments are recommended

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. However, total drug exposure in moderate to severe impairment (Child-Pugh classes B and C) is increased; use caution.

Use: Labeled Indications

Helminths: Treatment of infections in patients ≥1 year caused by the following: All species of Schistosoma (eg, Schistosoma mekongi, S. japonicum, S. mansoni, S. hematobium) and the liver flukes Clonorchis sinensis/Opisthorchis viverrini

* See Uses in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Use: Off-Label: Adult

Neurocysticercosis, parenchymalLevel of Evidence [B, G]

Data from the phase II and phase III portions of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study supports the use of praziquantel (in combination with albendazole) in the treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis ^Ref.

Based on the IDSA/ASTMH guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis, praziquantel, in combination with albendazole, is an effective and recommended agent in the management of parenchymal neurocysticercosis with >2 viable cysts.

TapewormsLevel of Evidence [C]

Clinical experience suggests the utility of praziquantel in the treatment of a broad range of trematode and cestode infections ^Ref.

Level of Evidence Definitions

Level of Evidence Scale

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Neurocysticercosis:

IDSA/ASTMH, "Diagnosis and Treatment of Neurocysticercosis," 2018

Administration: Oral

Administer tablets with water during meals. Tablets should be promptly swallowed to avoid bitter taste that may cause gagging or vomiting. Tablets may be halved or quartered; do not chew. Tablets may be crushed or disintegrated and mixed with semi-solid food or liquid; use within 1 hour of mixing. Tablets are scored and may be split into four 150 mg segments.

Administration: Pediatric

Oral: Administer tablets with water during meals; tablets should be promptly swallowed whole (do not chew) to avoid bitter taste that may cause gagging or vomiting; tablets are scored and may be halved or quartered. Tablets may be crushed or disintegrated and mixed with semi-solid food or liquid; use within 1 hour of mixing. Studies in infants and young children have crushed the tablets and mixed in a variety of liquids (eg, orange juice, honey) to reduce the bitter taste (WHO 2010).

Storage/Stability

Store below 30°C (86°F).

Medication Patient Education with HCAHPS Considerations

What is this drug used for?

• It is used to treat infections caused by worms.

Frequently reported side effects of this drug

• Loss of strength and energy

• Dizziness

• Headache

• Abdominal pain

• Nausea

Other side effects of this drug: Talk with your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of:

• Seizures

• Fast heartbeat

• Slow heartbeat

• Abnormal heartbeat

• Signs of a significant reaction like wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Talk to your doctor if you have questions.

Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to praziquantel or any component of the formulation; ocular cysticercosis; concomitant administration with strong cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inducers, such as rifampin

Warnings/Precautions

Disease-related concerns:

• Cardiac arrhythmias: Monitor patients with cardiac arrhythmias during treatment; bradycardia, ectopic rhythms, ventricular fibrillation, and AV blocks have been observed with praziquantel administration.

• Central nervous system effects: Praziquantel may exacerbate central nervous system pathology due to schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, or Taenia solium cysticercosis. Assess whether the potential benefit justifies the potential risk in patients with a history of seizures and/or other signs of potential central nervous system involvement such as subcutaneous nodules suggestive of cysticercosis.

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment; reduced liver drug metabolism may result in higher and longer lasting plasma concentrations of unmetabolized praziquantel.

• Neurocysticercosis: Appropriate use: Antiparasitic therapy may worsen symptoms of neurocysticercosis by inducing an inflammatory response; adjunctive corticosteroid therapy should be started before initiation of antiparasitic therapy. Antiparasitic therapy should not be initiated in patients with untreated hydrocephalus, calcified lesions, or cysticercal encephalitis. Perform funduscopic exam prior to initiation of antiparasitic therapy to exclude intraocular cysticerci; antiparasitic therapy may lead to blindness in some cases with unsuspected intraocular parasites (IDSA/ASTMH [White 2018]).

• Schistosomiasis: Praziquantel may not be effective against migrating schistosomulae; observational data indicate that praziquantel treatment in the acute phase of the infection may not prevent progression from asymptomatic to acute schistosomiasis, or from asymptomatic/acute disease to chronic disease. In addition, use in patients with schistosomiasis may be associated with clinical deterioration such as paradoxical reactions or serum sickness Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reactions, which is a sudden inflammatory immune response likely caused by the release of schistosomal antigens. Such reactions typically occur during the acute disease phase, and may lead to life-threatening events such as respiratory failure, encephalopathy, papilledema, and/or cerebral vasculitis.

Concurrent drug therapy issues:

• Drug/drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information. Therapeutic levels of praziquantel may not be achieved with concurrent administration of strong inducers of cytochrome P450 (eg, rifampin); concurrent use is contraindicated.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Patient information: Patients should be instructed to not drive or operate machinery on the day of treatment and the day after treatment.

* See Cautions in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Pregnancy Considerations

Based on available data, an increased risk of adverse fetal or maternal outcomes has not been observed following use of praziquantel for the treatment of Schistosoma infection during pregnancy (Friedman 2018).

In areas where schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis is endemic, the World Health Organization recommends treatment with praziquantel during any trimester of pregnancy (WHO 2006). Non-emergent treatment of neurocysticercosis can be delayed until after pregnancy (IDSA/ASTMH [White 2018]).

Breast-Feeding Considerations

Praziquantel is present in breast milk.

In one study, breast milk concentrations were <1% of the maternal dose following maternal use of praziquantel 50 mg/kg as a single oral dose or three 20 mg/kg doses (Pütter 1979).

According to the manufacturer, the decision to breastfeed during therapy should consider the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother. The World Health Organization considers praziquantel compatible for use in breastfeeding females (WHO 2002; WHO 2006).

Briggs' Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation

• Praziquantel

Adverse Reactions

Frequency not defined. May be more frequent and/or serious in patients with a heavy worm burden.

Central nervous system: Dizziness, headache, malaise

Dermatologic: Urticaria

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal distress, nausea

Miscellaneous: Fever

<1%, postmarketing and/or case reports: Abdominal pain, anorexia, atrioventricular block, bloody diarrhea, bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, drowsiness, ectopic beats, eosinophilia, fatigue, hypersensitivity, hypersensitivity reaction, increased liver enzymes (minimal), myalgia, paradoxical reaction (in schistosomiasis), polyserositis, pruritus, seizure, serum sickness (in schistosomiasis; Jarisch-Herxheimer-like reaction), skin rash, ventricular fibrillation, vertigo, vomiting, weakness

* See Cautions in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of CYP3A4 (major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential

Drug Interactions Open Interactions

Aprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bosentan: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Chloroquine: May decrease the serum concentration of Praziquantel. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of Praziquantel. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Conivaptan: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of Praziquantel. Management: Use of praziquantel with strong CYP3A4 inducers is contraindicated. Discontinue rifampin 4 weeks prior to initiation of praziquantel therapy. Rifampin may be resumed the day following praziquantel completion. Risk X: Avoid combination

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Praziquantel. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Deferasirox: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Duvelisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Erdafitinib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Erdafitinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Fosaprepitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Fosnetupitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination

Grapefruit Juice: May increase the serum concentration of Praziquantel. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Idelalisib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination

Ivosidenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Larotrectinib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

MiFEPRIStone: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Minimize doses of CYP3A4 substrates, and monitor for increased concentrations/toxicity, during and 2 weeks following treatment with mifepristone. Avoid cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Netupitant: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Palbociclib: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Sarilumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Siltuximab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Simeprevir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Stiripentol: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Use of stiripentol with CYP3A4 substrates that are considered to have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided due to the increased risk for adverse effects and toxicity. Any CYP3A4 substrate used with stiripentol requires closer monitoring. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Tocilizumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Genes of Interest

• Cytochrome P450 3A4

Monitoring Parameters

Liver function tests; monitor patients with cardiac irregularities during treatment; monitor for seizures; culture urine or feces for ova prior to instituting therapy

Advanced Practitioners Physical Assessment/Monitoring

Worm infestations are easily transmitted; all close family members should be treated. Instruct patient/caregiver on transmission prevention.

Nursing Physical Assessment/Monitoring

Worm infestations are easily transmitted; all close family members should be treated. Instruct patient/caregiver on transmission prevention.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Biltricide: 600 mg [scored]

Generic: 600 mg

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Biltricide: 600 mg

Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification

• P02BA01

Generic Available (US)

Yes

Pricing: US

Tablets (Biltricide Oral)

600 mg (per each): $99.65

Tablets (Praziquantel Oral)

600 mg (per each): $89.68

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Mechanism of Action

Increases the cell permeability to calcium in schistosomes, causing strong contractions and paralysis of worm musculature leading to detachment of suckers from the blood vessel walls and to dislodgment

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics

Absorption: Oral: 80%

Distribution: CSF concentration is 14% to 20% of plasma concentration

Protein binding: ~80%

Metabolism: Extensive first-pass effect; metabolized by the liver to hydroxylated and conjugated metabolites

Half-life elimination: Parent drug: 0.8 to 1.5 hours; Metabolites: 4.5 hours

Time to peak, serum: 1 to 3 hours

Excretion: Urine ~80% (>99% as metabolites)

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics: Additional Considerations

Renal function impairment: Excretion may be delayed in patients with renal impairment, but accumulation of unchanged drug would not be expected.

Hepatic function impairment: C_max, AUC, and half-life were significantly elevated in patients with moderate to severe liver impairment.

Local Anesthetic/Vasoconstrictor Precautions

No information available to require special precautions

Effects on Dental Treatment

No significant effects or complications reported

Effects on Bleeding

No information available to require special precautions

Related Information

• Oral Medications That Should Not Be Crushed or Altered

FDA Approval Date

December 29, 1982

References

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, Long SA, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018.

Biltricide (praziquantel) [prescribing information]. Whippany, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc; January 2019.

Bustinduy AL, Waterhouse D, de Sousa-Figueiredo JC, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of praziquantel in Ugandan children with intestinal schistosomiasis: higher dosages are required for maximal efficacy. MBio. 2016;7(4). pii: e00227-16.[PubMed 27507822]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Clonorchiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/clonorchis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated March 1, 2018a. Accessed March 15, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Cysticercosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated November 6, 2017. Accessed February 8, 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Diphyllobothrium. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/diphyllobothrium/health_professionals/index.html. Updated January 10, 2012a. Accessed April 8, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Dipylidium Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/dipylidium/health_professionals/index.html. Updated November 8, 2016. Accessed April 5, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Fasciolopsiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/fasciolopsis/health_professionals/index.html. Update January 10, 2012b. Accessed April 8, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Hymenolepis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hymenolepis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated January 10, 2012c. Accessed April 5, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Opisthorchis Infection. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/opisthorchis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated March 1, 2018b. Accessed March 15, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Paragonimiasis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/health_professionals/index.html. Updated January 10, 2013a. Accessed April 5, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Schistosomiasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/schistosomiasis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated June 25, 2018c. Accessed March 15, 2019.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Parasites - Taeniasis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/health_professionals/index.html. Updated January 10, 2013b. Accessed April 8, 2019.

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Friedman JF, Olveda RM, Mirochnick MH, Bustinduy AL, Elliott AM. Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis during human pregnancy. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(1):59-65. doi: 10.2471/BLT.17.198879.[PubMed 29403101]

Garcia HH, Evans CAW, Nash TE, et al, “Current Consensus Guidelines for Treatment of Neurocysticercosis,” Clin Microbiol Rev, 2002, 15(4):747-56.[PubMed 12364377]

Garcia HH, Gonzales I, Lescano AG, et al; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Efficacy of combined antiparasitic therapy with praziquantel and albendazole for neurocysticercosis: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):687-695. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70779-0.[PubMed 24999157]

Garcia HH, Lescano AG, Gonzales I, et al; Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru. Cysticidal efficacy of combined treatment with praziquantel and albendazole for parenchymal brain cysticercosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(11):1375-1379. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw134.[PubMed 26984901]

Kaur S, Singhi P, Singhi S, et al. Combination therapy with albendazole and praziquantel versus albendazole alone in children with seizures and single lesion neurocysticercosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled double blind trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(5):403-406.[PubMed 19325515]

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Wami WM, Nausch N, Midzi N, et al. Comparative assessment of health benefits of praziquantel treatment of urogenital schistosomiasis in preschool and primary school-aged children. Biomed Res Int. 2016:9162631.[PubMed 27631011]

White AC Jr, Coyle CM, Rajshekhar V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis: 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(8):e49-e75. doi: 10.1093/cid/cix1084.[PubMed 29481580]

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World Health Organization (WHO). Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis: coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43545. Accessed January 25, 2019.

World Health Organization (WHO). Report of a meeting to review the results of studies on the treatment of schistosomiasis in pre-school-age children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available at: https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/resources/9789241501880/en/.

Brand Names: International

Belicide (EG); Biltricid (UA); Biltricide (AE, AU, BB, BF, BH, BJ, CI, CY, CZ, DE, EG, ET, FR, GH, GM, GN, GR, HK, IL, IQ, IR, JO, KE, LB, LR, LY, MA, ML, MR, MU, MW, NE, NG, NL, OM, SA, SC, SD, SL, SN, SY, TN, TZ, UG, YE, ZA, ZM, ZW); Cesol (CR, DE, DO, GT, HN, MX, NI, PA, PL, SV); Cisticid (BR, CL, CR, DO, GT, HN, MX, NI, PA, PE, SV, VE); Cysticide (IN); Distocide (AE, BH, CY, IL, IN, IQ, IR, JO, KR, LB, LY, OM, SA, SG, SY, VN, YE); Droncit Vet (NO); Epiquantel (EG); Fluxide (PH); Kalcide (TW); Opticide (TH); Prasikon (TH); Prazine (IN); Praziquin (AE, BH, CY, IL, IQ, IR, JO, LB, LY, OM, SA, SY, YE); Prazite (TH); Prazitral (AR); Vermaqpharma Vet (NO); Wormicide (TH)

Last Updated 2/20/20